SOX9 and SOX10 control fluid homeostasis in the inner ear for hearing through independent and cooperative mechanisms.

The in vivo mechanisms underlying dominant syndromes caused by mutations in SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9) and SOX10 (SOXE) transcription factors, when they either are expressed alone or are coexpressed, are ill-defined. We created a mouse model for the campomelic dysplasia SOX9Y440X mutation, which truncates the transactivation domain but leaves DNA binding and dimerization intact. Here, we find that SOX9Y440X causes deafness via distinct mechanisms in the endolymphatic sac (ES)/duct and cochlea. By contrast, conditional heterozygous Sox9-null mice are normal. During the ES development of Sox9Y440X/+ heterozygotes, Sox10 and genes important for ionic homeostasis are down-regulated, and there is developmental persistence of progenitors, resulting in fewer mature cells. Sox10 heterozygous null mutants also display persistence of ES/duct progenitors. By contrast, SOX10 retains its expression in the early Sox9Y440X/+ mutant cochlea. Later, in the postnatal stria vascularis, dominant interference by SOX9Y440X is implicated in impairing the normal cooperation of SOX9 and SOX10 in repressing the expression of the water channel Aquaporin 3, thereby contributing to endolymphatic hydrops. Our study shows that for a functioning endolymphatic system in the inner ear, SOX9 regulates Sox10, and depending on the cell type and target gene, it works either independently of or cooperatively with SOX10. SOX9Y440X can interfere with the activity of both SOXE factors, exerting effects that can be classified as haploinsufficient/hypomorphic or dominant negative depending on the cell/gene context. This model of disruption of transcription factor partnerships may be applicable to congenital deafness, which affects ∼0.3% of newborns, and other syndromic disorders.

Retrospective analyses of clinical features in 28 Chinese patients with type V osteogenesis imperfecta: new perspectives in an old issue.

Type V osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a form of OI characterized by radial head dislocation (RHD), calcification of interosseous membrane (CIM), and hyperplastic callus (HPC). In this study, we characterized the clinical features of 28 type V OI patients. We presented that dysfunctions of elbow, hip joint, and abnormal epiphyseal growth plate were associated with ectopic calcification and summarized the history of HPC progression and treatment. INTRODUCTION: The current study aims to systematically characterize the skeletal phenotypes of patients with type V OI and suggested possible surgical solutions. METHODS: A total of 28 patients were admitted for inpatient care at The Hong Kong University-Shenzhen Hospital diagnosed with type V OI (either clinically diagnosed or genetically confirmed with the IFITM5 c.-14C > T mutation). RESULTS: Prevalence of type V radiological features was comparable to previous literatures (RHD, 100%; CIM, 100%; HPC, 44%; and scoliosis, 50%). Novel skeletal phenotypes were presented including extension of coronoid process, acetabular labrum, acetabular protrusion, spontaneous autofusion of the hip, bulbous epiphysis, and popcorn calcification. Significant increase in BMD was observed in patients with bisphosphonate treatment. Twenty-five percent (3/12) of patients with preoperative use of indomethacin developed HPC postoperatively, and HPCs were absorbed in 2 young patients 2 years later. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study summarized the clinical features and highlighted the abnormalities in elbow, hip joint, and growth plate in type V OI patients. Our study contributed to a more comprehensive clinical spectrum of type V OI. We also characterized the natural progression of HPC formation and resorption in patients in different ages. The use of bisphosphonate treatment is effective in improving bone mineral density in type V OI patients, and whether indomethacin can reduce incidence of HPC formation deserves further investigation.

Comprehensive risk assessments and anesthetic management for children with osteogenesis imperfecta: A retrospective review of 252 orthopedic procedures over 5 years.

