Importance of repeat fine-needle biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of a thyroid nodule was performed in 797 patients. Ninety-six patients had resection of the thyroid nodule performed subsequent to a one-time FNA biopsy. The surgical pathology of these 96 cases demonstrated a 5.8% false-negative rate and a 9.9% false-positive rate. As a consequence, we prospectively evaluated the routine practice of repeat FNA of cytologically benign thyroid nodules. Repeat FNA confirmed the original benign cytology in 183 (93%) of 196 patients. Seventeen of these 183 patients with benign FNA on both biopsies had resection of the nodule performed because of the development of suspicious clinical signs or in response to the patient's choice; 1 recurrent cyst was found to be carcinomatous. Of the 13 patients demonstrating a change in cytology on repeat FNA biopsy, 9 had a nodule that was classified as possibly malignant (suspicious); 6 of these patients underwent resection, and 1 patient was found to have a carcinomatous nodule. Four patients had nodules that were classified as probably malignant on repeat FNA biopsy; all of their nodules were resected, and three of them were found to be carcinomatous. This study demonstrates that, although one-time FNA biopsy of thyroid nodules is highly accurate, with a relatively low false-negative rate, repeat fine-needle biopsy improves on this diagnostic accuracy, thereby decreasing the risk of misdiagnosing a thyroid nodule that is malignant.

Limb-threatening lower extremity ischemia successfully treated with intra-arterial infusion--case reports.

The authors present two patients with acute arterial vasospasm of the lower extremities causing marked ischemia. One patient had a history of Raynaud's disease, the second had been taking Cafergot for migraine headaches. Both patients's were given a test dose of intra-arterial tolazoline (50 mg). The patient with Raynaud's disease demonstrated marked improvement diffusely and was successfully treated with overnight infusion of papaverine. The second patient, taking Cafergot, demonstrated no angiographic response to tolazoline. It was speculated that the arteries of this patient were thrombosed. The patient was successfully treated with urokinase and remained free of pain at the 15-month follow-up.

Role of angiography in the detection of aortic branch vessel injury after blunt thoracic trauma.

PURPOSE: The occurrence of aortic arch branch vessel injury as an isolated occurrence or in association with aortic injury after blunt chest trauma has not been emphasized in the literature. The imaging evaluation is also controversial. METHODS: We reviewed thoracic aortograms of 166 patients examined at our institution from May 1995 to May 1999 performed after blunt thoracic trauma. We evaluated the aortograms for aortic and arch branch vessel injuries. Twenty-four injuries were detected and all patients had either a wide mediastinum demonstrated on plain radiographs (22 patients) or mechanism of injury conducive to aortic injury. RESULTS: Of the 166 patients, 24 (14%; 16 men, 8 women; mean age, 50 years) had aortic or arch branch vessel injuries. Isolated aortic injury occurred in 15 (9%) of 166 patients. Branch vessel injury occurred in 9 (5%) of 166 patients; seven patients (10 branch vessels) had isolated branch vessel injury and two patients (three branch vessels) had branch vessel injury associated with aortic injury. The injured branch vessels were brachiocephalic artery (four), left common carotid artery (four), left subclavian artery (three), right internal mammary artery (one), and left vertebral artery (one). The types of branch vessel injuries included intimal tears (nine vessels; 69%), and transection causing a pseudoaneurysm (four vessels; 31%). Revised Trauma Scores in patients with branch vessel injuries were 12 in seven patients and 11 and 4 in one each. CONCLUSION: We emphasize the angiographic findings in these patients that can at times be quite subtle. Awareness of the incidence of such injuries either in isolation or associated with aortic injury has implications regarding evaluation of this patient population with less invasive techniques such as CT or transesophageal echocardiography.