Changes in the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in Singapore between 2010 and 2016

INTRODUCTION@#Few studies have examined the changes in the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in recent years. The present study sought to examine whether the prevalence of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders in Singapore showed any changes between 2010 and 2016.@*METHODS@#We extracted data from two repeated nationally representative cross-sectional surveys conducted among resident adults aged ≥ 18 years in Singapore. Significant changes were tested using pooled multinomial logistic regression analyses.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders increased significantly from 5.8% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016. Among those with physical disorders, there were significant increases over time in the prevalence of comorbid generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) (0.1% vs. 0.4%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (1.4% vs. 3.9%) in diabetes mellitus, and alcohol dependence in cardiovascular disorders (0.1% vs. 1.3%). Among those with mental disorders, there were significant increases over time in the prevalence of comorbid diabetes mellitus in OCD (4.1% vs. 10.9%), cancer in major depressive disorder (0.4% vs. 2.4%), and cardiovascular disorders in GAD (0.4% vs. 6.7%) and alcohol dependence (0.9% vs. 11.8%). Significant changes in the overall prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders were also observed across age group, education and employment status.@*CONCLUSION@#The prevalence of comorbid mental and physical disorders increased significantly over time. This finding supports the need for more appropriate clinical management with better integration between mental health and general medical care professionals across all aspects of the healthcare system to treat this comorbidity in Singapore.

Validity of a Revised Short Form-12 Health Survey Version 2 in Different Ethnic Populations

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The Short Form-12 version 2 (SF-12v2) is a shorter version of the Short Form-36 version 2 (SF-36v2) for assessing health-related quality of life. As the SF-12v2 could not be resolved into the physical- and mental-component summary score (PCS and MCS, respectively) in the general population of Singapore, this study aims to determine and validate the Singapore SF-12 version 2 (SG-12v2).</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>The SG- 12v2 was generated using the same methodology as the SF-12v2. Bootstrap analysis was used to determine if the SG-12v2 were significantly different from the SF-12v2. Content validity was assessed using percentage of variance (R²) of the Singapore version of SF-36v2 PCS and MCS explained by the SG-12v2 items. Agreement between the SF-36v2 and the SG-12v2 was assessed using Bland-Altman diagrams. Criterion validity was demonstrated if effect size differences between SF-36v2 and SG-12v2 were small (Cohen's criteria). Known-group validity of SG-12v2 was reported for participants with and without chronic diseases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five items differed between the SG-12v2 and SF-12v2. Bootstrap analysis confirmed that SG-12v2 and SF-12v2 were significantly different. The SG12v2 explained 94% and 79% of the R² of the SF-36v2 PCS and MCS, respectively. Agreement was good and effect size differences were small (<0.3). Participants with chronic diseases reported lower SG-12v2 scores compared to participants without chronic diseases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The SG-12v2 offers advantage over the SF-12v2 for use in the general population of Singapore. The SG-12v2 is a valid measure and will be particularly useful for large population health surveys in Singapore.</p>

Normative Data for the Singapore English and Chinese SF-36 Version 2 Health Survey

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The aim of this study is to report normative data for the Short-Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2) for assessing health-related quality of life, in the Singapore general population.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Data for English and Chinese-speaking participants of the Singapore Prospective Study Programme were analysed. The SF-36v2 scores were norm-based with the English-speaking Singapore general population as reference and reported by age (in decades), gender and ethnicity as well as for the 5 most prevalent chronic medical conditions. Scores were reported separately for the English and Chinese language versions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 6151 English-speaking (61.5% Chinese and 19.2% Malay) and 1194 Chinese-speaking participants provided complete data. Mean (SD) age of all participants was 49.6 (12.58) years with 52.4% being women. In both languages, women reported lower scores than men on all scales. Among the chronic medical conditions, stroke had the largest impact on all English SF-36v2 scales and on 3 Chinese SF-36v2 scales (role-physical, general health and social functioning).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We have provided detailed normative data for the Singapore English and Chinese SF-36v2, which would be valuable in furthering HRQoL research in Singapore and possibly the region.</p>

A population-based survey of mental disorders in Singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Mental illnesses are not only a growing public health concern but also a major social and economic issue affecting individuals and families throughout the world. The prevalence of mental disorders, the extent of disability caused by these disorders, and services utilisation of these patients has been well studied in developed countries. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of select mental disorders and their associated sociodemographic correlates in the adult Singapore resident population.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>This was a cross-sectional, populationbased, epidemiological study of adult Singapore residents aged 18 years and above. The subjects were randomly selected using a disproportionate stratified sampling method. The diagnoses of selected mental disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar (bipolar I & II) disorders, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were established using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, which is a fully structured diagnostic instrument that assesses lifetime and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 6616 respondents (response rate of 75.9%), 12.0% had at least one lifetime affective, anxiety, or alcohol use disorders. The lifetime prevalence of MDD was 5.8% and that of bipolar disorder was 1.2%. The combined lifetime prevalence of the 2 anxiety disorders, GAD and OCD was 3.6%, with the latter being more common than GAD (0.9% and 3.0% respectively). The lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence were found to be 3.1% and 0.5% respectively. Age, gender, ethnicity, marital status and chronic physical illnesses were all significant correlates of mental disorders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The identified associated factors would help guide resource allocation, policy formulation and programme development in Singapore.</p>

Rationale for redefining obesity in Asians

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>There has been extensive research on defining the appropriate body mass index (BMI) cut-off point for being overweight and obese in the Asian population since the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Consultation Meeting in 2002.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>We reviewed the literature on the optimal BMI cut-off points for Asian populations. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, National Institute for Health Research Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (NHS CRD) Database, Cochrane Library and Google. Attempts to identify further studies were made by examining the reference lists of all retrieved articles. There were 18 articles selected for the review.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 13 studies which have identified the BMI cut-off points for Asian populations lower than the international BMI cut-off points recommended by the WHO. Many of the studies have recommended lowering BMI cut-off point specific for Asian populations. A few studies concurred with the recommended cut-off point for Asian populations recommended by International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the WHO in 2002. Asian populations were also noted to have higher cardiovascular risk factors than Western populations at any BMI level.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Further research would be needed to look at the all-cause mortality at same BMI levels between Asians and Caucasians in order to evaluate the BMI cut-off recommendations for Asian populations. It is necessary to develop and redefine appropriate BMI cut-off points which are country-specific and ethnic-specific for Asians. These will facilitate the development of appropriate preventive interventions to address the public health problem posed by obesity.</p>