BACKGROUND: Major anesthetic risks arise in orthopedic surgeries for children with osteogenesis imperfecta, a rare genetically inherited condition presenting diverse skeletal issues. AIM: We aimed to investigate anesthetic risks, including difficult airway, hypo- and hyperthermia, blood loss, and pain, in connection with patient, anesthetic, and surgical factors. METHODS: Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to study the anesthetic risks and their predictors. Data of 252 surgeries for 132 Chinese osteogenesis imperfecta patients aged 18 or below were retrieved from the authors' hospital between 2015 and 2019. RESULTS: Two thirds of the cohort were Sillence type IV patients, with types I, III, and V accounting for 7.6%, 14.4%, and 11.4%, respectively. Video and direct laryngoscopy were used. No case of difficult airway was identified. Due to a careful management strategy, intraoperative temperature varied on average between -0.38°C and +0.89°C from the initial temperature. Fifty-two and 18 cases of hyper- and hypothermia were encountered, respectively. The use of sevoflurane for maintenance resulted in a mean increase of +0.24°C [95% CI 0.05 ~ 0.42] in the maximum temperature. Massive blood losses (>20% of estimated total blood volume) were observed in 18.3% of the cases. Neither intraoperative temperature changes nor blood loss was found to be related to Sillence classification. Regional anesthesia techniques were applied to 72.6% of the cases. Ultrasound guidance was used per the judgment of anesthesiologists or when in case of difficult landmarks. The incidence of difficult regional anesthesia was low (4 out of 252). For postoperative analgesia, 154 neuraxial blocks (including 77 caudal and 77 lumbar epidural) and 29 peripheral nerve blocks were performed. CONCLUSION: Anesthesia for children with osteogenesis imperfecta undergoing complex orthopedic procedures was challenging. Proper anesthesia planning was essential for both intraoperative management and postoperative analgesia. Age, surgical duration, and use of sevoflurane for maintenance impacted the intraoperative temperature most, and massive blood loss was not uncommon. The risks for airway or regional anesthesia difficulties were low. Pain scores could be controlled to be ≤3 via multiple techniques.

PSCs Reveal PUFA-Provoked Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Node Potentiating RPE Degeneration in Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy.

Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an incurable retinal disorder caused by the polypeptide 2 of cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily V (CYP4V2) mutations. Patients with BCD present degeneration of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells and consequent blindness. The lack of appropriate disease models and patients' RPE cells limits our understanding of the pathological mechanism of RPE degeneration. In this study, using CYP4V2 mutant pluripotent stem cells as disease models, we demonstrated that RPE cells with CYP4V2 mutations presented a disrupted fatty acid homeostasis, which were characterized with excessive accumulation of poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The PUFA overload increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, impaired mitochondrial respiratory functions, and triggered mitochondrial stress-activated p53-independent apoptosis in CYP4V2 mutant RPE cells. Restoration of the mutant CYP4V2 using adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) can effectively reduce PUFA deposition, alleviate mitochondria oxidative stresses, and rescue RPE cell death in BCD RPE cells. Taken together, our results highlight a role of PUFA-induced mitochondrial damage as a central node to potentiate RPE degeneration in BCD patients. AAV2-mediated gene therapy may represent a feasible strategy for the treatment of BCD.

Peptide Location Fingerprinting Reveals Tissue Region-Specific Differences in Protein Structures in an Ageing Human Organ.

In ageing tissues, long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are susceptible to the accumulation of structural damage due to diverse mechanisms including glycation, oxidation and protease cleavage. Peptide location fingerprinting (PLF) is a new mass spectrometry (MS) analysis technique capable of identifying proteins exhibiting structural differences in complex proteomes. PLF applied to published young and aged intervertebral disc (IVD) MS datasets (posterior, lateral and anterior regions of the annulus fibrosus) identified 268 proteins with age-associated structural differences. For several ECM assemblies (collagens I, II and V and aggrecan), these differences were markedly conserved between degeneration-prone (posterior and lateral) and -resistant (anterior) regions. Significant differences in peptide yields, observed within collagen I α2, collagen II α1 and collagen V α1, were located within their triple-helical regions and/or cleaved C-terminal propeptides, indicating potential accumulation of damage and impaired maintenance. Several proteins (collagen V α1, collagen II α1 and aggrecan) also exhibited tissue region (lateral)-specific differences in structure between aged and young samples, suggesting that some ageing mechanisms may act locally within tissues. This study not only reveals possible age-associated differences in ECM protein structures which are tissue-region specific, but also highlights the ability of PLF as a proteomic tool to aid in biomarker discovery.

A powerful conditional gene-based association approach implicated functionally important genes for schizophrenia.

