Nature of Hops, Coordinates, and Detailed Balance for Nonadiabatic Simulations in the Condensed Phase.

Photoinduced processes play a crucial role in a multitude of important molecular phenomena. Accurately modeling these processes in an environment other than a vacuum requires a detailed description of the electronic states involved as well as how energy flows are coupled to the surroundings. Nonadiabatic effects must also be included in order to describe the exchange of energy between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom correctly. In this work, we revisit the ring-opening reaction 1,3-cylohexadiene (CHD) in a solvent environment. Using our newly developed Interface for Non-Adiabatic Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics in Solvent (INAQS) we trace the evolution of the reaction via hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) surface hopping with a focus on the solvent's participation in the nonadiabatic relaxation process and the long-time approach to equilibrium. We explicitly include the MM solvent contribution to the nonadiabatic coupling vector─enabling an accurate approach to equilibrium at long times─and find that in highly multidimensional systems gradients can have little or nothing to do with the nonadiabatic couplings.

To guess or not to guess excited state amplitudes during optimization and dynamics.

We report robust initial guesses for the amplitudes and z-vectors in a configuration interaction singles or Tamm-Dancoff approximation calculation that consistently reduce the total number of iterations required for an excited state calculation often by over 50%. The end result of these guesses is that the practicing chemist can expect to generate excited state optimized structures with a total wall time reduced by as much as 30% in the future without any approximations-simply by using information gathered at one geometry and applying it to another geometry.

What is special about how roaming chemical reactions traverse their potential surfaces? Differences in geodesic paths between roaming and non-roaming events.

With the notable exception of some illustrative two-degree-of-freedom models whose surprising classical dynamics has been worked out in detail, theories of roaming have largely bypassed the issue of when and why the counterintuitive phenomenon of roaming occurs. We propose that a useful way to begin to address these issues is to look for the geodesic (most efficient) pathways through the potential surfaces of candidate systems. Although roaming manifests itself in an unusual behavior at asymptotic geometries, we found in the case of formaldehyde dissociation that it was the pathways traversing the parts of the potential surface corresponding to highly vibrationally excited reactants that were the most revealing. An examination of the geodesics for roaming pathways in this region finds that they are much less tightly defined than the geodesics in that same region that lead directly to dissociation (whether into closed-shell products or into radical products). Thus, the broader set of options available to the roaming channel gives it an entropic advantage over more conventional reaction channels. These observations suggest that what leads to roaming in other systems may be less the presence of a localized "roaming transition state," than the existence of an entire region of the potential surface conducive to multiple equivalent pathways.

Use of QM/MM Surface Hopping Simulations to Understand Thermally Activated Rare-Event Nonadiabatic Transitions in the Condensed Phase.

We implement a rare-event sampling scheme for quantifying the rate of thermally activated nonadiabatic transitions in the condensed phase. Our Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methodology uses the recently developed Interface for NonAdiabatic QM/MM in Solvent (INAQS) package to interface an elementary electronic structure package and a popular open-source molecular dynamics software (GROMACS) to simulate an electron transfer event between two stationary ions in a solution of acetonitrile solvent molecules. Nonadiabatic effects are implemented through a surface hopping scheme, and our simulations allow further quantitative insight into the participation ratio of a solvent and the effect of ion separation distance as far as facilitating electron transfer. We also demonstrate that the standard gas-phase approaches for treating frustrated hops and velocity reversal must be refined when working in the condensed phase with many degrees of freedom. The code and methodology developed here can be easily expanded upon and modified to incorporate other systems and should provide a great deal of new insight into a wide variety of condensed phase nonadiabatic phenomena.

M-Chem: a Modular Software Package for Molecular Simulation that Spans Scientific Domains.

We present a new software package called M-Chem that is designed from scratch in C++ and parallelized on shared-memory multi-core architectures to facilitate efficient molecular simulations. Currently, M-Chem is a fast molecular dynamics (MD) engine that supports the evaluation of energies and forces from two-body to many-body all-atom potentials, reactive force fields, coarse-grained models, combined quantum mechanics molecular mechanics (QM/MM) models, and external force drivers from machine learning, augmented by algorithms that are focused on gains in computational simulation times. M-Chem also includes a range of standard simulation capabilities including thermostats, barostats, multi-timestepping, and periodic cells, as well as newer methods such as fast extended Lagrangians and high quality electrostatic potential generation. At present M-Chem is a developer friendly environment in which we encourage new software contributors from diverse fields to build their algorithms, models, and methods in our modular framework. The long-term objective of M-Chem is to create an interdisciplinary platform for computational methods with applications ranging from biomolecular simulations, reactive chemistry, to materials research.

INAQS, a Generic Interface for Nonadiabatic QM/MM Dynamics: Design, Implementation, and Validation for GROMACS/Q-CHEM simulations.

The accurate description of large molecular systems in complex environments remains an ongoing challenge for the field of computational chemistry. This problem is even more pronounced for photoinduced processes, as multiple excited electronic states and their corresponding nonadiabatic couplings must be taken into account. Multiscale approaches such as hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) offer a balanced compromise between accuracy and computational burden. Here, we introduce an open-source software package (INAQS) for nonadiabatic QM/MM simulations that bridges the sampling capabilities of the GROMACS MD package and the excited-state infrastructure of the Q-CHEM electronic structure software. The interface is simple and can be adapted easily to other MD codes. The code supports a variety of different trajectory-based molecular dynamics, ranging from Born-Oppenheimer to surface hopping dynamics. To illustrate the power of this combination, we simulate electronic absorption spectra, free-energy surfaces along a reaction coordinate, and the excited-state dynamics of 1,3-cyclohexadiene in solution.

Methods to Calculate Electronic Excited-State Dynamics for Molecules on Large Metal Clusters with Many States: Ensuring Fast Overlap Calculations and a Robust Choice of Phase.

We present an efficient set of methods for propagating excited-state dynamics involving a large number of configuration interaction singles (CIS) or Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA) single-reference excited states. Specifically, (i) following Head-Gordon et al., we implement an exact evaluation of the overlap of singly-excited CIS/TDA electronic states at different nuclear geometries using a biorthogonal basis and (ii) we employ a unified protocol for choosing the correct phase for each adiabat at each geometry. For many-electron systems, the combination of these techniques significantly reduces the computational cost of integrating the electronic Schrodinger equation and imposes minimal overhead on top of the underlying electronic structure calculation. As a demonstration, we calculate the electronic excited-state dynamics for a hydrogen molecule scattering off a silver metal cluster, focusing on high-lying excited states, where many electrons can be excited collectively and crossings are plentiful. Interestingly, we find that the high-lying, plasmon-like collective excitation spectrum changes with nuclear dynamics, highlighting the need to simulate non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics and plasmonic excitations simultaneously. In the future, the combination of methods presented here should help theorists build a mechanistic understanding of plasmon-assisted charge transfer and excitation energy relaxation processes near a nanoparticle or metal surface.