Mechanism of grape seed proanthocyanidin oligomers inhibiting polarization of type Al astrocytes / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the mechanism of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) targeting astrocytes (AS), so as to regulate the phenotype and function of AS and maximize their neuroprotective effect. Methods The effects of GSPs on the phenotype, secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and neurotrophic factors of Al AS induced by TNF-α, IL-1α and Clq were investigated by RT-PCR, Elisa and Western blot in vitro. And JNK phosphorylation was determined using Western blot. Results GSPs significantly reduced the expression of C3d and Clq of Al AS markers and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK. Moreover, compared with the model group, GSPs could significantly inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1 α, IL-17 and H

Grape Seed Extract Attenuates Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response of Immune Cells / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To examine the anti-inflammatory effect of grape seed extract (GSE) in animal and cellular models and explore its mechanism of action.@*METHODS@#This study determined the inhibitory effect of GSE on macrophage inflammation and Th1 and Th17 polarization in vitro. Based on the in vitro results, the effects and mechanisms of GSE on multiple sclerosis (MS)-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice model were further explored. The C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically administered with 50 mg/kg of GSE once a day from the 3rd day to the 27th day after immunization. The activation of microglia, the polarization of Th1 and Th17 and the inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted by them were detected in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, respectively.@*RESULTS@#GSE reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.01), inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleen cells of EAE mice immunized for 9 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 mediated by CD3 and CD28 factors (P<0.01). GSE significantly improved the clinical symptoms of EAE mice, and inhibited spinal cord demyelination and inflammatory cell infiltration. Peripherally, GSE downregulated the expression of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCKII, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the central nervous system, GSE inhibited the infiltration of CD45+CD11b+ and CD45+CD4+ cells, and weakened the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 (P<0.05). Moreover, it reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01), and prevented the activation of microglia (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#GSE had a beneficial effect on the pathogenesis and progression of EAE by inhibiting inflammatory response as a potential drug and strategy for the treatment of MS.

Study on the preventive effect of schisandrin on neural tube defects in mice and its mechanism / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of schisandrin(SCH)on fetal neural tube defects(NTDs)of mice and its mechanism.Methods C57BL/6 mice were mated with female and male at a ratio of 2:1.Pregnant female mice with vaginal plug after mating were randomly divided into control group,model group,SCH group,and folic acid group,with 9 mice in each group.The NTDs fetal mice model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of all-trans retinoic acid(atRA)(7.5 mg/kg)on embryonic day 7.5(E 7.5 d).During E 0.5 d-E 11.5 d,pregnant rats in folic acid group were given folic acid[61.0 μg/(kg·d)]by gavage once a day,and pregnant rats in SCH group were given SCH[8.0 mg/(kg·d)]by gavage once a day.Fetal mice were removed by cesarean section on E 11.5 d.PC12 cells were divided into control group,model group and SCH group.PC12 cells were treated with atRA(20 μmol/L)for 12 hours to establish cell damage model in model group,and treated with SCH(2.5 μmol/L)for 24 hours in SCH group.Fetuses were identified NTDs by stereoscopic microscopy.HE staining was used to observe the closure of the neural tube.The expression levels of p-PI3K,Akt and p-Akt molecules in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were detected by Western Blotting.Results Compared with control group,the incidence of NTDs was significantly increased in mice of model group(P<0.01);compared with model group,the incidence of NTDs was decreased in folic acid group and SCH group(P<0.01);compared with folic acid group,SCH group had a lower incidence of NTDs(P<0.01).Western Blotting results showed that compared with control group,the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in fetal tissues of model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01,P<0.05);compared with model group,there was no significant difference in expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt in fetal tissues of folic acid group(P>0.05),while the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in SCH group was significantly higher(P<0.05).Compared with control group,PC12 cells in model group showed lower expression levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt(P<0.05);compared with model group,PC12 cells in SCH group showed higher expression levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt(P<0.05).Conclusions SCH can reduce the incidence of atRA-induced NTDs in fetal mice,and its preventive effect is better than folic acid,which may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Mechanism of bilobalide promoting neuroprotection of macrophages / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the neuroprotective effect of bilobalide(BB) and the mechanisms such as inhibiting inflammatory response in macrophage/microglia, promoting neurotrophic factor secretion, and interfering with the activation and differentiation of peripheral CD4~+ T cells. BB of different concentration(12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg·mL~(-1)) was used to treat the RAW264.7 and BV2 cells for 24 h. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay and cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) were employed to detect the cytotoxicity of BB and appropriate concentration was selected for further experiment. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was applied to elicit inflammation in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells, mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMDMs), and primary microglia, respectively. The effect of BB on cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Spleen monocytes of C57BL/6 female mice(7-8 weeks old) were isolated, and CD4~+ T cells were separated by magnetic beads under sterile conditions. Th17 cells were induced by CD3/CD28 and the conditioned medium for eliciting the inflammation in BMDMs. The content of IL-17 cytokines in the supernatant was detected by ELISA to determine the effect on the activation and differentiation of CD4~+ T cells. In addition, PC12 cells were incubated with the conditioned medium for eliciting inflammation in BMDMs and primary microglia and the count and morphology of cells were observed. The cytoto-xicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) assay. The result showed that BB with the concentration of 12.5-100 μg·mL~(-1) had no toxicity to RAW264.7 and BV2 cells, and had no significant effect on the activity of cell model with low inflammation. The 50 μg·mL~(-1) BB was selected for further experiment, and the results indicated that BB inhibited LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The experiment on CD4~+ T cells showed that the conditioned medium for LPS-induced inflammation in BMDMs promoted the activation and differentiation of CD4~+ T cells, while the conditioned medium of the experimental group with BB intervention reduced the activation and differentiation of CD4~+ T cells. In addition, BB also enhanced the release of neurotrophic factors from BMDMs and primary microglia. The conditioned medium after BB intervention can significantly reduce the death of PC12 neurons, inhibit neuronal damage, and protect neurons. To sum up, BB plays a neuroprotective role by inhibiting macrophage and microglia-mediated inflammatory response and promoting neurotrophic factors.