MOTIVATION: It remains challenging to unravel new susceptibility genes of complex diseases and the mechanisms in genome-wide association studies. There are at least two difficulties, isolation of the genuine susceptibility genes from many indirectly associated genes and functional validation of these genes. RESULTS: We first proposed a novel conditional gene-based association test which can use only summary statistics to isolate independently associated genes of a disease. Applying this method, we detected 185 genes of independent association with schizophrenia. We then designed an in-silico experiment based on expression/co-expression to systematically validate pathogenic potential of these genes. We found that genes of independent association with schizophrenia formed more co-expression pairs in normal post-natal but not pre-natal human brain regions than expected. Interestingly, no co-expression enrichment was found in the brain regions of schizophrenia patients. The genes with independent association also had more significant P-values for differential expression between schizophrenia patients and controls in the brain regions. In contrast, indirectly associated genes or associated genes by other widely-used gene-based tests had no such differential expression and co-expression patterns. In summary, this conditional gene-based association test is effective for isolating directly associated genes from indirectly associated genes, and the results insightfully suggest that common variants might contribute to schizophrenia largely by distorting expression and co-expression in post-natal brains. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The conditional gene-based association test has been implemented in a platform 'KGG' in Java and is publicly available at http://grass.cgs.hku.hk/limx/kgg/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number alterations and loss of heterozygosity in intracranial germ cell tumors.

BACKGROUNDS: Intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and heterogeneous with very little is known about their pathogenesis and underlying genetic abnormalities. PROCEDURES: In order to identify candidate genes and pathways which are involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors, we have profiled 62 intracranial GCTs for DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Initially 27 cases of tumor tissues with matched blood samples were fully analyzed by SNP microarray and qPCR. Statistical analysis using the genomic identification of significant targets in cancer (GISTIC) tool identified 10 regions of significant copy number gain and 11 regions of significant copy number loss. While overall pattern of genomic aberration was similar between germinoma and nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs), a few subtype-specific peak regions were identified. Analysis by SNP array and qPCR was replicated using an independent cohort of 35 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent aberrations of CCND2 (12p13) and RB1 (13q14) suggest that Cyclin/CDK-RB-E2F pathway might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of intracranial GCTs. Frequent gain of PRDM14 (8q13) implies that transcriptional regulation of primordial germ cell specification might be an important factor in the development of this tumor.

Virtual reality-based surgical planning simulator for tumorous resection in FreeForm Modeling: an illustrative case of clinical teaching.

The importance of virtual reality (VR) has been emphasized by many medical studies, yet it has been relatively under-applied to surgical operation. This study characterized how VR has been applied in clinical education and evaluated its tutorial utility by designing a surgical model of tumorous resection as a simulator for preoperative planning and medical tutorial. A 36-year-old male patient with a femoral tumor who was admitted to the Affiliated Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital was randomly selected and scanned by computed tomography (CT). The data in digital imaging and communications in medicine (*.DICOM) format were imported into Mimics to reconstruct a femoral model, and were generated to the format of *.stl executing in the computer-aided design (CAD) software SenSable FreeForm Modeling (SFM). A bony tumor was simulated by adding clay to the femur, the procedure of tumorous resection was virtually performed with a toolkit called Phantom, and its bony defect was filled with virtual cement. A 3D workspace was created to enable the individual multimodality manipulation, and a virtual operation of tumorous excision was successfully carried out with indefinitely repeated running. The precise delineation of surgical margins was shown to be achieved with expert proficiency and inexperienced hands among 43 of 50 participants. This simulative educator presented an imitation of high definition, those trained by VR models achieved a higher success rate of 86% than the rate of 74% achieved by those trained by conventional methods. This tumorous resection was repeatably handled by SFM, including the establishment of surgical strategy, whereby participants felt that respondent force feedback was beneficial to surgical teaching programs, enabling engagement of learning experiences by immersive events which mimic real-world circumstances to reinforce didactic and clinical concepts.

Suppression of apoptosis impairs phalangeal joint formation in the pathogenesis of brachydactyly type A1.

Apoptosis occurs during development when a separation of tissues is needed. Synovial joint formation is initiated at the presumptive site (interzone) within a cartilage anlagen, with changes in cellular differentiation leading to cavitation and tissue separation. Apoptosis has been detected in phalangeal joints during development, but its role and regulation have not been defined. Here, we use a mouse model of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) with an IhhE95K mutation, to show that a missing middle phalangeal bone is due to the failure of the developing joint to cavitate, associated with reduced apoptosis, and a joint is not formed. We showed an intricate relationship between IHH and interacting partners, CDON and GAS1, in the interzone that regulates apoptosis. We propose a model in which CDON/GAS1 may act as dependence receptors in this context. Normally, the IHH level is low at the center of the interzone, enabling the "ligand-free" CDON/GAS1 to activate cell death for cavitation. In BDA1, a high concentration of IHH suppresses apoptosis. Our findings provided new insights into the role of IHH and CDON in joint formation, with relevance to hedgehog signaling in developmental biology and diseases.

