Isatuximab as monotherapy and combined with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

This phase 2 study evaluated isatuximab as monotherapy or combined with dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Patients had RRMM refractory to an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) and a proteasome inhibitor (PI) or had received ≥3 prior lines of therapy incorporating an IMiD and PI. Patients received isatuximab either as monotherapy (20 mg/kg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 [once weekly] of cycle 1 followed by 20 mg/kg on days 1 and 15 of subsequent cycles; Isa group) or in combination with dexamethasone (40 mg/d [20 mg/d in patients aged ≥75 years] once weekly; Isa-dex group). Treated patients (N = 164) had received a median of 4 (range, 2-10) prior treatment lines. Patients received a median of 5 (1-24) and 7 (1-22) treatment cycles; at data cutoff, 13 (11.9%) of 109 and 15 (27.3%) of 55 patients remained on treatment in the Isa and Isa-dex arms, respectively. Overall response rate (primary efficacy end point) was 23.9% in the Isa arm and 43.6% in the Isa-dex arm (odds ratio, 0.405; 95% confidence interval, 0.192-0.859; P = .008). Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.9 and 18.9 months for Isa, and 10.2 and 17.3 months for Isa-dex. Infusion reactions (mostly grade 1/2) and hematologic abnormalities were the most common adverse events. There was a similar incidence of grade 3 or higher infections in both groups (22.0% and 21.8%). In conclusion, addition of dexamethasone to isatuximab increased response rates and survival outcomes with no detrimental effect on safety. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01084252.

Oral Selinexor-Dexamethasone for Triple-Class Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export compound that blocks exportin 1 (XPO1) and forces nuclear accumulation and activation of tumor suppressor proteins, inhibits nuclear factor κB, and reduces oncoprotein messenger RNA translation, is a potential novel treatment for myeloma that is refractory to current therapeutic options. METHODS: We administered oral selinexor (80 mg) plus dexamethasone (20 mg) twice weekly to patients with myeloma who had previous exposure to bortezomib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, daratumumab, and an alkylating agent and had disease refractory to at least one proteasome inhibitor, one immunomodulatory agent, and daratumumab (triple-class refractory). The primary end point was overall response, defined as a partial response or better, with response assessed by an independent review committee. Clinical benefit, defined as a minimal response or better, was a secondary end point. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients in the United States and Europe were included in the modified intention-to-treat population (primary analysis), and 123 were included in the safety population. The median age was 65 years, and the median number of previous regimens was 7; a total of 53% of the patients had high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. A partial response or better was observed in 26% of patients (95% confidence interval, 19 to 35), including two stringent complete responses; 39% of patients had a minimal response or better. The median duration of response was 4.4 months, median progression-free survival was 3.7 months, and median overall survival was 8.6 months. Fatigue, nausea, and decreased appetite were common and were typically grade 1 or 2 (grade 3 events were noted in up to 25% of patients, and no grade 4 events were reported). Thrombocytopenia occurred in 73% of the patients (grade 3 in 25% and grade 4 in 33%). Thrombocytopenia led to bleeding events of grade 3 or higher in 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Selinexor-dexamethasone resulted in objective treatment responses in patients with myeloma refractory to currently available therapies. (Funded by Karyopharm Therapeutics; STORM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02336815.).