GLPS improves EAE demyelination through inhibition of TLR4/NF-KB pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the protective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the underlying mechanism. Methods Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, EAE model group and GLPS group (5 mg • kg

Procyanidin B2 protects H / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the protective effect of proanthocyanidin B2 (PC-B2) on oxidative damage of PC 12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H

Neuroprotective Mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Tang on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Tang (BYHWT) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at different stages. Method:The 36 female C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides (MOG35-55),then randomly divided into 9, 17, 28 d EAE control group. Each BYHWT group was orally given drugs on the 3rd day after immunization (50 g·kg-1·d-1), and EAE control group was given the same volume of normal saline in the same way once a day for 9, 17 and 28 d after immunization. The effect of BYHWT on EAE mice was observed with internationally accepted clinical score. Brain and spinal cord specimens were collected at 9, 17 and 28 d after immunization. The neuroprotective effect of BYHWT was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and solid blue staining (LFB). The expressions of BDNF and GAP-43 in spinal cord and brain were detected by Western blot. Result:After treatment, BYHWT can significantly inhibit myelitis cell infiltration and alleviate myelin loss. Compared with EAE group, the expression of Nogo-A in the spinal cord of each BYHWT group was significantly down-regulated (PPPPConclusion:BYHWT can improve the local nerve growth microenvironment and promote the expression of NTFs, reduce the expressions of neuroinhibitory factors, and play a role in neuroprotection.

The effects of catechin on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in BV-2 cells / 药学学报

The effects of catechin on inflammatory response of BV-2 cells were investigated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model. BV-2 cells were incubated with LPS (1 mg·L-1) for 12 h in the microglia inflammatory model in vitro. After catechin and LPS co-incubation for 12 h, MTT, ELISA and Western blot were used to detect cell viability, cytokines, cell migration and protein expression. In addition, transwell assay was conducted to investigate the effect of catechin on cell chemokaxis. Catechin did not show any cytotoxicity effect on BV-2 cells, but reversed the change in cell morphology and inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-1β, cell chemotaxis and phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65. In conclusion, Catechin could inhibit the LPS-induced inflammatory response in BV-2 cells.