Multi-omics analyses reveal aberrant differentiation trajectory with WNT1 loss-of-function in type XV osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of severe genetic bone disorders characterized by congenital low bone mass, deformity, and frequent fractures. Type XV OI is a moderate to severe form of skeletal dysplasia caused by WNT1 variants. In this cohort study from southern China, we summarized the clinical phenotypes of patients with WNT1 variants and found that the proportion of type XV patients was around 10.3% (25 out of 243) with a diverse spectrum of phenotypes. Functional assays indicated that variants of WNT1 significantly impaired its secretion and effective activity, leading to moderate to severe clinical manifestations, porous bone structure, and enhanced osteoclastic activities. Analysis of proteomic data from human skeleton indicated that the expression of SOST (sclerostin) was dramatically reduced in type XV patients compared to patients with COL1A1 quantitative variants. Single-cell transcriptome data generated from human tibia samples of patients diagnosed with type XV OI and leg-length discrepancy, respectively, revealed aberrant differentiation trajectories of skeletal progenitors and impaired maturation of osteocytes with loss of WNT1, resulting in excessive CXCL12+ progenitors, fewer mature osteocytes, and the existence of abnormal cell populations with adipogenic characteristics. The integration of multi-omics data from human skeleton delineates how WNT1 regulates the differentiation and maturation of skeletal progenitors, which will provide a new direction for the treatment strategy of type XV OI and relative low bone mass diseases such as early onset osteoporosis.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare disease characterized by low bone mass, frequent fractures, and long bone deformity. Type XV osteogenesis imperfect is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by WNT1 variants, while heterozygous variants of WNT1 result in early onset osteoporosis. In this cohort study, we summarized the clinical features of 25 patients diagnosed with type XV osteogenesis imperfect. The WNT1 variants were confirmed by genetic test. Molecular assays were conducted to reveal the impact of variants on WNT1 protein activity and bone structure. We then compared the protein levels in bone tissues isolated from the type XV patients and patients with mild deformity using proteomic method, and found that the expression of SOST, mainly produced by mature osteoblasts and osteocytes, was dramatically reduced in type XV patients. We further compared the global mRNA expression levels in the skeletal cells using single-cell RNA sequencing. Analyses of these data indicated that more immature progenitors were identified and maturation of osteocytes was impaired with WNT1 loss-of-function. Our study helps to understand the underlying pathogenesis of type XV osteogenesis imperfecta.

Progenitor-like cells contributing to cellular heterogeneity in the nucleus pulposus are lost in intervertebral disc degeneration.

The nucleus pulposus (NP) in the intervertebral disc (IVD) arises from embryonic notochord. Loss of notochordal-like cells in humans correlates with onset of IVD degeneration, suggesting that they are critical for healthy NP homeostasis and function. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified expression of progenitor-associated genes (GREM1, KRT18, and TAGLN) in the young mouse and non-degenerated human NP, with TAGLN expression reducing with aging. Lineage tracing using Tagln-CreERt2 mice identified peripherally located proliferative NP (PeriNP) cells in developing and postnatal NP that provide a continuous supply of cells to the entire NP. PeriNP cells were diminished in aged mice and absent in puncture-induced degenerated discs. Single-cell transcriptomes of postnatal Tagln-CreERt2 IVD cells indicate enrichment for TGF-ß signaling in Tagln descendant NP sub-populations. Notochord-specific removal of TGF-ß/BMP mediator Smad4 results in loss of Tagln+ cells and abnormal NP morphologies. We propose Tagln+ PeriNP cells are potential progenitors crucial for NP homeostasis.

