RESUMEN
Background Nonylphenol (NP) is a typical phenolic endocrine disruptor, and there are significant differences in NP concentration in different regions and water types. Objective To investigate the concentration of NP in three types (river, lake, and reservoir) of water sources in Hubei Province, and assess its ecological risk and population health risk. Methods Fifteen sampling points were set up at four river water sources (Liangtingshan Waterworks, Baishazhou Waterworks, Dijiao Waterworks, and Zongguan Waterworks), one lake water source (Liangzi Lake), and one reservoir water source (Fushui Reservoir). Water samples were collected from the 15 sampling points in June 2019 (wet season), October 2019 (level season), and December 2019 (dry season), respectively. The NP concentration in water samples was detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the differences in NP concentration among groups were compared using variance analysis. The ecological risk and the health risk of NP were evaluated using risk quotient (RQ) and non-carcinogenic risk index (NCRI), respectively. Results The detection rate of NP was 100%, with an average concentration of (18.10±15.00) ng·L−1 (5.45-92.71 ng·L−1). The average concentrations of NP during the level, wet, and dry seasons were (11.52±5.31) ng·L−1, (23.86±22.08) ng·L−1, and (18.93±9.51) ng·L−1, respectively, and the maximum concentrations were 24.62 ng·L−1, 92.71 ng·L−1, and 42.38 ng·L−1, respectively. The variance analysis showed no statistical difference in the NP concentration in the samples from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in different periods (P>0.05). Only the water samples from the water source serving the Zongguan Waterworks showed an RQ (0.19) greater than 0.1 during the wet season, indicating a moderate risk. The RQ values of other water samples were all less than 0.1, indicating an overall relatively low ecological risk. The highest NCRI values during the level, wet, and dry seasons were 0.1459, 0.5492, and 0.2511, respectively, all less than 1, indicating an acceptable health risk level. Conclusion The NP concentrations in all water sources in this study are at a relatively low level, which poses an acceptable risk level to human health.
RESUMEN
Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of repeated HIV antibody tests among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Wuhan City, so as to provide insights into the development of interventions against AIDS among MSM.@*Methods@#MSM with self-reported homosexual behaviors in a community studio in Wuhan City were recruited using a convenient sampling method from January to April 2019, and participants' demographic features, sexual behaviors, HIV antibody tests and recognition of HIV antibody tests were collected using questionnaires. Factors affecting repeated HIV antibody tests were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#Totally 300 valid questionnaires were recovered, with a mean age of (31.06±10.24) years. Among all the participants, 196 participants had the first homosexual behaviors over 18 years of age (65.33%), 107 participants were insertive partners (35.67%), and 125 participants received sex-transmitted diseases (STDs) tests in the past six months (41.67%). The mean score for recognizing the risk of HIV infection was 12.41±3.09, for HIV antibody test self-efficiency was 17.07±2.12, and for perceived social supports was 17.42±2.41. A total of 287 respondents received HIV antibody tests (95.67%), including 192 participants receiving repeated HIV antibody tests (64.00%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age of >18 years for the first homosexual sex behavior (OR=0.404, 95%CI: 0.223-0.734), receiving STDs tests in the past six months (OR=3.896, 95%CI: 2.145-7.076), sex role as receptive partners or both receptive and insertive partners (OR=0.502, 95%CI: 0.275-0.917), satisfying with HIV antibody test services (OR=2.955, 95%CI: 1.311-6.660), and high score for HIV antibody test self-efficiency (OR=1.149, 95%CI: 1.005-1.314) were factors affecting repeated HIV antibody tests among MSM.@*Conclusions@#The detection of repeated HIV antibody tests was 64.00% among MSM in Wuhan City in 2019, and age for the first homosexual behavior, STDs tests, sex role, evaluation of HIV antibody test services and self-efficiency of HIV antibody tests may be factors affecting repeated HIV antibody tests among MSM.
RESUMEN
Objective To investigate the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Qingshan District, Wuhan. Methods The PM2.5 samples were collected in Qingshan District of Wuhan for 7 days every and each month from the year 2016 to 2017. The components were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The potential health risks were assessed based on the standard method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results The average annual mass concentration of PM2.5 was 60.06 μg/m3, exceeding the ambient air quality standard of China. The average annual mass concentration of 4 water-soluble anions and cations was 17.80 μg/m3, accounting for 31.40% of PM2.5. The sum of NO3- and SO42- accounted for more than 70% of the total ions with an average ratio of 0.72, and the source was mainly the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. The average annual mass concentration of 12 metal elements in PM2.5 was 0.27 μg/m3, with the main elements being Al, Pb, and Mn. The average concentration of As and Cr exceeded the annual average limit of ambient air quality standards. The annual average concentration of 16 types of PAHs was 15.72 ng/m3, of which the average BaP concentration was 1.32 ng/m3 in 2016, which was higher than the second-level limit in China, and 0.63 ng/m3 in 2017, which was lower than the limit. The risk assessment results showed that the percentile distribution of chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of both PAHs and As was relatively high, while Mn had certain chronic non-carcinogenic health risks, and Cr and Cd had certain carcinogenic risks. Conclusion In recent years, the air quality pollution in Qingshan District of Wuhan had been reduced, but it was still higher than the secondary air quality standard of China. The chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of some elements in PM2.5 exceeded acceptable levels, , which should be further emphasized.