A new human embryonic cell type associated with activity of young transposable elements allows definition of the inner cell mass.

There remains much that we do not understand about the earliest stages of human development. On a gross level, there is evidence for apoptosis, but the nature of the affected cell types is unknown. Perhaps most importantly, the inner cell mass (ICM), from which the foetus is derived and hence of interest in reproductive health and regenerative medicine, has proven hard to define. Here, we provide a multi-method analysis of the early human embryo to resolve these issues. Single-cell analysis (on multiple independent datasets), supported by embryo visualisation, uncovers a common previously uncharacterised class of cells lacking commitment markers that segregates after embryonic gene activation (EGA) and shortly after undergo apoptosis. The discovery of this cell type allows us to clearly define their viable ontogenetic sisters, these being the cells of the ICM. While ICM is characterised by the activity of an Old non-transposing endogenous retrovirus (HERVH) that acts to suppress Young transposable elements, the new cell type, by contrast, expresses transpositionally competent Young elements and DNA-damage response genes. As the Young elements are RetroElements and the cells are excluded from the developmental process, we dub these REject cells. With these and ICM being characterised by differential mobile element activities, the human embryo may be a "selection arena" in which one group of cells selectively die, while other less damaged cells persist.

JAK inhibitor treatment for inborn errors of JAK/STAT signaling: An ESID/EBMT-IEWP retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) with dysregulated JAK/STAT signaling present with variable manifestations of immune dysregulation and infections. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially curative, but initially reported outcomes were poor. JAK inhibitors (JAKi) offer a targeted treatment option that may be an alternative or bridge to HSCT. However, data on their current use, treatment efficacy and adverse events are limited. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the current off-label JAKi treatment experience for JAK/STAT inborn errors of immunity (IEI) among European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID)/European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Inborn Errors Working Party (IEWP) centers. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study on patients with a genetic disorder of hyperactive JAK/STAT signaling who received JAKi treatment for at least 3 months. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (72% children) were evaluated (45 STAT1 gain of function [GOF], 21 STAT3-GOF, 1 STAT5B-GOF, 1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 [aka SOCS1] loss of function, 1 JAK1-GOF). Ruxolitinib was the predominantly prescribed JAKi (80%). Overall, treatment resulted in improvement (partial or complete remission) of clinical symptoms in 87% of STAT1-GOF and in 90% of STAT3-GOF patients. We documented highly heterogeneous dosing and monitoring regimens. The response rate and time to response varied across different diseases and manifestations. Adverse events including infection and weight gain were frequent (38% of patients) but were mild (grade I-II) and transient in most patients. At last follow-up, 52 (74%) of 69 patients were still receiving JAKi treatment, and 11 patients eventually underwent HSCT after receipt of previous JAKi bridging therapy, with 91% overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that JAKi may be highly effective to treat symptomatic JAK/STAT IEI patients. Prospective studies to define optimal JAKi dosing for the variable clinical presentations and age ranges should be pursued.

First case of Oropouche fever detected in the international border region of the Colombian Amazon: clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: We report the first case of Oropouche fever detected in the border region of Colombia. METHODS: Using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genetic sequencing and clinical characteristics during the dengue epidemic in 2019, a total of 175 samples were analysed, from cases notified to the system epidemiological surveillance such as dengue. FINDINGS: The Oropouche virus (OROV) isolate from Leticia belongs to lineage 2 according to both M and S genome segments maximum likelihood (ML) analysis, shares a common ancestor with samples obtained in Esmeraldas, Ecuador and Turbaco, Colombia. The patient: a woman resident in the border neighbourhood of the municipality of Leticia had the following symptoms: fever, headache, retro-orbital pain and myalgias. MAIN CONCLUSION: This cross-border surveillance can be useful to give an alert about the entry or exit of arboviruses circulation in the region, which are often underreported in public health surveillance systems.

Addition of (bio)surfactants in the biofiltration of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds in air.