A gene signature based method for identifying subtypes and subtype-specific drivers in cancer with an application to medulloblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Subtypes are widely found in cancer. They are characterized with different behaviors in clinical and molecular profiles, such as survival rates, gene signature and copy number aberrations (CNAs). While cancer is generally believed to have been caused by genetic aberrations, the number of such events is tremendous in the cancer tissue and only a small subset of them may be tumorigenic. On the other hand, gene expression signature of a subtype represents residuals of the subtype-specific cancer mechanisms. Using high-throughput data to link these factors to define subtype boundaries and identify subtype-specific drivers, is a promising yet largely unexplored topic. RESULTS: We report a systematic method to automate the identification of cancer subtypes and candidate drivers. Specifically, we propose an iterative algorithm that alternates between gene expression clustering and gene signature selection. We applied the method to datasets of the pediatric cerebellar tumor medulloblastoma (MB). The subtyping algorithm consistently converges on multiple datasets of medulloblastoma, and the converged signatures and copy number landscapes are also found to be highly reproducible across the datasets. Based on the identified subtypes, we developed a PCA-based approach for subtype-specific identification of cancer drivers. The top-ranked driver candidates are found to be enriched with known pathways in certain subtypes of MB. This might reveal new understandings for these subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that subtype-signature defines the subtype boundaries, characterizes the subtype-specific processes and can be used to prioritize signature-related drivers.

Virtual operation for hip joint replacement implemented by Sensable_FreeForm_Modelling: A surgical drill.

OBJECTIVE: To design a virtual operation of joint replacement for surgical drills using a haptic device, SenSable_FreeForm_Modelling (SFM), to enhance surgeons' efficiency and enable "Virtual tutorial without reality" for interns. METHOD: A patient with hip joint osteoarthritis is randomly selected to perform Total Hip Replacement (THR). The hip images were input into Mimics in the format of *.dicom after CT scan and then exported to SFM using the stereolithographic (*.stl) format. A surgical toolkit can be created virtually with Computer Aided Design software such as Pro-E or Ghost SDK and a visual drill scenario of THR directed by a force-respondent stick, namely Phantom. RESULT: 3D models of the hip joint were rebuilt illustrating clearly that the geometrical shapes of the surgical equipment created are similar to real instruments, and the THR operation is emulated distinctly in novelty. CONCLUSION: In obedience to an ancient maxim, so called 'genuine knowledge originated from practice', this simulative operation offers hands-on experience for students in the orthopaedics field with remarkable effects, contributing not only teaching cases for medical courses but also a planning basis for physical surgery.

Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in lumbar disc herniation with posterior ring apophysis fracture: A case report in a 15-year-old child.

RATIONALE: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with posterior ring apophysis fracture (PRAF) is rather rare in children, and in all age-stratified LDH patients, the incidence of RAF was 5.3% to 7.5%. Interestingly, the incidence of LDH with RAF in children (15%-32%) is several times higher than in adults, the mis-diagnosis of which may lead to delayed treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here, we report a 15-year-old schoolboy who suffered from sudden low back pain and radiating pain in both lower limbs after sport activities. Symptoms persisted after 3 months of conservative treatment. Computer radiography and magnetic resonance imaging indicated central disc herniation with PRAF at L4-5. DIAGNOSIS: LDH with PRAF. INTERVENTIONS: The herniated disc and epiphyseal fragments were successfully excised by the percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy minimal-invasive technique. OUTCOMES: Surgery was successful. Symptoms were immediately relieved postoperatively with a wound of only about 7.0 mm. Discharged on the next day. No perioperative complications occurred. Moreover, the imaging and clinical outcomes were also more satisfactory during the post-operative 15 months outpatient follow-up. LESSONS: Pediatric LDH with PRAF is extremely uncommon, and there is a lack of training among physicians for such cases, which may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Once a diagnosis for LDH with PRAF is established, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment to be considered, and we hope that this technique can provide more assistance in the future.

Clinical features and molecular characterization of Chinese patients with FKBP10 variants.