Symptom Burden, Perceived Control, and Quality of Life Among Patients Living With Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: New therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) have improved survival rates but often expose patients to heightened toxicities and prolonged treatment, leading to increasing complications and side effects. We evaluated the association between symptom burden, perceived control over illness, and quality of life (QoL) among a national sample of patients with MM. METHODS: For this observational, cross-sectional study, we used data from the Cancer Experience Registry research initiative to examine symptom- and functioning-related concerns among 289 patients with MM across the illness trajectory. We applied hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses to explore associations between symptom burden and perceived control over illness with QoL indicators: depression, anxiety, and social satisfaction. RESULTS: In our sample, 73% of participants with MM reported currently receiving treatment; 39% experienced relapse; 56% received 1 to 2 autologous transplants, 10% received ≥3 autologous transplants, and 4% received allogeneic and autologous transplants; 30% had not received a stem cell transplant. Average time since diagnosis was 4.4 years. The most highly endorsed concerns included eating and nutrition (61%), physical activity (59%), moving around (56%), fatigue (55%), pain (52%), and sleep (46%). Only 27% believed they had control over their disease, whereas 48% perceived having control over the physical side effects of MM. Approximately one-third of the variance in anxiety and depression and nearly two-thirds of variance in social satisfaction were explained by sociodemographic, clinical, and symptom burden variables. Perceived control over illness significantly predicted depression and anxiety, but not social satisfaction. Our results highlight substantial concern among patients with MM about physical symptoms and function. Additionally, greater symptom burden significantly accounted for poorer QoL, and lower perceived control over illness was linked to depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MM and survivors experience substantive long-term QoL issues. Together, these findings point to the critical need for comprehensive symptom management, integrated palliative care, and enhancement of social and emotional support for individuals with MM.

Phase 1 study of selinexor plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Selinexor, an oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, targets Exportin 1 (XPO1, also termed CRM1). Non-clinical studies support combining selinexor with proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and corticosteroids to overcome resistance in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). We conducted a phase I dose-escalation trial of twice-weekly selinexor in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone (SKd) to determine maximum tolerated dose in patients with RRMM (N = 21), with an expansion cohort to assess activity in carfilzomib-refractory disease and identify a recommended phase II dose (RP2D). During dose escalation, there was one dose-limiting toxicity (cardiac failure). The RP2D of twice-weekly SKd was selinexor 60 mg, carfilzomib 20/27 mg/m2 and dexamethasone 20 mg. The most common grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events included thrombocytopenia (71%), anaemia (33%), lymphopenia (33%), neutropenia (33%) and infections (24%). Rates of ≥minimal response, ≥partial response and very good partial response were 71%, 48% and 14%, respectively; similar response outcomes were observed for dual-class refractory (PI and immunomodulatory drug)/quad-exposed (carfilzomib, bortezomib, lenalidomide and pomalidomide) patients (n = 17), and patients refractory to carfilzomib in last line of therapy (n = 13). Median progression-free survival was 3·7 months, and overall survival was 22·4 months in the overall population. SKd was tolerable and re-established disease control in RRMM patients, including carfilzomib-refractory patients. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02199665).

Creating Equitable and Inclusive Clinical Trials for Multiple Myeloma.

Black and Latino/Hispanic populations are disproportionately impacted by multiple myeloma (MM) in the United States and are underrepresented in many clinical trials. The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation sponsored a 1-day workshop of 46 experts spanning the ecosystem of MM research and care, including government, academia, nonprofits, pharma/biotech, community partners, and retail pharmacy. Specific, tangible steps to overcome the well-documented barriers to improving the diversity and inclusivity of clinical trials were discussed, including broadening inclusion/exclusion criteria, reducing the financial and other burdens of trial participants, selecting diverse study sites, including implicit bias training, and taking steps to empower patients.

Multiple Myeloma for the Primary Care Provider: A Practical Review to Promote Earlier Diagnosis Among Diverse Populations.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States and the most common hematologic malignancy among Blacks/African Americans. Delay in diagnosis is common and has been associated with inferior disease-free survival and increased rates of myeloma-related complications. Despite a roughly 2-times higher risk of multiple myeloma, diagnostic delay appears more common, and improvements in 5-year survival rates have been slower among Blacks/African Americans than their White counterparts. When patient symptoms and basic laboratory findings are suggestive of multiple myeloma, the primary care provider should initiate extended laboratory work-up that includes serum protein electrophoresis, serum immunoglobulin free light chain assay, and serum immunofixation. Heightened awareness within high-risk populations such as Blacks/African Americans may help to eliminate racial disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma.

A Typical Presentation of an Atypical Condition: Hepatic Angiosarcoma With Peritoneal Bleed.

Hepatic angiosarcoma (HA) is a rare primary malignancy of hepatic endothelial and fibroblastic vascular tissue origin. Patients typically present with vague constitutional symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, and ascites. Hemoperitoneum is a frequent clinical manifestation of HA associated with higher mortality and is underrecognized. Here, we report the case of a patient with HA that was complicated by a peritoneal bleed, its management, and associated poor prognosis.

