Cardiometabolic evaluation of small for gestational age children: protective effect of breast milk.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: human growth is the result of an interaction between genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors. It is not yet fully understood what is predominant and decisive in determining an individual's weight and height. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic profile of exclusively breastfed children born small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: this is a prospective cohort study of children born at term who were classified as SGA, and as appropiate for gestational age (AGA), who were followed up to pre-school age. Anthropometric measures and body composition parameters were obtained. Breastfeeding duration was calculated in days, and achievement of catch up of weight was considered an increase in Z-score ≥ 0.67. The cardiometabolic profile was evaluated in the first month of life and repeated at pre-school age. At pre-school age, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and blood pressure were measured. Results: twenty SGA and 12 AGA children were studied. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 180 days in both groups. Of SGA children, 85 % had recovery anthropometric parameters for age within the first six months, with a speed of weight gain significantly higher than the that of AGAs (p < 0.001). SGAs continued to be thinner and smaller than AGAs at pre-school age. There was no diagnosis of overweight or obesity in the studied sample, and no differences were foun between groups in laboratory tests. Conclusion: these findings suggest that EBF may confer protection until pre-school age in children born SGA, who are considered at higher risk for chronic non-communicable diseases.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el crecimiento humano es el resultado de la interacción de factores genéticos, hormonales, nutricionales y ambientales. Todavía no se comprende completamente lo que es predominante y decisivo para determinar el peso y la altura del individuo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil cardiometabólico de niños alimentados con lactancia materna exclusivamente y que nacieron pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG). Métodos: este es un estudio de cohortes prospectivo con niños nacidos a término, unos clasificados como PEG y otros como apropiados para la edad gestacional (AEG). Se hizo un seguimiento de estos niños hasta la edad preescolar. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas y de la composición corporal. La duración de la lactancia materna se calculó en días y el éxito en la recuperación del peso se consideró como un aumento de la puntuación Z ≥ 0,67. El perfil cardiometabólico se evaluó en el primer mes de vida y se repitió en la edad preescolar. En la edad preescolar se midieron la glucosa en sangre en ayunas, la insulina, el HOMA-IR y la presión arterial. Resultados: el grupo del estudio estaba formado por veinte niños PEG y doce niños AEG. La duración media de la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue de 180 días en ambos grupos. De los niños PEG, el 85 % tenían parámetros antropométricos de recuperación para la edad en los primeros seis meses, siendo la velocidad del aumento de peso significativamente mayor que en los AEG (p < 0,001). Aun así, los niños PEG continuaron siendo más delgados y pequeños que los AEG en la edad preescolar. No hubo diagnóstico de sobrepeso u obesidad en la muestra estudiada, y no hay diferencia entre los grupos relativos a las pruebas de laboratorio. Conclusión: estos hallazgos sugieren que la LME puede conferir protección hasta la edad preescolar en los niños nacidos PEG, que se consideran en mayor riesgo de contraer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Cardiometabolic evaluation of small for gestational age children: protective effect of breast milk / Evaluación cardiometabólica de niños pequeños para su edad gestacional: efecto protector de la leche materna

INTRODUCTION: human growth is the result of an interaction between genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors. It is not yet fully understood what is predominant and decisive in determining an individual's weight and height. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic profile of exclusively breastfed children born small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS: this is a prospective cohort study of children born at term who were classified as SGA, and as appropiate for gestational age (AGA), who were followed up to pre-school age. Anthropometric measures and body composition parameters were obtained. Breastfeeding duration was calculated in days, and achievement of catch up of weight was considered an increase in Z-score ≥ 0.67. The cardiometabolic profile was evaluated in the first month of life and repeated at pre-school age. At pre-school age, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: twenty SGA and 12 AGA children were studied. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 180 days in both groups. Of SGA children, 85 % had recovery anthropometric parameters for age within the first six months, with a speed of weight gain significantly higher than the that of AGAs (p < 0.001). SGAs continued to be thinner and smaller than AGAs at pre-school age. There was no diagnosis of overweight or obesity in the studied sample, and no differences were foun between groups in laboratory tests. CONCLUSION: these findings suggest that EBF may confer protection until pre-school age in children born SGA, who are considered at higher risk for chronic non-communicable diseases

