Clinical and Hematological Outcomes of Aminocaproic Acid Use During Pediatric Cardiac ECMO.

Bleeding and thrombosis-related complications are common in pediatric cardiac patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and are associated with morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of aminocaproic acid (ACA), an antifibrinolytic agent, as it pertains to bleeding in pediatric cardiac patients on ECMO. This included a retrospective cohort study of pediatric cardiac patients receiving ACA while supported on ECMO between 2013 and 2017. For each patient, data were collected in three time intervals: the 24 hours before ACA initiation, and then 0-24 and 24-48 hours following ACA initiation. For each time frame, bleeding, component transfusion, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. A total of 62 patients were included, representing 42% of our cardiac ECMO patients during the time period. ACA was initiated at 16.3 ± 8.7 hours following initiation of ECMO. The mean bleeding rate before ACA was 10.57 mL/kg/h, which reduced to 7.8 mL/kg/h in the 24-hour period after initiation of ACA and a further decrease to 3.65 mL/kg/h during the 24- to 48-hour time period following ACA initiation. ACA administration was associated with reduction in bleeding (p < .001) and packed red blood cell transfusions (p = .02), administration of fresh frozen plasma (p < .001), platelets (p = .017), cryoprecipitate (p = .05), factor VII (p = .002), and Cell Saver (p = .005). Hemoglobin and platelet count were stable, whereas prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio (INR) showed significant reduction over the time course. ACA administration was not associated with specific adverse effects. A clinically significant reduction in bleeding amount, red blood cell transfusions, and other hematologic interventions occurred following ACA administration for pediatric patients on ECMO. Wider consideration for ACA use as a part of a multipronged strategy to manage bleeding during ECMO should be considered.

Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema after Hydrogen Peroxide Irrigation of a Penetrating Facial Injury.

We present the case of a child impaled in the face by a meat thermometer who subsequently suffered a significant complication due to the administration of hydrogen peroxide to the wound. The soft tissues of the face rapidly expanded and blanched, the child experienced mental status changes, and imaging revealed massive subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumo-orbit. Herein we review the literature on this rare complication and provide photodocumentation in the hopes that other practitioners, patients, and parents avoid administering hydrogen peroxide into or near any penetrating injury. Laryngoscope, 134:2954-2957, 2024.

Identification of WNK1 as a therapeutic target to suppress IgH/MYC expression in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hematological malignancy demanding innovative therapeutic strategies. Targeting MYC, the notorious yet traditionally undruggable oncogene, presents an appealing avenue. Here, using a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identify the WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1) as a regulator of MYC expression in MM cells. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of WNK1 reduces MYC expression and, further, disrupts the MYC-dependent transcriptional program. Mechanistically, WNK1 inhibition attenuates the activity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) enhancer, thus reducing MYC transcription when this locus is translocated near the MYC locus. WNK1 inhibition profoundly impacts MM cell behaviors, leading to growth inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. Importantly, the WNK inhibitor WNK463 inhibits MM growth in primary patient samples as well as xenograft mouse models and exhibits synergistic effects with various anti-MM compounds. Collectively, our study uncovers WNK1 as a potential therapeutic target in MM.

Exploring the Epidemiology and Survival Trends in Pediatric Major Salivary Gland Malignancies: Insights from the National Cancer Database.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathological, therapeutic, and survival data on pediatric major salivary gland cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: National Cancer Database (NCDB) query from 2004 to 2018. RESULTS: In total, 967 cases of individuals under the age of 21 were identified. Most cancers affected the parotid gland (86%). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (41.3%) and acinic cell adenocarcinoma (33.6%) were the most common. Tumors occurred more often from age 11 to 21, and females were more affected. Histology varied by age, gender, and race. In the 0-5 age group, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and myoepithelial carcinoma/sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma were the most common pathologies. In patients over 5 years old, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most frequent tumor in boys, while acinic cell adenocarcinoma was more common in girls. African American patients had a higher incidence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, while White patients in the 0-5 age group had a higher incidence of myoepithelial carcinoma/sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma tumors. Low-grade tumors were commonly diagnosed at stage I, but the 0-5 age group had a high frequency of stage IV tumors. The overall 5-year survival rate was 94.9%, with 90% for the 0-5 years age group and 96% for the 11-15 years age group. Negative margins were associated with higher 5-year survival rates in high-stage tumors (93%) compared to positive margins (80%). Submandibular malignancies had worse 5-year survival rates across all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Major salivary gland malignancies in pediatric patients exhibit variations in histopathologic characteristics by age, gender, and race. Negative margins impact 5-year survival rates, especially in high-stage tumors.