Modifiable risk factors, oxidative stress markers, and SOD2 rs4880 SNP in coronary artery disease: an association study.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been linked to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) gene. Additionally, several modifiable risk factors are also known to influence the CAD risk. AIM: To investigate the association between selected modifiable risk factors and oxidative stress markers with the SOD2 rs4880 SNP in CAD patients. METHODS: A cohort of 150 angiographically confirmed CAD patients, and 100 control subjects in the same geographic area were enrolled. SOD levels and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the blood samples using standard protocols. The genotyping of the SOD2 gene was conducted through the PCR-sequencing method. RESULTS: This study indicated that CAD patients with the rs4880 SNP having heterozygous AG and mutated homozygous GG genotypes have increased oxidative stress, decreased SOD activity, and a positive association with CAD risk (OR 2.85) in comparison with control individuals. The investigation among CAD patients was then carried out based on modifiable risk factors. The risk factors selected were clinical characteristics, physical habits, nutritional status, and body mass index. In all the cases, MDA levels showed a positive association, and SOD activity showed a negative association with the selected polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the selected modifiable risk factors have an important role in the higher oxidative stress found in patients, which may lead to SOD2 polymorphism. It also suggests that the SOD2 locus can be identified as a marker gene for CAD susceptibility.

Characterizing and predicting coarse and fine particulates in classrooms located close to an urban roadway.

The PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 10, < 2.5, and < 1 microm, respectively) concentrations were monitored over a 90-day period in a naturally ventilated school building located at roadside in Chennai City. The 24-hr average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations at indoor and outdoor environments were found to be 136 +/- 60, 36 +/- 15, and 20 +/- 12 and 76 +/- 42, 33 +/- 16, and 23 +/- 14 microg/m3, respectively. The size distribution of PM in the classroom indicated that coarse mode was dominant during working hours (08:00 a.m. to 04:00 p.m.), whereas fine mode was dominant during nonworking hours (04:00 p.m. to 08:00 a.m.). The increase in coarser particles coincided with occupant activities in the classrooms and finer particles were correlated with outdoor traffic. Analysis of indoor PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations monitored at another school, which is located at urban reserved forest area (background site) indicated 3-4 times lower PM10 concentration than the school located at roadside. Also, the indoor PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations were 1.3-1.5 times lower at background site. Further, a mass balance indoor air quality (IAQ) model was modified to predict the indoor PM concentration in the classroom. Results indicated good agreement between the predicted and measured indoor PM2.5 (R2 = 0.72-0.81) and PM1 (R2 = 0.81-0.87) concentrations. But, the measured and predicted PM10 concentrations showed poor correlation (R2 = 0.17-0.23), which may be because the IAQ model could not take into account the sudden increase in PM10 concentration (resuspension of large size particles) due to human activities. Implications: The present study discusses characteristics of the indoor coarse and fine PM concentrations of a naturally ventilated school building located close to an urban roadway and at a background site in Chennai City, India. The study results will be useful to engineers and policymakers to prepare strategies for improving the IAQ inside classrooms. Further, this study may help in the development of IAQ standards and guidelines in India.

The relationship of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status to selected modifiable risk factors in coronary artery disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is found to be associated with a wide range of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the relationship of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status to selected modifiable risk factors in angiographically proven CAD patients. METHODS: 150 angiographically proven CAD patients were categorized into three, based on selected risk factors. Data was collected using proforma and from hospital records. Peroxidation and antioxidant levels in blood samples were assessed using standard procedures. RESULTS: In category, I, significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation and the lower enzymatic antioxidant level were observed in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and with both diabetes and hypertension, when compared with patients without these clinical characteristics (p < 0.01). Similar results obtained for patients following a non-vegetarian diet when compared with patients following a vegetarian diet (category II). In BMI based group (category III), patients with BMI>25kg/m2 showed a significant increase in peroxidation and low enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels than those with normal BMI. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed a strong association between selected modifiable risk factors, higher lipid peroxidation, and lower antioxidant levels in angiographically proven CAD patients. This provides leads in the management of cardiovascular events in CAD patients.

Coriandrum sativum--effect on lipid metabolism in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colon cancer.

The biochemical effect of coriander seeds on lipid parameters in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colon cancer in rats were studied. The study shows that the concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol to phospholipid ratio decreased while the level of phospholipid increased significantly in the DMH control group compared to the spice administered group. Fecal dry weight, fecal neutral sterols and bile acids showed a sharp increase in the coriander-fed group compared with the DMH administered group. Thus, coriander plays a protective role against the deleterious effects in lipid metabolism in experimental colon cancer.

Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals.

The antiperoxidative effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) was studied in rats administered high fat diet. Significant decrease in the levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione was observed when compared to control group whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed increase.

Altered DNA repair, oxidative stress and antioxidant status in coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interplay of environmental risk factors with multiple predisposing genes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of DNA repair efficiency and oxidative stress and antioxidant status in CAD patients. Malonaldehyde (MDA), which is an indicator of oxidative stress, and mean break per cell (b/c) values, which is an indicator of decreased DNA repair efficiency, were found to be significantly increased in patients compared to normal controls (P less than 0.05) whereas ascorbic acid and GSH were found to be lower among patients than the control group. It has been found that elevated oxidative stress decreased antioxidant level and decreased DNA repair efficiency can contribute to the development of CAD. This study also showed that high MDA, low ascorbic acid and GSH were significantly associated with high b/c value.

Hypolipidemic effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action.

The effect of the administration of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) on the metabolism of lipids was studied in rats fed a high fat diet with added cholesterol. The spice had a significant hypolipidemic action. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly in the tissues of the animals of the experimental group which received coriander seeds. Significant increases in beta-hydroxy, beta-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity were noted in the experimental group. The level of LDL + VLDL cholesterol decreased while that of HDL cholesterol increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. The increased activity of plasma LCAT, enhanced hepatic bile acid synthesis and the increased degradation of cholesterol to fecal bile acids and neutral sterols appeared to account for its hypocholesterolemic effect.