Immunization practices of pediatricians and family physicians in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To assess current practices and attitudes among pediatricians and family physicians across the United States regarding immunizations. DESIGN: Survey of a random sample of pediatricians and family physicians. SUBJECTS: Fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics (N = 746) and American Academy of Family Medicine (N = 429). SURVEY TOPICS: General immunization practices (eg, types of visits during which vaccinations are provided, mechanisms to identify undervaccinated children); and opinions about perceived barriers to immunizations, acceptance of alternative sites for immunizations, and possible immunization requirements for Medicaid and The Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). RESULTS: Pediatricians and family physicians (combined) reported the following: immunizing children during acute illness visits (28%), follow-up visits (90%), and chronic illness visits (77%); using computer or reminder files to identify undervaccinated children (13%); and simultaneously administering four vaccines (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, oral poliovaccine, measles, mumps, and rubella and Haemophilus influenzae type b) to an eligible 18-month-old child (66%). Physicians perceived the following as barriers to immunizations: missed preventive visits (40%), vaccine costs (24%), lack of insurance coverage (24%), inability to track undervaccinated patients (22%), incomplete immunization records (12%), and missed vaccination opportunities (12%). Physicians agreed with offering vaccinations during hospitalizations (51%) or emergency department visits (30%), and with immunization requirements for continued eligibility for Medicaid (66%) or WIC (64%). Pediatricians were more likely to vaccinate during chronic illness and follow-up visits, and were more likely to use systems to track undervaccinated children (P < .05); however, most immunization practices and attitudes of pediatricians and family physicians were similar. Physicians who graduated from medical school more recently and those in high-risk urban practices were more likely to vaccinate during acute illness visits, provide simultaneous vaccinations, and favor vaccinations in hospital settings. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination rates might be improved by closer adherence to current immunization guidelines regarding vaccinations during all encounters and simultaneous vaccinations, by developing systems to identify undervaccinated children, and by reducing patient costs for vaccinations. Current immunization practices fall short of the immunization guidelines; changes in individual practice styles will be required to conform with these standards.

Is an emergency department visit a marker for undervaccination and missed vaccination opportunities among children who have access to primary care?

The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether preschool-age patients who utilize the emergency department (ED) are undervaccinated compared with patients having the same primary care provider and (2) whether reducing missed vaccination opportunities in the primary care office can potentially reduce the differences in undervaccination between the groups. This retrospective cohort study involved two groups: 583 ED patients, aged 4 to 48 months, who had primary care providers; and 583 control subjects randomly selected from primary care sites and matched according to date of birth and primary care site. The major outcome variable was the point prevalence of undervaccination, defined as more than 60 days past due for a vaccine at the time of the ED visit, and for control subjects, at the time of their matched patient's ED visit. Demographic variables, vaccination history, presence of chronic illness, and office utilization history were abstracted from office charts. The mean age of all patients was 20.0 months. Emergency department patients were more likely to be boys (61% vs 50%) and had more chronic illness, but did not differ racially from those in the control group. Primary care sites included a hospital-based clinic (n = 137), neighborhood health centers (n = 172), and private practices (n = 274). The undervaccination rates by primary provider type were for (1) hospital clinic ED patients 21.1%, control subjects 19.7%; (2) neighborhood health center ED patients 29.1%, control subjects 22.7%; and (3) private practice ED patients 26.6%, control subjects 14.9%. Overall, the odds ratio of ED patients' being undervaccinated compared with control subjects was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Missed opportunities for childhood vaccinations in office practices and the effect on vaccination status.

To determine the rate of childhood under-vaccination, rate and types of missed opportunities (MOs) for vaccinations, and the contribution of MOs to the undervaccination of preschool-age children, the authors conducted a retrospective medical chart review in seven primary care settings in the Rochester, NY, area: a hospital clinic, a neighborhood health center, a group-model health maintenance organization, an urban group practice, a suburban group practice, a rural health center, and a rural private practice. The random sample included 1124 children having birth dates between March 15, 1988, and September 15, 1989. The main outcome measures were cumulative undervaccination rate, defined as the proportion of patients from each practice who were ever > 60 days past-due for a vaccination by 12, 18, or 24 months of age; undervaccination time, defined as the median number of months during which children were undervaccinated; number of MOs; visit types and conditions associated with the MOs; and the duration of undervaccination time attributable to MOs. The cumulative undervaccination rate by 12 months was at least 20% in each practice except for the suburban practice, where it was 4%. The frequency of MOs varied from a high of 1.8 MO per patient per year at the rural private practice to a low of 0.3 MO per patient per year at the suburban practice. More than one quarter of MOs occurred during either health supervision or follow-up visits in all practices. In 28% of visits during which an MO occurred, patients had no fever or acute illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Patterns of death in world leaders.

This study presents an analysis of the mortality patterns of people who become world leaders. Using information in the public domain, we identified 261 world leaders who died between 1965 and 1996. Of these, 118 died while in office, 44% violently, often by assassination. Of the 143 leaders who died after leaving office, 11% died violently. The violent deaths occurred worldwide but most frequently in the Middle East/South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa regions. The most frequent natural causes of death among world leaders were heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Mortality patterns reveal that the longevity of those leaders who died of natural causes could have been predicted by U.S. life tables. This study suggests that world leaders are neither biologically "tougher" nor more vulnerable to disease than others; however, their odds of dying violently while in office are high.

The plasma zinc concentration of nonpregnant, pregnant and parturient Hereford cattle.

Studies were made on several groups of Hereford cattle to determine the plasma zinc concentration at various phases of their reproductive life. In nonpregnant heifers a major cause of variation was due to differences between individual animals. Seasonal changes were also evident but little difference was noted in the zinc levels of cattle sampled at particular stages of the oestrous cycle or over a 24-hour period. Following conception, the plasma zinc levels remained relatively constant until late in pregnancy when a decline occurred. A more marked decline occurred during the periparturient period although the trends observed differed between animals that calved normally and those that suffered from dystocia. Samples obtained from calves approximately 24 hours after delivery contained zinc at concentrations of more than double that recorded for their dams.

Decision rules for predicting vaccination status of preschool-age emergency department patients.

We produced and tested rules to predict undervaccination among preschool-age emergency department (ED) patients. Data were gathered on demographics, vaccination status, health status, and health care utilization from parents, ED physicians, and ED charts at an urban teaching hospital in Rochester, N.Y. Primary care charts were reviewed to verify vaccination status. Using recursive partitioning, we developed decision rules to predict undervaccination. Decision rules were developed on a sample of 602 ED patients 4 to 48 months of age and then prospectively tested on 1832 ED patients aged 6 to 36 months. Factors associated with undervaccination for any vaccine included parental report of vaccination delay (odds ratio = 8.1; p < 0.001), inability to report the receipt of the appropriate number of vaccines (odds ratio = 4.5; p < 0.001), lack of health insurance (odds ratio = 3.6, p < 0.001), elapsed time since the last visit to primary care provider (p < 0.001), household size (p < 0.001), and maternal age (p < 0.01). Eight decision rules were produced that varied in their number of questions (one to six), sensitivity (0.27 to 0.87), and specificity (0.54 to 0.98). No single rule was both highly sensitive and highly specific. The rules' sensitivities and specificities were similar for the validation sample of 1832 patients. Thus a decision rule could not be produced that was both sensitive and specific. Identification of undervaccinated children by means of information available at an ED visit is inherently difficult. Interventions in the ED may be inefficient unless better methods of assessing vaccination status can be developed.