INTRODUCCIÓN: el crecimiento humano es el resultado de la interacción de factores genéticos, hormonales, nutricionales y ambientales. Todavía no se comprende completamente lo que es predominante y decisivo para determinar el peso y la altura del individuo. OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil cardiometabólico de niños alimentados con lactancia materna exclusivamente y que nacieron pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG). MÉTODOS: este es un estudio de cohortes prospectivo con niños nacidos a término, unos clasificados como PEG y otros como apropiados para la edad gestacional (AEG). Se hizo un seguimiento de estos niños hasta la edad preescolar. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas y de la composición corporal. La duración de la lactancia materna se calculó en días y el éxito en la recuperación del peso se consideró como un aumento de la puntuación Z ≥ 0,67. El perfil cardiometabólico se evaluó en el primer mes de vida y se repitió en la edad preescolar. En la edad preescolar se midieron la glucosa en sangre en ayunas, la insulina, el HOMA-IR y la presión arterial. RESULTADOS: el grupo del estudio estaba formado por veinte niños PEG y doce niños AEG. La duración media de la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue de 180 días en ambos grupos. De los niños PEG, el 85 % tenían parámetros antropométricos de recuperación para la edad en los primeros seis meses, siendo la velocidad del aumento de peso significativamente mayor que en los AEG (p < 0,001). Aun así, los niños PEG continuaron siendo más delgados y pequeños que los AEG en la edad preescolar. No hubo diagnóstico de sobrepeso u obesidad en la muestra estudiada, y no hay diferencia entre los grupos relativos a las pruebas de laboratorio. CONCLUSIÓN: estos hallazgos sugieren que la LME puede conferir protección hasta la edad preescolar en los niños nacidos PEG, que se consideran en mayor riesgo de contraer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles

Fatores associados ao recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional: uma revisão / Newborn risk factors according to gestational age: a review

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the newborns risk factors according to the gestational age emphasizing the maternal and prenatal characteristics. Data Source: We conducted a critical literature review using Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and national and international health committee; the articles were published between 1992 and 2012. The following descriptors were used as search criteria: risk factors, low birth weight, maternal age, and prenatal care. We included publications in Portuguese and English with primary data performed in patients hospitalized or treated in outpatient clinics. The literature search, according to the established strategy, resulted in 50 articles, 10 in MEDLINE, 10 in Lilacs and 30 in Scielo base. However, some were excluded: repeated studies in different databases (08) and those not found in its entirety (05). In Total, 37 articles, 03 textbooks, 01 dissertation and 10 publications were selected by the national and international health committee for this review. Data Synthesis: The influence of risk factors on newborns mortality such as low birth weight and the presence of complications during pregnancy and childbirth, is widely described in the literature. However, there is a complex network involving these factors, combining maternal and newborn characteristics. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicated as major factors, cesarean delivery, prenatal care frequency, maternal education, maternal age, newborn female gender and newborn black ethnicity

OBJETIVO: Discorrer sobre os fatores associados aos recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional com ênfase nas características maternas e pré-natais. Fonte de Dados: Realizou-se uma revisão crítica da literatura nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e dos comitês nacionais e internacionais de saúde, cujos artigos foram publicados no período compreendido de 1992 a 2012. Na estratégia de busca foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: fatores de risco, baixo peso ao nascer, idade materna, assistência pré-natal.Foram incluídas publicações em português e em inglês com dados primários realizados em pacientes hospitalizados ou atendidos em ambulatórios. A busca bibliográfica, segundo a estratégia estabelecida, resultou em 50 artigos, sendo 10 na base Medline, 10 na base Lilacs e 30 na base Scielo. No entanto, foram excluídos: os estudos repetidos nas diferentes bases de dados (08) e os que não foram encontrados na íntegra (5). Ao final, foram selecionados 37 artigos para esta revisão, 03 livros didáticos, 01 dissertação de mestrado e 10 publicações oriundas de comitês nacionais e internacionais de saúde. Síntese de Dados: A influência dos fatores de risco sobre a morbimortalidade infantil tais como o baixo peso ao nascer e a presença de intercorrências na gestação e no parto, encontra-se amplamente descrita na literatura. No entanto, há uma rede complexa que envolve esses fatores, articulando características maternas e do recém-nascido. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo indicaram como principais fatores de risco o parto cesariano, a frequência de consultas pré-natal, a escolaridade materna, a idade materna, recém-nascido do sexo feminino e a raça negra