Non-Toxicological Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Obesity-Associated Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth and Survival.

Obesity is not only a risk factor for multiple myeloma (MM) incidence, but it is also associated with an increased risk of progression from myeloma precursors-monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance-and smoldering myeloma. Adipocytes in the bone marrow (BMAs) microenvironment have been shown to facilitate MM cell growth via secreted factors, but the nature of these secreted factors and their mechanism of action have not been fully elucidated. The elevated expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is associated with a variety of different cancers, including MM; however, the role of AhR activity in obesity-associated MM cell growth and survival has not been explored. Indeed, this is of particular interest as it has been recently shown that bone marrow adipocytes are a source of endogenous AhR ligands. Using multiple in vitro models of tumor-adipocyte crosstalk to mimic the bone microenvironment, we identified a novel, non-toxicological role of the adipocyte-secreted factors in the suppression of AhR activity in MM cells. A panel of six MM cell lines were cultured in the presence of bone marrow adipocytes in (1) a direct co-culture, (2) a transwell co-culture, or (3) an adipocyte-conditioned media to interrogate the effects of the secreted factors on MM cell AhR activity. Nuclear localization and the transcriptional activity of the AhR, as measured by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene induction, were suppressed by exposure to BMA-derived factors. Additionally, decreased AhR target gene expression was associated with worse clinical outcomes. The knockdown of AhR resulted in reduced CYP1B1 expression and increased cellular growth. This tumor-suppressing role of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was supported by patient data which demonstrated an association between reduced target gene expression and worse overall survival. These data demonstrated a novel mechanism by which bone marrow adipocytes promote MM progression.

Addressing the disparities: the approach to the African American patient with multiple myeloma.

There are significant disparities with regards to incidence, timely diagnosis, access to treatment, clinical trial participation and health care utilization that negatively impact outcomes for African American patients with multiple myeloma. Health care providers have a role in ameliorating these disparities with thoughtful consideration of historical, sociocultural, individual and disease characteristics that influence the care provided to African American patient population. This review by a group of experts committed to health disparity in multiple myeloma provides a snapshot of disparities at both biologic and non-biologic levels, barriers to clinical care, and best practices to ensure that African American patients receive the best care available.

Phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone with and without daratumumab in relapsed multiple myeloma.

We conducted a phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (KPd) and KPd with daratumumab (Dara-KPd) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. The primary end points were identification of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of KPd for phase 1, and rates of overall response (ORR) and near complete response (nCR) after 4 cycles of KPd and Dara-KPd, respectively, for phase 2. The MTD for KPd was carfilzomib 20/27 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 (cycles 1-8) and days 1, 2, 15, and 16 for cycles 9 and beyond; oral pomalidomide 4 mg on days 1 to 21; and oral dexamethasone 40 mg weekly in 28-day cycles. Sixty-six patients received KPd, including 34 at the MTD. The ORR after 4 cycles of KPd at the MTD was 27/34 (79%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 62%-91%), meeting the statistical threshold for efficacy. At a median follow-up of 44 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 13 months and overall survival (OS) 44 months. Twenty-eight patients received Dara-KPd. The rate of nCR or better after 4 cycles was 11/28 (39%; 95% CI, 22%-59%), meeting the statistical threshold for efficacy. As the best response to Dara-KPd, the ORR was 25/28 (89%) and the rate of measurable residual disease negativity by flow cytometry (10-5) was 17/26 (65%). At a median follow-up of 26 months, the median PFS and OS for Dara-KPd were not reached. Dara-KPd induced deeper and more durable responses than KPd without compromising safety in a predominantly high-risk, lenalidomide-refractory population, warranting further evaluation of this quadruplet. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01665794.

Preferences and Priorities for Relapsed Multiple Myeloma Treatments Among Patients and Caregivers in the United States.

