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In traditional treatment modalities and standard clinical practices, FLASH radiotherapy (FL-RT) administers radiation therapy at an exceptionally high dosage rate. When compared to standard dose rate radiation therapy, numerous preclinical investigations have demonstrated that FL-RT provides similar benefits in conserving normal tissue while maintaining equal antitumor efficacy, a phenomenon possible due to the 'FLASH effect' (FE) of FL-RT. The methodologies involve proton radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiation treatment, and managing high-throughput damage by radiation to solid tissues. Recent results from animal studies indicate that FL-RT can reduce radiation-induced tissue damage, significantly enhancing anticancer potency. Focusing on the potential benefits of FL proton beam treatment in the years to come, this review details the FL-RT research that has been done so far and the existing theories illuminating the FL effects. This subject remains of interest, with many issues still needing to be answered. We offer a brief review to emphasize a few of the key efforts and difficulties in moving FL radiation research forward. The existing research state of FL-RT, its affecting variables, and its different specific impacts are presented in this current review. Key topics discussed include the biochemical mechanism during FL therapy, beam sources for FL therapy, the FL effect on immunity, clinical and preclinical studies on the protective effect of FL therapy, and parameters for effective FL therapy.
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Cancer genetic testing is a revolutionary medical approach that involves the assessment of genetic markers in asymptomatic individuals to predict their future susceptibility to cancer. This paradigm shift in early detection and intervention has the potential to profoundly alter our strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. One pivotal area where genetic testing can have a significant impact is among families with a hereditary predisposition to cancer. Recent research has seen a surge in the exploration of how individuals perceive their cancer risk within the realm of cancer genetics. This proactive approach to genetic testing allows healthcare professionals to identify family members who may carry the same cancer-related genetic mutations, empowering them to make informed decisions regarding their healthcare and cancer risk management. Genetic testing for cancer-related disorders has significantly improved in accuracy and affordability, potentially revolutionizing monitoring and treatment methods. The expanding knowledge of genetic mutations associated with cancer susceptibility has driven significant progress in cancer therapy. Identifying numerous major cancer susceptibility genes has propelled predictive genetic testing, providing individuals with valuable insights into their genetic predisposition to cancer. While perceived risk plays a vital role in genetic counseling, it is equally essential to offer comprehensive information about the advantages and potential risks associated with genetic testing. Ensuring that individuals have a clear understanding of the benefits and potential drawbacks of genetic testing is imperative for making informed healthcare decisions. In our comprehensive review, researchers explored several critical aspects of genetic testing in the context of cancer, including awareness and knowledge, the communication of cancer genetic risk, genetic testing for inherited cancer syndromes, and the challenges and limitations linked to genetic testing. Through this examination, we aim to illuminate the transformative potential of genetic testing in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Cephaloceles are the neural tube defects occurring at a rate of one per 5 000 live births worldwide. It indicates herniation of meninges or meninges with brain tissue through defect in the cranium. We describe an interesting case report of a one-day old male neonate with giant occipital meningocele with aplasia of occipital bone. This is the first case with a history of consanguinity reported in the literature so far. The size of the meningocele sac was greater than the that of the head. A plain computed tomography of the brain showed a 136 mm x 129 mm well defined cerebrospinal fluid attenuated hypodense lesion herniating through calvaria defect on occipital region, with no neural elements, suggestive of giant occipital meningocele. All efforts should be made to diagnose cranial or spinal dysraphism during antenatal screening meticulously following a careful history taking, clinical examination and ultrasonography scan in the first trimester, followed by folic acid supplementation, mandatory through legislation.
RESUMEN
Objectives: The suprascapular notch is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula. The anatomical variation of the notch is considered as one of the causes of suprascapular nerve entrapment. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of the suprascapular notch of Indian human dry scapulae and to compare it with scapula morphometry, which is essential to understand and treat different causes of suprascapular nerve entrapment and to obtain a safe zone, which would be useful to avoid iatrogenic nerve lesion during open arthroscopic surgeries and help in designing implants for the shoulder joint. Methods:This is an observational study, with a total of 200 human dry scapulae being observed, examined and studied in detail. The type of suprascapular notch was noted as per the description given by Rengachary et al. Digital Vernier Caliper was used for classical osteometric measurements of suprascapular notch parameters, posterior limit and posterosuperior limit of safe zone along with length and width of scapulae. A statistical data analysis was done. Results:Out of the 200,scapulae examined by us, 172 (86%) showed the presence of suprascapular notch, while nine (4.5%) showed partial ossification and 19 (9.5%) complete ossification. Six types of suprascapular notches were observed: type I,51 (25.5%); type II 45 (22.5%); type III 64 (32%); type IV 11 (5.5%); type V 9 (4.5%), and type VI 20 (10%). Type III notch was more prevalent. The study showed a moderate positive linear correlation between the width of the scapula and the safe zone of type III notch, respectively. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge about the types of suprascapular notch and measurements is very helpful in the diagnosis and management of cases with shoulder pain due to suprascapular nerve entrapment and also while administering suprascapular nerve blocks for surgeries involving the shoulder region. Safe zone distances are very important for avoiding iatrogenic suprascapular nerve injuries during shoulder surgical procedures.