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air is of utmost importance to safeguard both environmental quality and human well-being. However, the low aqueous solubility of hydrophobic VOCs results in poor removal in waste gas biofilters (BFs). In this study, we evaluated the addition of (bio)surfactants in three BFs (BF1 and BF2 mixture of compost and wood chips (C + WC), and BF3 filled with expanded perlite) to enhance the removal of cyclohexane and hexane from a polluted gas stream. Experiments were carried out to select two (bio)surfactants (i.e., Tween 80 and saponin) out of five (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 80, surfactin, rhamnolipid and saponin) from a physical-chemical (i.e., decreasing VOC gas-liquid partitioning) and biological (i.e., the ability of the microbial consortium to grow on the (bio)surfactants) point of view. The results show that adding Tween 80 at 1 critical micelle concentration (CMC) had a slight positive effect on the removal of both VOCs, in BF1 (e.g., 7.0 ± 0.6 g cyclohexane m-3 h-1, 85 ± 2% at 163 s; compared to 6.7 ± 0.4 g cyclohexane m-3 h-1, 76 ± 2% at 163 s and 0 CMC) and BF2 (e.g., 4.3 ± 0.4 g hexane m-3 h-1, 27 ± 2% at 82 s; compared to 3.1 ± 0.7 g hexane m-3 h-1, 16 ± 4% at 82 s and 0 CMC), but a negative effect in BF3 at either 1, 3 and 9 CMC (e.g., 2.4 ± 0.4 g hexane m-3 h-1, 30 ± 4% at 163 s and 1 CMC; compared to 4.6 ± 1.0 g hexane m-3 h-1, 43 ± 8% at 163 s and 0 CMC). In contrast, the performance of all BFs improved with the addition of saponin, particularly at 3 CMC. Notably, in BF3, the elimination capacity (EC) and removal efficiency (RE) doubled for both VOCs (i.e., 9.1 ± 0.6 g cyclohexane m-3 h-1, 49 ± 3%; 4.3 ± 0.3 g hexane m-3 h-1, 25 ± 3%) compared to no biosurfactant addition (i.e., 4.5 ± 0.4 g cyclohexane m-3 h-1, 23 ± 3%; hexane 2.2 ± 0.5 g m-3 h-1, 10 ± 2%) at 82 s. Moreover, the addition of the (bio)surfactants led to a shift in the microbial consortia, with a different response in BF1-BF2 compared to BF3. This study evaluates for the first time the use of saponin in BFs, it demonstrates that cyclohexane and hexane RE can be improved by (bio)surfactant addition, and it provides recommendations for future studies in this field.

Knowledge and perception regarding molar incisor hypomineralisation among dental students and dental hygienist students in Spain: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) has a high prevalence in the Spanish pediatric population and is a precursor of carious lesions in teeth in which it is present. Although this pathology is included in the curricula of the Degree in Dentistry and the Training Cycle in Oral Hygiene in our country, the contents currently taught seem to be insufficient in relation to the level of knowledge that we have today about this condition. METHODS: A digital questionnaire of 18 questions was sent to a sample of 448 students attending the 4th and 5th year of the Degree in Dentistry and 2nd year of the Training Cycle in Oral Hygiene from different universities and vocational training centers in the Valencian Community. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis of the data was subsequently performed. RESULTS: Of the 290 questionnaires that were obtained, 53.8% were from students attending the 2nd year of a training course in oral hygiene and 46.2% were from students pursuing a degree in dentistry. Most of the respondents had heard about MIH (75.2%), mainly through master classes. However, most students had difficulties distinguishing MIH lesions from other lesions (58.3%). The degree of knowledge about MIH was greater among dental students in all the aspects evaluated: prevalence, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Of all the students, 83.8% were interested in increasing their training on MIH, especially in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study justify the need to expand the content on MIH, both theoretical and practical, in the educational curricula of the Degree in Dentistry and Integrated Vocational Training Centers in Spain.