BACKGROUND: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of rare skeletal dysplasia. Long bone deformity and scoliosis are often associated with progressively deforming types of OI. FKBP65 (encoded by FKBP10, OMIM *607063) plays a crucial role in the processing of type I procollagen. Autosomal recessive variants in FKBP10 result in type XI osteogenesis imperfecta. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with OI were recruited for a genetic test. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing were applied to confirm the splicing defect in FKBP10 mRNA with the splice-site variant. The bone structure was characterized by Goldner's trichrome staining. Bioinformatic analyses of bulk RNA sequencing data were performed to examine the effect of the FKBP10 variant on gene expression. RESULTS: Here we reported three children from a consanguineous family harboured a homozygous splice-site variant (c.918-3C > G) in FKBP10 intron and developed long bone deformity and early onset of scoliosis. We also observed frequent long bone fractures and spinal deformity in another 3 OI patients with different FKBP10 variants. The homozygous splicing variant identified in the fifth intron of FKBP10 (c.918-3C > G) led to abnormal RNA processing and loss of FKBP65 protein and consequently resulted in aberrant collagen alignment and porous bone morphology. Analysis of transcriptomic data indicated that genes involved in protein processing and osteoblast differentiation were significantly affected in the patient-derived osteoblasts. CONCLUSION: Our study characterized the clinical features of OI patients with FKBP10 variants and revealed the pathogenesis of the c.918-3C > G variant. The molecular analyses helped to gain insight into the deleterious effects of FKBP10 variants on collagen processing and osteoblast differentiation.

MMP14 cleaves PTH1R in the chondrocyte-derived osteoblast lineage, curbing signaling intensity for proper bone anabolism.

Bone homeostasis is regulated by hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH). While PTH can stimulate osteo-progenitor expansion and bone synthesis, how the PTH-signaling intensity in progenitors is controlled is unclear. Endochondral bone osteoblasts arise from perichondrium-derived osteoprogenitors and hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC). We found, via single-cell transcriptomics, that HC-descendent cells activate membrane-type 1 metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and the PTH pathway as they transition to osteoblasts in neonatal and adult mice. Unlike Mmp14 global knockouts, postnatal day 10 (p10) HC lineage-specific Mmp14 null mutants (Mmp14ΔHC) produce more bone. Mechanistically, MMP14 cleaves the extracellular domain of PTH1R, dampening PTH signaling, and consistent with the implied regulatory role, in Mmp14ΔHC mutants, PTH signaling is enhanced. We found that HC-derived osteoblasts contribute ~50% of osteogenesis promoted by treatment with PTH 1-34, and this response was amplified in Mmp14ΔHC. MMP14 control of PTH signaling likely applies also to both HC- and non-HC-derived osteoblasts because their transcriptomes are highly similar. Our study identifies a novel paradigm of MMP14 activity-mediated modulation of PTH signaling in the osteoblast lineage, contributing new insights into bone metabolism with therapeutic significance for bone-wasting diseases.

Scoliosis in osteogenesis imperfecta: identifying the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting severity and progression from longitudinal data of 290 patients.

BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is widely prevalent among osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) patients, and is progressive with age. However, factors affecting scoliosis in OI are not well known. METHODS: We retrospectively retrieved longitudinal radiographic and clinical records of consecutive OI patients seeking treatments at our hospital from 2014 to 2022, graded their pre-operative spinal conditions into four outcome groups, estimated their progression rates, and descriptively and inferentially analyzed the genetic and non-genetic factors that may affect the outcomes and progression rates. RESULTS: In all, 290 OI patients met the inclusion criteria, where 221 had genetic records. Of these 221, about 2/3 had mutations in COL1A1 or COL1A2, followed by mutations in WNT1 (9.0%), IFITM5 (9.0%) and other OI risk genes. With an average age of 12.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6.9-16.1), 70.7% of the cohort had scoliosis (Cobb angle > 10°), including 106 (36.5%) mild (10°-25°), 40 (13.8%) moderate (25°-50°), and 59 (20.3%) severe (> 50°) scoliosis patients. Patients with either COL1A1 and COL1A2 were strongly biased toward having mild or no scoliosis, whereas patients with mutations in IFITM5, WNT1 and other recessive genes were more evenly distributed among the four outcome grades. Lower-limb discrepancy, bone mineral density (BMD) and age of first drug used were all significantly correlated with severity outcomes. Using multivariate logistic regression, we estimated that each year older adds an odds ratio of 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.2) in progression into advanced stages of scoliosis. We estimated a cohort-wide progression rate of 2.7 degrees per year (95% CI 2.4-3.0). Early-onset patients experienced fast progressions during both infantile and adolescent stages. Twenty-five of the 59 (42.8%) patients with severe scoliosis underwent spinal surgeries, enjoying an average Cobb angle reduction of 33° (IQR 23-40) postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The severity and progression of scoliosis in osteogenesis imperfecta were affected by genetic factors including genotypes and mutation types, and non-genetic factors including age and BMD. As compared with COL1A1, mutations in COL1A2 were less damaging while those on IFITM5 and other recessive genes conferred damaging effects. Progression rates were the fastest in the adolescent adult age-group.