Introduction/Background: This study aimed to describe patient and caregiver preferences for treatments of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Materials and Methods: A survey including discrete-choice experiment (DCE) and best-worst scaling (BWS) exercises was conducted among US patients with relapsed or refractory MM and their caregivers. The DCE included six attributes with varying levels including progression-free survival (PFS), toxicity, and mode and frequency of administration. In addition, the impact of treatment cost was assessed using a fixed-choice question. The BWS exercise included 18 items (modes and frequency of administration, additional treatment convenience, and toxicity items). The survey was administered online to patients recruited from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass study (NCT01454297). Results: The final samples consisted of 94 patients and 32 caregivers. Avoiding severe nerve damage was most important to patients, followed by longer PFS. Caregivers considered PFS to be the most important attribute. We estimate that a third or more of patients were cost-sensitive, meaning their treatment preference was altered based on cost implications. Caregivers were not cost-sensitive. The three most bothersome treatment features in the BWS exercise were risk of kidney failure, lowering white blood cell counts, and weakening the immune system. Conclusion: Patients with relapsed or refractory MM and their caregivers consider many factors including efficacy, toxicity, mode/frequency of administration, and cost in their decisions regarding treatment options. The study provides a basis for future Research on patient and caregiver treatment preferences, which could be incorporated into shared decision-making with physicians.

The genetic heterogeneity and drug resistance mechanisms of relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy. Despite significant advances in treatment, relapse is common and carries a poor prognosis. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the genetic factors contributing to disease progression and drug resistance. Here, we carry out integrative clinical sequencing of 511 relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients to define the disease's molecular alterations landscape. The NF-κB and RAS/MAPK pathways are more commonly altered than previously reported, with a prevalence of 45-65% each. In the RAS/MAPK pathway, there is a long tail of variants associated with the RASopathies. By comparing our RRMM cases with untreated patients, we identify a diverse set of alterations conferring resistance to three main classes of targeted therapy in 22% of our cohort. Activating mutations in IL6ST are also enriched in RRMM. Taken together, our study serves as a resource for future investigations of RRMM biology and potentially informs clinical management.

A dose-finding Phase 2 study of single agent isatuximab (anti-CD38 mAb) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

A Phase 2 dose-finding study evaluated isatuximab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM; NCT01084252). Patients with ≥3 prior lines or refractory to both immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors (dual refractory) were randomized to isatuximab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W), 10 mg/kg Q2W(2 cycles)/Q4W, or 10 mg/kg Q2W. A fourth arm evaluated 20 mg/kg QW(1 cycle)/Q2W. Patients (N = 97) had a median (range) age of 62 years (38-85), 5 (2-14) prior therapy lines, and 85% were double refractory. The overall response rate (ORR) was 4.3, 20.0, 29.2, and 24.0% with isatuximab 3 mg/kg Q2W, 10 mg/kg Q2W/Q4W, 10 mg/kg Q2W, and 20 mg/kg QW/Q2W, respectively. At doses ≥10 mg/kg, median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.6 and 18.7 months, respectively, and the ORR was 40.9% (9/22) in patients with high-risk cytogenetics. CD38 receptor density was similar in responders and non-responders. The most common non-hematologic adverse events (typically grade ≤2) were nausea (34.0%), fatigue (32.0%), and upper respiratory tract infections (28.9%). Infusion reactions (typically with first infusion and grade ≤2) occurred in 51.5% of patients. In conclusion, isatuximab is active and generally well tolerated in heavily pretreated RRMM, with greatest efficacy at doses ≥10 mg/kg.

Selective Inhibition of Nuclear Export With Oral Selinexor for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