Synergistic Steric and Electronic Effects on the Photoredox Catalysis by a Multivariate Library of Titania Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that display photoredox activity are attractive materials for sustainable photocatalysis. The ability to tune both their pore sizes and electronic structures based solely on the choice of the building blocks makes them amenable for systematic studies based on physical organic and reticular chemistry principles with high degrees of synthetic control. Here, we present a library of eleven isoreticular and multivariate (MTV) photoredox-active MOFs, UCFMOF-n, and UCFMTV-n-x% with a formula Ti6O9[links]3, where the links are linear oligo-p-arylene dicarboxylates with n number of p-arylene rings and x mol% of multivariate links containing electron-donating groups (EDGs). The average and local structures of UCFMOFs were elucidated from advanced powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and total scattering tools, consisting of parallel arrangements of one-dimensional (1D) [Ti6O9(CO2)6]∞ nanowires connected through the oligo-arylene links with the topology of the edge-2-transitive rod-packed hex net. Preparation of an MTV library of UCFMOFs with varying link sizes and amine EDG functionalization enabled us to study both their steric (pore size) and electronic (highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, HOMO-LUMO, gap) effects on the substrate adsorption and photoredox transformation of benzyl alcohol. The observed relationship between the substrate uptake and reaction kinetics with the molecular traits of the links indicates that longer links, as well as increased EDG functionalization, exhibit impressive photocatalytic rates, outperforming MIL-125 by almost 20-fold. Our studies relating photocatalytic activity with pore size and electronic functionalization demonstrate how these are important parameters to consider when designing new MOF photocatalysts.

Relativistic quantum calculations to understand the contribution of f-type atomic orbitals and chemical bonding of actinides with organic ligands.

The nuclear waste problem is one of the main interests of rare earth and actinide element chemistry. Studies of actinide-containing compounds are at the frontier of the applications of current theoretical methods due to the need to consider relativistic effects and approximations to the Dirac equation in them. Here, we employ four-component relativistic quantum calculations and scalar approximations to understand the contribution of f-type atomic orbitals in the chemical bonding of actinides (Ac) to organic ligands. We studied the relativistic quantum structure of an isostructural family made of Plutonium (Pu), Americium (Am), Californium (Cf), and Berkelium (Bk) atoms with the redox-active model ligand DOPO (2,4,6,8-tetra-tert-butyl-1-oxo-1H-phenoxazin-9-olate). Crystallographic structures were available to validate our calculations for all mentioned elements except for Cf. In short, state-of-the-art relativistic calculations were performed at different levels of theory to investigate the influence of relativistic and electron correlation effects on geometrical structures and bonding energies of Ac-DOPO3 complexes (Ac = Pu, Am, Cf, and Bk): (1) the scalar (sc) and spin-orbit (so) relativistic zeroth order regular approximation (ZORA) within the hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and (2) the four-component Dirac equation with both the Dirac-Hartree-Fock (4c-DHF) and Lévy-Leblond (LL) Hamiltonians. We show that sr- and so-ZORA-DFT could be used as efficient theoretical models to first approximate the geometry and electronic properties of actinides which are difficult to synthesize or characterize, but knowing that the higher levels of theory, like the 4c-DHF, give closer results to experiments. We also performed spin-free 4c calculations of geometric parameters for the Americium and Berkelium compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these kinds of large actinide compounds (the largest contains 67 atoms and 421 electrons) have been studied with highly accurate four-component methods (all-electron calculations with 6131 basis functions for the largest compound). We show that relativistic effects play a key role in the contribution of f-type atomic orbitals to the frontier orbitals of Ac-DOPO3 complexes. The analysis of the results obtained applying different theoretical schemes to calculate bonding energies is also given.

Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Optical Properties of Rotaxane: A First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study.

Through molecular mechanics using the force field along with the quantum dynamical aspect of mechanically interlocked compounds, rotaxanes (defined as macromolecular rings that are threaded on a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule) are investigated with advanced quantum mechanical methods, including the atom-centered density matrix propagation simulation technique, at different temperatures like 300, 500, 700, 900, 2000, and 2500 K for 1.2 ps. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation is carried out. In addition to, we investigate the noncovalent interaction present in the rotaxane compound 2R-D-2PF6 with the help of reduced density gradient, average reduced density gradient, density overlap region indicator, and interaction region indicator as well as Hirshfeld surface analyses. Furthermore, the stability of 2R-D-2PF6 at room temperature and higher temperatures is elucidated by analyzing the thermal fluctuation index through a dynamic process. In order to check the optical behavior of our selected rotaxane compound, an evaluation of the electronic dipole moment, static and frequency-dependent average polarizability, and first- and second-order hyperpolarizability is carried out. The rotaxane compound shows very promising linear and nonlinear optical responses, which indicates its utility as a very good optical material. The calculation of the time-dependent density-functional theory highlights the broad absorption band of rotaxane spanning the UV-visible domain. Therefore, we also unravel that this can tap into solar radiation or harnessing of solar energy.

