Correlation of Vein-Rich Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma With Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Patient Outcome.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an aggressive cancer composed of large-duct and small-duct types. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment and its related vascular system is important for developing novel and efficient therapies. We focused on tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) as a hallmark of antitumor immunity and investigated the clinicopathologic significance of TLSs and the influence of vascular microenvironment on TLS formation in iCCAs. We examined 261 iCCA cases clinicopathologically and analyzed the vascular system using immunohistochemistry. Single-cell (102,685 cells) and bulk RNA (33 iCCA cases) sequencing analyses were performed using data sets downloaded from public databases, and endothelial cell characteristics in iCCA tissues and functional networks related to the tumor microenvironment were bioinformatically examined. High densities of both intratumoral and peritumoral TLSs were significantly associated with prolonged survival only in large-duct-type iCCA. Multivariate analyses showed that peritumoral TLS was a prognostic factor for the large-duct type. TLS-rich iCCA had a significantly higher vein density and tumor-infiltrating T-cell count than TLS-poor iCCA. Both the presence of TLSs and high vein endothelial cells in iCCA tissues were significantly associated with molecular networks representing active immune responses in transcriptomic analysis. Vein density was a prognostic factor in patients with large-duct and small-duct types. This suggests that TLS formation is involved in a microenvironment with high vein density, which represents an antitumor-directed immune microenvironment.

Neoadjuvant therapy alters the collagen architecture of pancreatic cancer tissue via Ephrin-A5.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of pancreatic cancer (PDAC) remains clinically challenging, and neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) offers down staging and improved surgical resectability. Abundant fibrous stroma is involved in malignant characteristic of PDAC. We aimed to investigate tissue remodelling, particularly the alteration of the collagen architecture of the PDAC microenvironment by NAT. METHODS: We analysed the alteration of collagen and gene expression profiles in PDAC tissues after NAT. Additionally, we examined the biological role of Ephrin-A5 using primary cultured cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). RESULTS: The expression of type I, III, IV, and V collagen was reduced in PDAC tissues after effective NAT. The bioinformatics approach provided comprehensive insights into NAT-induced matrix remodelling, which showed Ephrin-A signalling as a likely pathway and Ephrin-A5 (encoded by EFNA5) as a crucial ligand. Effective NAT reduced the number of Ephrin-A5+ cells, which were mainly CAFs; this inversely correlated with the clinical tumour shrinkage rate. Experimental exposure to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents suppressed proliferation, EFNA5 expression, and collagen synthesis in CAFs. Forced EFNA5 expression altered CAF collagen gene profiles similar to those found in PDAC tissues after NAT. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that effective NAT changes the extracellular matrix with collagen profiles through CAFs and their Ephrin-A5 expression.

Genetic and epigenetic aberrations occurring in colorectal tumors associated with serrated pathway.

To clarify molecular alterations in serrated pathway of colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed epigenetic and genetic analyses in sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/P), traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) and high-methylation CRC. The methylation levels of six Group-1 and 14 Group-2 markers, established in our previous studies, were analyzed quantitatively using pyrosequencing. Subsequently, we performed targeted exon sequencing analyses of 126 candidate driver genes and examined molecular alterations that are associated with cancer development. SSA/P showed high methylation levels of both Group-1 and Group-2 markers, frequent BRAF mutation and occurrence in proximal colon, which were features of high-methylation CRC. But TSA showed low-methylation levels of Group-1 markers, less frequent BRAF mutation and occurrence at distal colon. SSA/P, but not TSA, is thus considered to be precursor of high-methylation CRC. High-methylation CRC had even higher methylation levels of some genes, e.g., MLH1, than SSA/P, and significant frequency of somatic mutations in nonsynonymous mutations (p < 0.0001) and insertion/deletions (p = 0.002). MLH1-methylated SSA/P showed lower methylation level of MLH1 compared with high-methylation CRC, and rarely accompanied silencing of MLH1 expression. The mutation frequencies were not different between MLH1-methylated and MLH1-unmethylated SSA/P, suggesting that MLH1 methylation might be insufficient in SSA/P to acquire a hypermutation phenotype. Mutations of mismatch repair genes, e.g., MSH3 and MSH6, and genes in PI3K, WNT, TGF-ß and BMP signaling (but not in TP53 signaling) were significantly involved in high-methylation CRC compared with adenoma, suggesting importance of abrogation of these genes in serrated pathway.

TP53 mutation at early stage of colorectal cancer progression from two types of laterally spreading tumors.