Formyl peptide receptor-2 enhances inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in BV-2 cells / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the expression of formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced-BV-2 cells,and detect FPR2's influence on inflammatory response induced by LPS.Methods After 1 mg · L-1 LPS acting on BV-2 cells at 12 h,the extrinsic inflammatory model was established.We used the Western blot assay to test the levels of FPR2 protein.And the expressions of phosphorylated NF-κB,TNF-α and IL-1β were investigated when the LPS-induced-BV-2 was incubated with FPR2's agonist MMK-1 and antagonist Boc-2.Transwell assay was also used to detect the LPS-inducedBV-2 migration induced by MMK-1 and Boc-2.Resuits LPS up-regulated the expression of FPR2,and when its agonist was acted on LPS-induced-BV-2,the levels of phosphorylated NF-κB,TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher than those of LPS group.In addition,the chemotaxis of LPS-induced-BV-2 also increased by MMK-1.These effects were abolished by Boc-2.Conclusions LPS can increase the expression of FPR2 on BV-2 cells,and FPR2 enhances the inflammatory response induced by LPS.

Analysis of influencing factors of secondary metabolites contents in cultivated Polygala tenuifolia / 中国中药杂志

This work was launched to explore the effect of habitat and growth year on the secondary metabolites contents of cultivated Polygala tenuifolia. The samples of cultivated P. tenuifolia were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(Q-TOF MS), and the obtained data were analyzed using multiple statistical analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that compared with growth year, habitat is a main influencing factor which affected the secondary metabolites contents of P. tenuifolia. The contents of sucrose esters and oligosacchride multi-esters are greatly dependent on the habitat (the sample-AG with high levels of components of tenuifoliside B and tenuifoliside C, and the sample-FY with high levels of 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose, tenuifoliose S, tenuifoliose L, and tenuifoliose V). There is no obvious effect of habitat and growth year on xanthone. The contents of triterpene saponins are greatly dependent on the growth year, and the content of parts of triterpene saponins increased as time goes on.The result indicated that the effect of habitat and growth year on different types of secondary metabolites is not completely equivalent. This study will contribute to the breeding of P. tenuifolia and amendment of current commodity criteria.

Cardiovascular effects of intermedin1-53 and its mechanism / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>The present study was designed to determined the cardiovascular effects of IMD1-53 in rats and its possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Isolated rat hearts were perfused by Iangendorff mode, and ventricular function was measured after IMD1-53 perfusion. Meanwhere, we investigated the effects of IMDI) on arterial pressure after intravenous administration of IMD. And cAMP content was detected in rat ventricular and aortic tissues.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that perfusion with IMD significantly enhanced cardiac function and resulted in higher LVSP, +dp/dt(max) and -dp/dt(max) by 45%, 51% and 37%, respectively, compared with control and increased coronary infusion flow. The effects of IMD1-53 on cardiac function were antagonized by H-89, an inhibitor of PKA. The content of cAMP in the ventricular tissues after IMD perfusion was 131% higher than control. In addition, intravenous administration of IMD induced a potent decrease in arterial pressureand heart rate, and in aortic tissues, IMD incubation resulted in a 236% increase in cAMP content compared with control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study reveals that IMD can increase cardiac function and decrease arterial pressure in rat and the effects may be related to cAMP pathway.</p>

Simvastatin suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of simvastatin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)and explore its mechanisms. Methods Fifty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into EAE group (n=15),.STATINS group(n=15),triptolide(TP)group(n=15)and normal control group(n=10).In STATINS group,the rats were given simvastatin and the changes in the expressions of P53,interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)were observed,with triptofide as the positive control.Results Compared to the EAE group,the rats in STATINS group had significantly lowered incidence of EAE,mild symptoms,reduced body weight loss and lesion foci number,and prolonged latency of EAE onset(P＜0.05).The rats in the TP group also exhibited significantly milder symptoms and fewer lesion foci than the EAE group(P＜0.05),but the body weight changes.,latency or incidence of EAE had no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Simvastatin significantly suppressed the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased the expressions of P53 and TGF-β in rats with EAE,whereas TP only resulted in significant suppression of TNF-αexpression(P＜0.05).The expressions of P53 and TGF-β were significantly higher in STATINS group than in TP group(P＜0.05),but the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were comparable between the two groups(P＞0.05). Conclusions Simvastatin Can suppress EAE more effectively than TP by suppressing the expressions of the inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α and promoting the expressions of P53 and TGF-β.

Immunologic pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis / 神经科学通报·英文版

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. The etiology and pathogenesis of MS remain unclear. At present, there are substantial evidences to support the hypothesis that genetics plays a crucial role. The people who have genetic predisposing genes easily develop immune-mediated disorder, probably in conjunction with environmental factors. The aim of this review is to describe recent observations regarding the immunologic pathogenesis of MS.