Purpose Selinexor, a first-in-class, oral, selective exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitor, induces apoptosis in cancer cells through nuclear retention of tumor suppressor proteins and the glucocorticoid receptor, along with inhibition of translation of oncoprotein mRNAs. We studied selinexor in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma refractory to the most active available agents. Patients and Methods This phase II trial evaluated selinexor 80 mg and dexamethasone 20 mg, both orally and twice weekly, in patients with myeloma refractory to bortezomib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide (quad-refractory disease), with a subset also refractory to an anti-CD38 antibody (penta-refractory disease). The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). Results Of 79 patients, 48 had quad-refractory and 31 had penta-refractory myeloma. Patients had received a median of seven prior regimens. The ORR was 21% and was similar for patients with quad-refractory (21%) and penta-refractory (20%) disease. Among patients with high-risk cytogenetics, including t(4;14), t(14;16), and del(17p), the ORR was 35% (six of 17 patients). The median duration of response was 5 months, and 65% of responding patients were alive at 12 months. The most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (59%), anemia (28%), neutropenia (23%), hyponatremia (22%), leukopenia (15%), and fatigue (15%). Dose interruptions for adverse events occurred in 41 patients (52%), dose reductions occurred in 29 patients (37%), and treatment discontinuation occurred in 14 patients (18%). Conclusion The combination of selinexor and dexamethasone has an ORR of 21% in patients with heavily pretreated, refractory myeloma with limited therapeutic options.

Quantitative Lateral Flow Assays for Salivary Biomarker Assessment: A Review.

Saliva is an emerging biofluid with a significant number of applications in use across research and clinical settings. The present paper explores the reasons why saliva has grown in popularity in recent years, balancing both the potential strengths and weaknesses of this biofluid. Focusing on reasons why saliva is different from other common biological fluids such as blood, urine, or tears, we review how saliva is easily obtained, with minimal risk to the donor, and reduced costs for collection, transportation, and analysis. We then move on to a brief review of the history and progress in rapid salivary testing, again reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of rapid immunoassays (e.g., lateral flow immunoassay) compared to more traditional immunoassays. We consider the potential for saliva as an alternative biofluid in a setting where rapid results are important. We focus the review on salivary tests for small molecule biomarkers using cortisol as an example. Such salivary tests can be applied readily in a variety of settings and for specific measurement purposes, providing researchers and clinicians with opportunities to assess biomarkers in real time with lower transportation, collection, and analysis costs, faster turnaround time, and minimal training requirements. We conclude with a note of cautious optimism that the field will soon gain the ability to collect and analyze salivary specimens at any location and return viable results within minutes.

Salivary cortisol results obtainable within minutes of sample collection correspond with traditional immunoassays.

PURPOSE: Cortisol is frequently assayed as a stress-responsive biomarker which changes over the course of minutes to meet the demands of a person's social context. Salivary cortisol is often used as a noninvasive sampling method that possesses important health implications. A critical barrier to psychobiological research that involves salivary cortisol is a time delay of days to months before cortisol results are obtained via immunoassay, long after the person is no longer proximate to the social context in which they provided the sample. The present study was designed to address this critical barrier through creation of a lateral flow test (LFT) cortisol device capable of measuring salivary cortisol within minutes of sample collection. The LFT is frequently used within commercial point-of-care settings to obtain rapid answers to the presence/absence of a biomarker. The present study extends the LFT into the research domain by presenting performance characteristics of a quantitative LFT that measures salivary cortisol within 20 minutes of sample collection. METHODS: Saliva samples from 29 adults (15 men) were obtained in the morning and afternoon by using Passive Drool and then the Super·SAL Extra Collection Device (hereafter Super·SAL) and later assayed with LFT and a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. FINDINGS: Results indicate the LFT correlated well with these collection methods (R = 0.872 with Super · SAL, R = 0.739 with Passive Drool, P < 0.0001) and at comparable levels to correspondence of Super · SAL with Passive Drool (R = 0.798, P < 0.0001) which were measured with the same assay. IMPLICATIONS: These results open an exciting new possibility to integrate this technologic advance into stress research, including knowing and potentially changing the person's social context in a time-sensitive manner. Methodological improvements such as this have the possibility of refining conceptual models of stress reactivity and regulation.

Novel therapies for multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) continues to evade cure by conventional therapies, increasing the urgency for new, biologically based treatments. Reviewed in this discussion are novel chemotherapies under clinical trial that capitalize upon greater comprehension of tumor pathophysiology. In targeting tumor biology, these therapies serve as a model of treatment with great potential for improving outcomes in patients with MM.