Although most sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) are thought to develop from protruded adenomas through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, some CRC develop through flat lesions, so-called laterally spreading tumors (LST). We previously analyzed epigenetic aberrations in LST and found that LST are clearly classified into two molecular subtypes: intermediate-methylation with KRAS mutation and low-methylation with absence of oncogene mutation. Intermediate-methylation LST were mostly granular type LST (LST-G) and low-methylation LST were mostly non-granular LST (LST-NG). In the present study, we conducted a targeted exon sequencing study including 38 candidate CRC driver genes to gain insight into how these genes modulate the development of LST. We identified a mean of 11.5 suspected nonpolymorphic variants per sample, including indels and non-synonymous mutations, although there was no significant difference in the frequency of total mutations between LST-G and LST-NG. Genes associated with RTK/RAS signaling pathway were mutated more frequently in LST-G than LST-NG (P = 0.004), especially KRAS mutation occurring at 70% (30/43) of LST-G but 26% (13/50) of LST-NG (P < 0.0001). Both LST showed high frequency of APC mutation, even at adenoma stage, suggesting its involvement in the initiation stage of LST, as it is involved at early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis via adenoma-carcinoma sequence. TP53 mutation was never observed in adenomas, but was specifically detected in cancer samples. TP53 mutation occurred during development of intramucosal cancer in LST-NG, but during development of cancer with submucosal invasion in LST-G. It is suggested that TP53 mutation occurs in the early stages of cancer development from adenoma in both LST-G and LST-NG, but is involved at an earlier stage in LST-NG.

Methylation epigenotypes and genetic features in colorectal laterally spreading tumors.

Aberrant DNA methylation plays an important role in genesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, we identified Group 1 and Group 2 methylation markers through genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, and classified CRC and protruded adenoma into three distinct clusters: high-, intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes. High-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with BRAF mutations and these aberrations were involved in the serrated pathway, whereas intermediate-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with KRAS mutations. Here, we investigated laterally spreading tumors (LSTs), which are flat, early CRC lesions, through quantitative methylation analysis of six Group 1 and 14 Group 2 methylation markers using pyrosequencing. Gene mutations in BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA, and immunostaining of TP53 and CTNNB1 as well as other clinicopathological factors were also evaluated. By hierarchical clustering using methylation information, LSTs were classified into two subtypes; intermediate-methylation epigenotype correlating with KRAS mutations (p = 9 × 10(-4)) and a granular morphology (LST-G) (p = 1 × 10(-7)), and low-methylation epigenotype correlating with CTNNB1 activation (p = 0.002) and a nongranular morphology (LST-NG) (p = 1 × 10(-7)). Group 1 marker methylation and BRAF mutations were barely detected, suggesting that high-methylation epigenotype was unlikely to be involved in LST development. TP53 mutations correlated significantly with malignant transformation, regardless of epigenotype or morphology type. Together, this may suggest that two molecular pathways, intermediate methylation associated with KRAS mutations and LST-G morphology, and low methylation associated with CTNNB1 activation and LST-NG morphology, might be involved in LST development, and that involvement of TP53 mutations could be important in both subtypes in the development from adenoma to cancer.

Clinicopathological significance of core 3 O-glycan synthetic enzyme, ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Mucin-type O-glycans are involved in cancer initiation and progression, although details of their biological and clinicopathological roles remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 (ß3Gn-T6), an essential enzyme for the synthesis of core 3 O-glycan and several other O-glycans in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We performed immunohistochemical and lectin-histochemical analyses to detect the expression of ß3Gn-T6 and several O-glycans in 156 cases of PDAC with pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and corresponding normal tissue samples. The T antigen, Tn antigen, sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) antigen, and sLeX on core 2 O-glycan were more highly expressed in PDAC cells than in normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells (NPDEs). Conversely, the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine on extended core 1 O-glycan was found in NPDEs and was low in PDAC cells. These glycan expression levels were not associated with patient outcomes. ß3Gn-T6 was expressed in ~20% of PDAC cases and 30-40% of PanINs but not in NPDEs. Higher expression of ß3Gn-T6 was found in PDAC cells in more differentiated adenocarcinoma cases showing significantly longer disease-free survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. In addition, the expression of ß3Gn-T6 in PDAC cells and PanINs significantly correlated with the expression of MUC5AC in these cells, suggesting that ß3Gn-T6 expression is related to cellular differentiation status of the gastric foveolar phenotype. Thus, it is likely that ß3Gn-T6 expression in PDAC cells is a favorable prognostic factor in PDAC patients, and that the expression of ß3Gn-T6 correlates with the gastric foveolar phenotype in pancreatic carcinogenesis.

Co-expression of ERCC1 and Snail is a prognostic but not predictive factor of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for bladder cancer has been reported to significantly improve the 5-year survival rate. The aim of the present study was to examine the roles of ERCC1 and Snail in determining the response to chemotherapy in bladder cancer treated with NC and radical cystectomy (RC). The expression of the Snail and ERCC1 proteins was determined by immunohistochemical staining of specimens obtained from 58 patients with bladder tumors treated with NC and RC. The correlation between clinical response and the expression of Snail and ERCC1 was investigated. Snail and ERCC1 were co-expressed in 24 (41.4%) of the 58 patients. A marked correlation was found between the expression of Snail and ERCC1 (P=0.001). The co-expression of Snail and ERCC1 was not able to predict pathological complete response (P=0.202). Results of the univariate analysis revealed that the co-expression of Snail and ERCC1 predicted shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than the negative expression of Snail and/or ERCC1. Moreover, the co-expression of ERCC1 and Snail was the only predictive factor for both DFS (P=0.029) and OS (P=0.040). The expression of Snail was correlated with that of ERCC1 and the co-expression of Snail and ERCC1 was the only significant predictive factor of shorter DFS and OS in patients with bladder cancer treated with NC and RC.