Looking at facial expressions: dysphoria and facial EMG.

Previous research on interpersonal deficits among dysphoric individuals has been equivocal, with some studies finding that dysphoric persons show an increase in negative behavior and other studies finding no group differences. Most studies in this area have employed self-report instruments and behavioral coding systems to examine interpersonal displays. Using a different approach, we examined facial electromyography (EMG) reactivity to pictures of happy and unhappy expressions among dysphoric persons. Dysphoric and non-dysphoric persons viewed happy and unhappy facial expressions while zygomatic EMG and corrugator EMG activity was recorded. Results indicated that both groups showed the appropriate increase in corrugator EMG to unhappy expressions; however, dysphoric persons did not show the expected increase in zygomatic EMG activity to happy expressions while the control participants did show this response. Unexpectedly, the dysphoric group displayed an increase in corrugator EMG activity (e.g. frown response) to the happy facial expressions. These findings indicate that dysphoric persons have impaired interpersonal reactivity that is specific to happy facial displays.

The evaluation of mindfulness-based stress reduction for veterans with mental health conditions.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for veterans with mental health conditions and to evaluate its efficacy on psychological well-being and stress reduction. DESIGN: Single-group, pretest-posttest design. METHOD: 30 veterans within a mental health clinic of a VA (Veterans Administration) medical center were enrolled in an 8-week standard MBSR program. Perceived stress, sleep, mindfulness, and depression were measured via self-reports at baseline and study end. Feasibility was measured by compliance and satisfaction with the course. FINDINGS: Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale (p =.002) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (p = .005) were significantly reduced (p = .002). The global measure for sleep from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index improved significantly (p = .035). Satisfaction and compliance were high. CONCLUSION: MBSR is a feasible intervention that has potential efficacy for veterans with mental health conditions. Future controlled trials are needed in this area.

Dissociation During Intense Military Stress is Related to Subsequent Somatic Symptoms in Women.

BACKGROUND: Research studies of the female response to intense stress are under-represented in the scientific literature; indeed, publications in female humans and animals number half those in male subjects. In addition, women have only recently entered more dangerous professions that were historically limited to men. The US Navy's survival course, therefore, offers a unique opportunity to examine, in a controlled manner, individual differences in the human female response to acute and realistic military stress. METHOD: The current study assessed the nature and prevalence of dissociative symptoms and other aspects of adaptive function in healthy female subjects experiencing acute, intense stress during US Navy survival training. Cognitive dissociation and previous exposure to traumatic events were assessed at baseline in 32 female service members prior to Navy survival training. At the conclusion of training, retrospectively rated levels of dissociation during peak training stress and current health symptoms were assessed. RESULTS: Female subjects reported previous trauma (35%) and at least one symptom of dissociation at baseline prior to training (47%). Eighty-eight percent of subjects reported experiencing multiple symptoms of dissociation during peak training stress. Post-stress dissociation scores and stress-induced increases in dissociation, as well as prior cumulative exposure to potentially traumatic events, were significant predictors of post-stress health symptoms. DISCUSSION: In this study, increases in dissociative symptoms during intense training stress, post-stress dissociation symptom levels, and prior cumulative exposure to stressful, potentially traumatic events predicted post-stress health symptoms in women. Prior studies in men have demonstrated correlations between neurobiological responses to stress and stress-associated levels of dissociation. Thus future studies in larger samples of women are needed to investigate the relationship between prior stress exposure, alterations in neurobiological responses to stress and potentially related alterations in neuropsychological and physical reactions to stress.

Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice.

Numerous studies indicate social support is essential for maintaining physical and psychological health. The harmful consequences of poor social support and the protective effects of good social support in mental illness have been well documented. Social support may moderate genetic and environmental vulnerabilities and confer resilience to stress, possibly via its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, the noradrenergic system, and central oxytocin pathways. There is a substantial need for additional research and development of specific interventions aiming to increase social support for psychiatrically ill and at-risk populations.

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: the dimensional structure revisited.

The factor structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) has been examined in a number of prior investigations; however, findings have not consistently yielded a stable factor solution. The present study therefore tested the fit of each previously reported factor structure. One hundred thirty-one adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were administered the Y-BOCS; a portion of these participants completed self-report measures of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and were rated on a global impairment index. Consistent with the originally proposed structure, confirmatory factor analyses supported a factor structure comprised of obsession and compulsion factors. Reliability and convergent validity of these factors were generally satisfactory, although divergent validity was not entirely supported. Implications of these findings on scoring the Y-BOCS are discussed.