Bioleaching of the α-alumina layer of spent three-way catalysts as a pretreatment for the recovery of platinum group metals.

Acid bioleaching of Al by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans has been explored as an environmentally friendly pretreatment to facilitate the extraction of platinum group metals from spent three-way catalysts (TWC). Biogenic sulfur obtained from desulfurization bioreactors improved the production of acid by A. thiooxidans compared to commercially available elemental sulfur. The lixiviation abilities of bacteria-free biogenic acid and biogenic acid with exponential or stationary phase bacteria were compared against a control batch produced by commercial H2SO4. The maximum Al leaching percentage (54.5%) was achieved using biogenic acids with stationary-phase bacteria at a TWC pulp density of 5% w/v whereas bacteria-free biogenic acid (23.4%), biogenic acid with exponential phase bacteria (21.7%) and commercial H2SO4 (24.7%) showed lower leaching abilities. The effect of different pulp densities of ground TWC (5, 30, and 60% w/v) on Al leaching and bacterial growth was determined. While greater Al leaching yields were obtained at lower TWC pulp density solutions (54.5% at 5% w/v and 2.5% at 60% w/v), higher pulp densities enhanced microbial growth (2.3 × 109 cells/mL at 5% w/v and 9.5 × 1010 cells/mL at 60% w/v). The dissolution of the metal from the solid into the liquid phase triggered the production of biological polymeric substances that were able to absorb traces of both Al (up to 24.80% at 5% w/v) and Pt (up to 0.40% at 60% w/v).

Sustainable Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-Way Catalysts through a Biogenic Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia System.

This study explores an eco-friendly method for recovering platinum group metals from a synthetic automotive three-way catalyst (TWC). Bioleaching of palladium (Pd) using the thiosulfate-copper-ammonia leaching processes, with biogenic thiosulfate sourced from a bioreactor used for biogas biodesulfurization, is proposed as a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. Biogenic thiosulfate production was optimized in a gas-lift bioreactor by studying the pH (8-10) and operation modes (batch and continuous) under anoxic and microaerobic conditions for 35 d. The maximum concentration of 4.9 g S2O32- L-1 of biogenic thiosulfate was reached under optimal conditions (batch mode, pH = 10, and airflow rate 0.033 vvm). To optimize Pd bioleaching from a ground TWC, screening through a Plackett-Burman design determined that oxygen and temperature significantly affected the leaching yield negatively and positively, respectively. Based on these results, an optimization through an experimental design was performed, indicating the optimal conditions to be Na2S2O3 1.2 M, CuSO4 0.03 M, (NH4)2SO4 1.5 M, Na2SO3 0.2 M, pH 8, and 60 °C. A remarkable 96.2 and 93.2% of the total Pd was successfully extracted from the solid at 5% pulp density using both commercially available and biogenic thiosulfate, highlighting the method's versatility for Pd bioleaching from both thiosulfate sources.

Severe Acute Kidney Injury Due to Intraglomerular Melanoma: A Case Report.

Metastatic disease in the kidney is relatively uncommon compared to other body sites. In most cases it presents as a unilateral and unifocal mass in the tubulointerstitial region. Intraglomerular metastases are even rarer, and their diagnosis is hampered by the limitations of imaging techniques in detecting them. We describe the finding of intraglomerular metastases in a patient affected by a malignant melanoma considered to be in partial remission, with no evidence of melanoma progression on the previously performed computed tomography scan. This patient developed rapidly progressive kidney failure, proteinuria, and hematuria with dysmorphic red blood cells in the urine sediment. Kidney biopsy showed a marked crescentic proliferation caused by tumor cells, which even invaded the proximal convoluted tubule. Melanoma cells were also found in the lumina of the glomerular capillaries, distending their basement membranes. Our case describes the histologic and electron microscopic findings of this form of intraglomerular metastasis and reminds us of its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive kidney failure.

