Active immunization combined with cisplatin confers enhanced therapeutic protection and prevents relapses of HPV-induced tumors at different anatomical sites.

The active immunotherapy concept relies on the use of vaccines that are capable of inducing antitumor immunity, reversion of the suppressive immunological environment, and long-term memory responses. Previously, antitumor vaccines based on a recombinant plasmid (pgDE7h) or a purified protein (gDE7) led to regression of early-established human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors in a preclinical model. In this work, the anticancer vaccines were combined with cisplatin to treat HPV-induced tumors at advanced growth stages. The antitumor effects were evaluated in terms of tumor regression, induction of specific CD8+ T cells, and immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Acute toxicity induced by the treatment was measured by weight loss and histological alterations in the liver and kidneys. Our results revealed that the combination of cisplatin with either one of the tested immunotherapies (pgDE7h or gDE7) led to complete tumor regression in mice. Also, the combined treatment resulted in synergistic effects, particularly among mice immunized with gDE7, including activation of systemic and tumor-infiltrating E7-specific CD8+ T cells, tumor infiltration of macrophages and dendritic cells, and prevention of tumor relapses at different anatomical sites. Furthermore, the protocol allowed the reduction of cisplatin dosage and its intrinsic toxic effects, without reducing antitumor outcomes. These results expand our knowledge of active immunotherapy protocols and open perspectives for alternative treatments of HPV-associated tumors.

Design, Immune Responses and Anti-Tumor Potential of an HPV16 E6E7 Multi-Epitope Vaccine.

Cervical cancer is a common type of cancer among women worldwide and infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPVs) types represents the major risk factor for the etiopathogenesis of the disease. HPV-16 is the most frequently identified HPV type in cervical lesions and expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins is required for the uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In the present study we report the design and experimental testing of a recombinant multi-epitope protein containing immunogenic epitopes of HPV-16 E6 and E7. Tumor preventive assays, based on the engraftment of TC-1 cells in mice, showed that the E6E7 multi-epitope protein induced a full preventive anti-tumor protection in wild-type mice, as well as in mice deficient in expression of CD4+ T cells and TLR4 receptor. Nonetheless, no anti-tumor protection was observed in mice deficient in CD8+ T cells. Also, the vaccine promoted high activation of E6/E7-specific T cells and in a therapeutic-approach, E6E7 protein conferred full anti-tumor protection in mice. These results show a potential use of this E6E7 multi-epitope antigen as a new and promising antigen for the development of a therapeutic vaccine against tumors induced by HPV.

Biotecnologia aplicada ao desenvolvimento de vacinas / Biotechnology applied to vaccine development

As vacinas representam a estratégia de intervenção com a melhor relação custo-benefício até hoje aplicada em saúde pública. Avanços biotecnológicos em diversas áreas de pesquisa têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento de formulações mais seguras e eficazes. Além disso, a aplicação de ferramentas biotecnológicas no desenvolvimento de vacinas tem provocado mudanças na maneira como pensamos e produzimos esses reagentes tanto para uso em humanos como em animais. Essas tecnologias trazem perspectivas de que, em futuro próximo, vacinas para o controle de doenças infecciosas e degenerativas ainda não passíveis de prevenção possam estar disponíveis. Em particular, vacinas com efeitos terapêuticos, embora representem um enorme desafio a ser vencido, tornam-se cada vez próximas da realidade e, certamente, terão um impacto enorme no tratamento de diversas doenças, como em algumas formas de câncer.

Vaccines represent the intervention strategy with the best cost-benefit ratio so far applied in public health. Biotechnological advances in various areas of vaccine research have contributed to the development of safer and more effective formulations. Moreover, application of biotechnology tools to vaccine development has caused changes in the way we think and produce these reagents both for use in humans and animals. Such technologies bring renewed perspectives that, in the near future, vaccines for the control of several non-preventable infectious and degenerative diseases will be available. In particular, the development of vaccines with therapeutic effects, although representing a huge challenge, are getting closer to reality and will have a tremendous impact in the treatment of several diseases such as some cancer forms.