Lenalidomide oral monotherapy produces durable responses in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Lenalidomide is a novel immunomodulatory agent with antiproliferative activities. Given its efficacy in a wide range of hematologic malignancies, we conducted a phase II trial (NHL-001) of single-agent lenalidomide in indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with relapsed/refractory indolent NHL were eligible, with no limit on the number of previous therapies. Oral lenalidomide 25 mg was self-administered once daily on days 1 to 21 of every 28-day cycle for up to 52 weeks as tolerated, or until disease progression. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR), with secondary end points of duration of response (DR), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. RESULTS: Forty-three enrolled patients were assessable for response and safety. Patients received a median of three prior systemic therapies (range, 1 to 17) and half were refractory to last therapy. ORR was 23% (10 of 43), including a 7% complete response (CR) or unconfirmed CR rate. Twenty-seven percent (six of 22) of patients with follicular lymphoma grade 1 or 2, and 22% (four of 18) with small lymphocytic lymphoma responded to therapy. Median DR was not reached, but was longer than 16.5 months with seven of 10 responses ongoing at 15 to 28 months. Median PFS for the whole group was 4.4 months (95% CI, 2.5 to 10.4 months). Adverse events were predictable and manageable; the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were neutropenia (30% and 16%, respectively) and thrombocytopenia (14% and 5%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Oral lenalidomide monotherapy produces durable responses with manageable adverse events in patients with relapsed/refractory indolent NHL, warranting further investigation of treatment for indolent NHL.

Circulating endothelial cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Angiogenesis is increased in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). We wanted to quantify and characterize the circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in patients with B-CLL and correlate with plasma angiogenesis-related factors. Using a four-color flow cytometry, we prospectively analyzed the CEC in the whole blood of 20 healthy controls and 20 patients with B-CLL. We quantified (CD45-/CD31+/CD146+) and characterized the CECs according to whether they were apoptotic (annexin stain) or activated (CD106+). We also measured plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Most patients (90%) had Rai stages 0-2 at the time of diagnosis. As a group, B-CLL patients had higher number of CECs (median of 26.5 cells/ml) compared (P = 0.04) to healthy controls (18.5 cells/ml). However, only four (20%) patients had elevated CEC counts, defined as >/=2 SD of the control mean (>/=53 cells/ml). The proportions of apoptotic (P = 0.83) and activated (P = 0.12) CECs were similar in both groups. B-CLL patients had higher FGF-2 (P < 0.001), lower TSP-1 (P = 0.004), and similar VEGF (P = 0.27) plasma levels. The number of CECs was not associated with Rai stage, absolute lymphocyte count, or levels of angiogenesis-related factors. CECs are increased in only a small fraction of B-CLL patients in our cohort with low rates of apoptosis and activation. While no correlation was found between CECs and clinical features, more studies in a larger patient sample size and advanced disease are necessary.

Lenalidomide monotherapy in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PURPOSE: The major cause of death in aggressive lymphoma is relapse or nonresponse to initial therapy. Lenalidomide has activity in a variety of hematologic malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We report the results of a phase II, single-arm, multicenter trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide oral monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive NHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were treated with oral lenalidomide 25 mg once daily on days 1 to 21, every 28 days, for 52 weeks, until disease progression or intolerance. The primary end point was response; secondary end points included duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients with a median age of 65 years received lenalidomide in this study. The most common histology was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (53%), and patients had received a median of four prior treatment regimens for NHL. An objective response rate of 35% was observed in 49 treated patients, including a 12% rate of complete response/unconfirmed complete response. Responses were observed in each aggressive histologic subtype tested (diffuse large B-cell, follicular center grade 3, mantle cell, and transformed lymphomas). Of patients with stable disease or partial response at first assessment, 25% improved with continued treatment. Estimated median duration of response was 6.2 months, and median PFS was 4.0 months. The most common grade 4 adverse events were neutropenia (8.2%) and thrombocytopenia (8.2%); the most common grade 3 adverse events were neutropenia (24.5%), leukopenia (14.3%), and thrombocytopenia (12.2%). CONCLUSION: Oral lenalidomide monotherapy is active in relapsed or refractory aggressive NHL, with manageable side effects.