Interrupted Intramolecular Hydroaminomethylation of N-Protected-2-vinyl Anilines: Novel Access to 3-Substitued Indoles or Indoline-2-ols.

A new synthetic alternative to the synthesis of 3-methyl indoles and 3-methyl indoline-2-ols with an excellent atomic economy is presented in this study. It is demonstrated that the intramolecular interrupted hydroaminomethylation (HAM) reaction is a powerful tool for the formation of these compounds, which exhibit wide-ranging biological activity. Several N-Protected-2-vinyl anilines were synthesized and involved in the reaction producing the corresponding 3-methylindole or 3-methyl indoline-2-ol depending on the nature of the N-protecting groups.

Effectiveness of removable appliances with temperature sensors in orthodontic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Patient compliance during orthodontic treatment is one of the factors that most affects success in the final result. The use of removable appliances is frequent at an early age and the monitoring of its use is essential to assess the collaboration of the patient. The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of microsensors included in removable appliances during orthodontic treatment or in the retention phase to enable a reliable and individualized follow-up of the patient. SEARCH METHODS: The article search was carried out in various electronic databases and journals without any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies using microsensors into removable appliances were selected with the key selection criterion of a minimum follow-up of 4 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The quality of the studies included was evaluated using the Cochrane scale for the randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for control-case, cohort, and transversal studies. The mean of the differences with a 95% confidence interval was expressed for the continuous data. RESULTS: Twenty-nine full-text articles were analysed and included in the qualitative synthesis. In general, the mean daily wear time of removable appliances measured objectively was less than the time that the professional had predetermined. CONCLUSIONS: The use of microsensors as an objective measurement method enhances communication and boosts confidence in the orthodontist-patient relationship. More random clinical studies with temperature sensors are needed to establish to what extent they influence the orthodontic outcome. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019120525).

Comparison of models for lactation curves of Holstein, Brown Swiss, and F1 crossbred cows under subtropical conditions.

Tropical and subtropical milk production herds in Mexico generally generate different types of milk-yield records as milk yield per month and mean production per month. Lactation curves generated by these types of records may contribute to understand milk production in the tropical regions of Mexico. The aim of this study was to compare five lactation-curve models fitted to two types of milk-yield records of Holstein, Brown Swiss, and F1 crossbred cows under subtropical conditions. The two types of records (n = 3756) used were: (1) milk yield per month (TR) and 2) mean production per months (MR). Goodness-of-fit statistics, including Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and root mean square error (RMSE), were applied to compare the models for each type of records. The Brody model provided the best goodness-of-fit when using monthly milk-yield records, while the Wilmink model provided the best goodness-of-fit for lactation milk-yield records. The RMSE and AIC values were similar between datasets. The final third of the lactation curve showed a little difference between model predictions in both datasets. The comparison of several models was useful to better describe the actual lactation curves of the herd. The Wood model may be adequate to compare information as a reference with other models for decision making process at milk production.

Rapidly Reversible Organic Crystalline Switch for Conversion of Heat into Mechanical Energy.

Solid-state thermoelastic behavior-a sudden exertion of an expansive or contractive physical force following a temperature change and phase transition in a solid-state compound-is rare in organic crystals, few are reversible systems, and most of these are limited to a dozen or so cycles before the crystal degrades or they reverse slowly over the course of many minutes or even hours. Comparable to thermosalience, wherein crystal phase changes induce energetic jumping, thermomorphism produces physical work via consistent and near-instantaneous predictable directional force. In this work, we show a fully reversible thermomorphic actuator that is stable at room temperature for multiple years and is capable of actuation for more than 200 cycles at near-ambient temperature. Specifically, the crystals shrink to 90% of their original length instantaneously upon heating beyond 45 °C and expand back to their original length upon cooling below 35 °C. Furthermore, the phase transition occurs instantaneously, with little obvious hysteresis, allowing us to create real-time actuating thermal fuses that cycle between on and off rapidly.

2-Thiazolines: an update on synthetic methods and catalysis.