Application of silver nanoparticles for improving motor recovery after spinal cord injury via reduction of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess anti-inflammatory activities and have been widely deployed for promoting tissue repair. Here we explored the efficacy of AgNPs on functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our data indicated that, in a SCI rat model, local AgNPs delivery could significantly recover locomotor function and exert neuroprotection through reducing of pro-inflammatory M1 survival. Furthermore, in comparison with Raw 264.7-derived M0 and M2, a higher level of AgNPs uptake and more pronounced cytotoxicity were detected in M1. RNA-seq analysis revealed the apoptotic genes in M1 were upregulated by AgNPs, whereas in M0 and M2, pro-apoptotic genes were downregulated and PI3k-Akt pathway signaling pathway was upregulated. Moreover, AgNPs treatment preferentially reduced cell viability of human monocyte-derived M1 comparing to M2, supporting its effect on M1 in human. Overall, our findings reveal AgNPs could suppress M1 activity and imply its therapeutic potential in promoting post-SCI motor recovery.

Peptide location fingerprinting identifies species- and tissue-conserved structural remodelling of proteins as a consequence of ageing and disease.

Extracellular matrices (ECMs) in the intervertebral disc (IVD), lung and artery are thought to undergo age-dependant accumulation of damage by chronic exposure to mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species, proteases and glycation. It is unknown whether this damage accumulation is species-dependant (via differing lifespans and hence cumulative exposures) or whether it can influence the progression of age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis. Peptide location fingerprinting (PLF) is a new proteomic analysis method, capable of the non-targeted identification of structure-associated changes within proteins. Here we applied PLF to publicly available ageing human IVD (outer annulus fibrosus), ageing mouse lung and human arterial atherosclerosis datasets and bioinformatically identified novel target proteins alongside common age-associated differences within protein structures which were conserved between three ECM-rich organs, two species, three IVD tissue regions, sexes and in an age-related disease. We identify peptide yield differences across protein structures which coincide with biological regions, potentially reflecting the functional consequences of ageing or atherosclerosis for macromolecular assemblies (collagen VI), enzyme/inhibitor activity (alpha-2 macroglobulin), activation states (complement C3) and interaction states (laminins, perlecan, fibronectin, filamin-A, collagen XIV and apolipoprotein-B). Furthermore, we show that alpha-2 macroglobulin and collagen XIV exhibit possible shared structural consequences in IVD ageing and arterial atherosclerosis, providing novel links between an age-related disease and intrinsic ageing. Crucially, we also demonstrate that fibronectin, laminin beta chains and filamin-A all exhibit conserved age-associated structural differences between mouse lung and human IVD, providing evidence that ECM, and their associating proteins, may be subjected to potentially similar mechanisms or consequences of ageing across both species, irrespective of differences in lifespan and tissue function.

Phenotypic Spectrum and Molecular Basis in a Chinese Cohort of Osteogenesis Imperfecta With Mutations in Type I Collagen.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare inherited connective tissue dysplasia characterized with skeletal fragility, recurrent fractures and bone deformity, predominantly caused by mutations in the genes COL1A1 or COL1A2 that encode the chains of type I collagen. In the present study, clinical manifestations and genetic variants were analysed from 187 Chinese OI patients, majority of whom are of southern Chinese origin. By targeted sequencing, 63 and 58 OI patients were found carrying mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 respectively, including 8 novel COL1A1 and 7 novel COL1A2 variants. We validated a novel splicing mutation in COL1A1. A diverse mutational and phenotypic spectrum was observed, coupling with the heterogeneity observed in the transcriptomic data derived from osteoblasts of six patients from our cohort. Missense mutations were significantly associated (χ2 p = 0.0096) with a cluster of patients with more severe clinical phenotypes. Additionally, the severity of OI was more correlated with the quality of bones, rather than the bone mineral density. Bone density is most responsive to bisphosphonate treatment during the juvenile stage (10-15 years old). In contrast, height is not responsive to bisphosphonate treatment. Our findings expand the mutational spectrum of type I collagen genes and the genotype-phenotype correlation in Chinese OI patients. The observation of effective bisphosphonate treatment in an age-specific manner may help to improve OI patient management.