Genetic diversity shaped by historical and recent factors in the live-bearing twoline skiffia Neotoca bilineata.

The endangered twoline skiffia Neotoca bilineata, a viviparous fish of the subfamily Goodeinae, endemic to central Mexico (inhabiting two basins, Cuitzeo and Lerma-Santiago) was evaluated using genetic and habitat information. The genetic variation of all remaining populations of the species was analysed using both mitochondrial and microsatellite markers and their habitat conditions were assessed using a water quality index (I(WQ)). An 80% local extinction was found across the distribution of N. bilineata. The species was found in three of the 16 historical localities plus one previously unreported site. Most areas inhabited by the remaining populations had I(WQ) scores unsuitable for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Populations showed low but significant genetic differentiation with both markers (mtDNA φ(ST) = 0.076, P < 0.001; microsatellite F(ST) = 0.314, P < 0.001). Borbollon, in the Cuitzeo Basin, showed the highest level of differentiation and was identified as a single genetic unit by Bayesian assignment methods. Rio Grande de Morelia and Salamanca populations showed the highest genetic diversity and also a high migration rate facilitated by an artificial channel that connected the two basins. Overall, high genetic diversity values were observed compared with other freshwater fishes (average N(a) = 16 alleles and loci and mean ±S.D. H(o) = 0.63 ± 0.10 and nucleotide diversity π = 0.006). This suggests that the observed genetic diversity has not diminished as rapidly as the species' habitat destruction. No evidence of correlation between habitat conditions and genetic diversity was found. The current pattern of genetic diversity may be the result of both historical factors and recent modifications of the hydrological system. The main threat to the species may be the rapid habitat deterioration and associated demographic stochasticity rather than genetic factors.

Effect of insecticides on plankton and fish of Ignacio Ramirez reservoir (Mexico): a biochemical and biomagnification study.

Studies on the limnology, plankton, and biomagnification of pesticides at Ignacio Ramírez (IR) reservoir (Mexico) were undertaken. The reservoir is located in central Mexico, in an agricultural zone with high soil erosion. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), and lipid peroxidation were assayed in fish. Organochlorines (0.024-0.279 mg/liter) and organophosphates (0.02 x 10(-3)-0.21 x 10(-3) mg/liter) were present at high concentrations in water and the biota assayed. In the IR dam the plankton fluctuated depending on the dry and wet seasons. The dominant group of phytoplankton was Bacillariophyta (20-85%) in May, Cyanophyta (22-65%) in September, and Cyanophycean (10-65%), Chlorophycean (10-60%), and Bacyllariophycean (5-80%) species in March. The zooplankton were dominated by cladoceran species (40-70%). Organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were bioconcentrated (2- to 10-fold) from water to algae, 10- to 25-fold in zooplankton, and 8- to 140-fold in fish. GGTP activity and lipid peroxidation increased and AchE activity in fish decreased in response to the environmental stress caused by the elevated biomagnification of pesticides. The bioaccumulation of these contaminants in fish and the potential for biomagnification in humans are perceived as threats.