2-Thiazolines are important building blocks in organic synthesis and are of great importance in many areas of chemistry. At the end of the last century, the use of 2-thiazolines increased in a significant way, especially in synthesis and catalysis. This review highlights the synthetic and catalytic value of 2-thiazolines in the last two decades. We will discuss the new synthetic methodologies for obtaining these heterocycles including new schemes for accessing their asymmetric versions. Most of the new catalytic applications include a variety of 2-thiazoline ligands containing diverse donor atoms, which in combination with metals like Pd, Ir, and Cu, among others, exhibit remarkable catalytic performances.

Interleukin-6 as a Biomarker of Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the utility of C reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis (NS) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the south of Colombia. STUDY DESIGN: A nonmatched case-control study was conducted. Convenience sampling was performed. Data were obtained from clinical records. IL-6 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Youden's index were used to determine the optimal cutoffs for CRP and IL-6 levels in diagnosing NS, early-onset NS (EONS), and late-onset NS (LONS). RESULTS: Data from 31 cases and 62 controls were included. History of chorioamnionitis (infinite odds ratio [OR] [3.07-infinity]), and the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid during birth (OR: 9.04 [1.35-112]) were identified as risk factors for NS. Differences in CRP (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0485) levels were also found, more significantly for LONS and EONS patients, respectively. In the diagnosis of LONS using CRP levels, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.8371 (p < 0.0001). The optimal cutoff was 0.53 mg/dL. For EONS diagnosis using IL-6, the AUC was 0.6869 (p = 0.0315) and the optimal cutoff was 17.75 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: Differences between CRP and IL-6 levels were found between control and NS groups. Furthermore, CRP showed greater potential diagnostic utility in the LONS group, whereas IL-6 showed greater potential utility in the EONS group. KEY POINTS: · NS is a major morbimortality cause worldwide. · CRP and IL-6 levels may be useful NS biomarkers. · No biomarker alone is enough for the diagnosis of NS.

Understanding Disorder in 2D Materials: The Case of Carbon Doping of Silicene.

We investigate the effect of lattice disorder and local correlation effects in finite and periodic silicene structures caused by carbon doping using first-principles calculations. For both finite and periodic silicene structures, the electronic properties of carbon-doped monolayers are dramatically changed by controlling the doping sites in the structures, which is related to the amount of disorder introduced in the lattice and electron-electron correlation effects. By changing the position of the carbon dopants, we found that a Mott-Anderson transition is achieved. Moreover, the band gap is determined by the level of lattice disorder and electronic correlation effects. Finally, these structures are ferromagnetic even under disorder which has potential applications in Si-based nanoelectronics, such as field-effect transistors (FETs).

Clinical decision-making regarding endodontic therapy vs extraction and implant-assisted replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Clinical decision-making regarding retention and treatment vs extraction and replacement of teeth can be a significant challenge. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess decision-making in clinical practice related to the retention and endodontic treatment of natural dentition vs extraction and replacement with implant-assisted restorations. The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) databases were comprehensively searched for studies published through May 31, 2019. All randomized controlled trials and cohort studies that assessed the effect of endodontic treatment/retreatment and implant treatment were included. Primary outcomes included success, survival, and failure rates. Meta-analysis software was used for data analysis. Of 1550 identified articles, 5 were eligible for qualitative and quantitative analyses. All 5 of the included studies reported that both therapies are viable and predictable treatment options. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between therapies when survival rates were considered to be successes, while a significant difference was found in favor of endodontic therapy when survival rates were considered to be failures. The available evidence suggests that both therapies have approximately similar outcomes, but endodontic therapy provides moderately better outcomes. Endodontic therapy should be considered the first option when possible.

Deep Sequencing Reveals Occult Mansonellosis Coinfections in Residents From the Brazilian Amazon Village of São Gabriel da Cachoeira.

Mansonella ozzardi and Mansonella perstans infections both cause mansonellosis but are usually treated differently. Using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and deep sequencing, we reveal the presence of mansonellosis coinfections that were undetectable by standard diagnostic methods. Our results confirm mansonellosis coinfections and have important implications for the disease's treatment and diagnosis.