Expression and localization of GPR91 and GPR99 in murine organs.

Energy substrates and metabolic intermediates are proven ligands of a growing number of G-protein coupled receptors. In 2004, GPR91 and GPR99 were identified as receptors for the citric acid cycle intermediates, succinate and α-ketoglutarate, respectively. GPR91 seems to act as a first responder to local stress and GPR99 participates in the regulation of the acid-base balance through an intrarenal paracrine mechanism. However, a systematic analysis of the distribution of both receptors in mouse organs is still missing. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of GPR91 and GPR99 in a large number of different murine organs both at mRNA and protein level. Whereas GPR91 mRNA was detectable in almost all organs, GPR99 mRNA was mainly expressed in neuronal tissues. Widespread expression of GPR91 was also detected at the protein level by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition to neuronal cells, GPR99 protein was found in renal intercalated cells and epididymal narrow cells. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry demonstrated the colocalization of GPR99 with the B1 subunit isoform of vacuolar H(+)-ATPases which is expressed only by a very limited number of cell types. In summary, our detailed expression analysis of GPR91 and GPR99 in murine tissues will allow a more directed search for additional functions of both receptors.

EEG activity and mood in health orientated runners after different exercise intensities.

An increasing number of studies within the recent years connected physical exercise with changes in brain cortical activity. Most of this data (1) refers to aerobic exercise and (2) does not correlate to psychological parameters although it is well known that exercise has a positive effect on mood. In times where health activities play a major role it is increasingly necessary to connect somato-physiological and somatopsychological components of physical activity. This study aimed to find changes in EEG activity and mood after low, preferred and high intensity running. EEG and actual state of mood were recorded before and after exercise. Results showed an effect for the preferred and high intensity velocity in both, EEG and mood. As only the higher frequency areas N18 Hz showed persisting decreases post-exercise we concluded that this might be a sign of outlasting effects of exercise on brain cortical activity which may have influences on general well-being. We could also show that there is a clear relationship between EEG activity and mood reflecting a basic principle of cortical excitation.

Fatores emocionais associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo e sua interrupção precoce: um estudo qualitativo / Emotional factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding and its early interruption: a qualitative study

O presente estudo investigou os fatores que influenciam a ocorrência do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a sua interrupção precoce, e os aspectos emocionais envolvidos nestes processos. Participaram do estudo 3 mães primíparas com bebês com até 18 meses de idade que diferiam no período de manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. As participantes responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada sobre aleitamento materno. A análise de conteúdo qualitativa mostrou que a história de vida, as condições biológicas e emocionais das participantes e dos bebês, o valor que as participantes davam ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, assim como o apoio da equipe hospitalar, dos pediatras, dos maridos e das avós influenciaram a manutenção ou interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Estes achados podem contribuir para estratégias de saúde pública mais eficazes na promoção do aleitamento materno e para a discussão do papel do psicólogo neste contexto.(AU)

The present study investigated the factors that influence the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding and its early interruption, and the emotional aspects involved in these processes. Participants in the study were three first-time mothers of 18 month-old babies, who exclusively breastfed their babies for different periods of time. The participants answered a semi-strutucted interview about breastfeeding. Qualitative data analysis demonstrated that life history, biological and emotional conditions of mother and baby, the value participants gave to exclusive breastfeeding, as well as the support provided by the hospital team, pediatricians, partners and grandmothers influenced the maintenance or interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. These findings can contribute to the development of more efficient public health guidelines to promote breastfeeding, and to the discussion of the role of psychologists in this context.(AU)

Fatores emocionais associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo e sua interrupção precoce: um estudo qualitativo / Emotional factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding and its early interruption: a qualitative study

O presente estudo investigou os fatores que influenciam a ocorrência do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a sua interrupção precoce, e os aspectos emocionais envolvidos nestes processos. Participaram do estudo 3 mães primíparas com bebês com até 18 meses de idade que diferiam no período de manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. As participantes responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada sobre aleitamento materno. A análise de conteúdo qualitativa mostrou que a história de vida, as condições biológicas e emocionais das participantes e dos bebês, o valor que as participantes davam ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, assim como o apoio da equipe hospitalar, dos pediatras, dos maridos e das avós influenciaram a manutenção ou interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Estes achados podem contribuir para estratégias de saúde pública mais eficazes na promoção do aleitamento materno e para a discussão do papel do psicólogo neste contexto.

The present study investigated the factors that influence the occurrence of exclusive breastfeeding and its early interruption, and the emotional aspects involved in these processes. Participants in the study were three first-time mothers of 18 month-old babies, who exclusively breastfed their babies for different periods of time. The participants answered a semi-strutucted interview about breastfeeding. Qualitative data analysis demonstrated that life history, biological and emotional conditions of mother and baby, the value participants gave to exclusive breastfeeding, as well as the support provided by the hospital team, pediatricians, partners and grandmothers influenced the maintenance or interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. These findings can contribute to the development of more efficient public health guidelines to promote breastfeeding, and to the discussion of the role of psychologists in this context.