GPCR activation and GRK2 assembly by a biased intracellular agonist.

Phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by GPCR kinases (GRKs) desensitizes G-protein signalling and promotes arrestin signalling, which is also modulated by biased ligands1-6. The molecular assembly of GRKs on GPCRs and the basis of GRK-mediated biased signalling remain largely unknown owing to the weak GPCR-GRK interactions. Here we report the complex structure of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) bound to GRK2, Gαq and the arrestin-biased ligand SBI-5537. The density map reveals the arrangement of the intact GRK2 with the receptor, with the N-terminal helix of GRK2 docking into the open cytoplasmic pocket formed by the outward movement of the receptor transmembrane helix 6, analogous to the binding of the G protein to the receptor. SBI-553 binds at the interface between GRK2 and NTSR1 to enhance GRK2 binding. The binding mode of SBI-553 is compatible with arrestin binding but clashes with the binding of Gαq protein, thus providing a mechanism for its arrestin-biased signalling capability. In sum, our structure provides a rational model for understanding the details of GPCR-GRK interactions and GRK2-mediated biased signalling.

Hormone- and antibody-mediated activation of the thyrotropin receptor.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), through activation of its G-protein-coupled thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), controls the synthesis of thyroid hormone-an essential metabolic hormone1-3. Aberrant signalling of TSHR by autoantibodies causes Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism) and hypothyroidism, both of which affect millions of patients worldwide4. Here we report the active structures of TSHR with TSH and the activating autoantibody M225, both bound to the allosteric agonist ML-1096, as well as an inactivated TSHR structure with the inhibitory antibody K1-707. Both TSH and M22 push the extracellular domain (ECD) of TSHR into an upright active conformation. By contrast, K1-70 blocks TSH binding and cannot push the ECD into the upright conformation. Comparisons of the active and inactivated structures of TSHR with those of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) reveal a universal activation mechanism of glycoprotein hormone receptors, in which a conserved ten-residue fragment (P10) from the hinge C-terminal loop mediates ECD interactions with the TSHR transmembrane domain8. One notable feature is that there are more than 15 cholesterols surrounding TSHR, supporting its preferential location in lipid rafts9. These structures also highlight a similar ECD-push mechanism for TSH and autoantibody M22 to activate TSHR, therefore providing the molecular basis for Graves' disease.

Structures of full-length glycoprotein hormone receptor signalling complexes.

Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin are glycoprotein hormones that are related to follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone1,2. Luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin are essential to human reproduction and are important therapeutic drugs3-6. They activate the same G-protein-coupled receptor, luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), by binding to the large extracellular domain3. Here we report four cryo-electron microscopy structures of LHCGR: two structures of the wild-type receptor in the inactive and active states; and two structures of the constitutively active mutated receptor. The active structures are bound to chorionic gonadotropin and the stimulatory G protein (Gs), and one of the structures also contains Org43553, an allosteric agonist7. The structures reveal a distinct 'push-and-pull' mechanism of receptor activation, in which the extracellular domain is pushed by the bound hormone and pulled by the extended hinge loop next to the transmembrane domain. A highly conserved 10-residue fragment (P10) from the hinge C-terminal loop at the interface between the extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain functions as a tethered agonist to induce conformational changes in the transmembrane domain and G-protein coupling. Org43553 binds to a pocket of the transmembrane domain and interacts directly with P10, which further stabilizes the active conformation. Together, these structures provide a common model for understanding the signalling of glycoprotein hormone receptors and a basis for drug discovery for endocrine diseases.

MEOX1 triggers myofibroblast apoptosis resistance, contributing to pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

The apoptosis resistance of myofibroblasts is a hallmark in the irreversible progression of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). While the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we unveiled a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying myofibroblast apoptosis resistance during PF. Our investigation revealed heightened expression of mesenchyme homeobox 1 (MEOX1) in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and bleomycin-induced PF mice. Silencing MEOX1 significantly attenuated PF progression in mice. In vitro, we found a notable increase in MEOX1 expression in transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced myofibroblasts. Silencing MEOX1 enhanced apoptosis of myofibroblasts. Mechanistically, we identified G-protein signaling pathway regulatory factor 4 (RGS4) as a critical downstream target of MEOX1, as predicted by bioinformatics analysis. MEOX1 enhanced apoptosis resistance by upregulating RGS4 expression in myofibroblasts. In conclusion, our study highlights MEOX1 as a promising therapeutic target for protecting against PF by modulating myofibroblast apoptosis resistance.

CGRP is essential for protection against alveolar epithelial cell necroptosis by activating the AMPK/L-OPA1 signaling pathway during acute lung injury.

Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) necroptosis is critical to disrupt the alveolar barrier and provoke acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we define calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the most abundant endogenous neuropeptide in the lung, as a novel modulator of AEC necroptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Upon LPS-induced ALI, overexpression of Cgrp significantly mitigates the inflammatory response, alleviates lung tissue damage, and decreases AEC necroptosis. Similarly, CGRP alleviated AEC necroptosis under the LPS challenge in vitro. Previously, we identified that long optic atrophy 1 (L-OPA1) deficiency mediates mitochondrial fragmentation, leading to AEC necroptosis. In this study, we discovered that CGRP positively regulated mitochondrial fusion through stabilizing L-OPA1. Mechanistically, we elucidate that CGRP activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, the blockade of AMPK compromised the protective effect of CGRP against AEC necroptosis following the LPS challenge. Our study suggests that CRGP-mediated activation of the AMPK/L-OPA1 axis may have potent therapeutic benefits for patients with ALI or other diseases with necroptosis.

COX-2/sEH-Mediated Macrophage Activation Is a Target for Pulmonary Protection in Mouse Models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Effective inhibition of macrophage activation is critical for resolving inflammation and restoring pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we identified the dual-enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as a novel regulator of macrophage activation in COPD. Both COX-2 and sEH were found to be increased in patients and mice with COPD and in macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Pharmacological reduction of the COX-2 and sEH by 4-(5-phenyl-3-{3-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ureido]-propyl}-pyrazol-1-yl)-benzenesulfonamide (PTUPB) effectively prevented macrophage activation, downregulated inflammation-related genes, and reduced lung injury, thereby improving respiratory function in a mouse model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide. Mechanistically, enhanced COX-2/sEH triggered the activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome, leading to the cleavage of pro-IL-1ß into its active form in macrophages and amplifying inflammatory responses. These findings demonstrate that targeting COX-2/sEH-mediated macrophage activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for COPD. Importantly, our data support the potential use of the dual COX-2 and sEH inhibitor PTUPB as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of COPD.

The Role of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care use worldwide with heterogeneous pathogenesis. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells responsible for oxidative phosphorylation and energy production, play essential roles in intracellular material metabolism, natural immunity, and cell death regulation. Therefore, it is crucial to address the urgent need for fine-tuning the regulation of mitochondrial quality to combat COPD effectively. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mainly refers to the selective removal of damaged or aging mitochondria and the generation of new mitochondria, which involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, etc. Mounting evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial contributor to the development and progression of COPD. This article mainly reviews the effects of MQC on COPD as well as their specific regulatory mechanisms. Finally, the therapeutic approaches of COPD via MQC are also illustrated.

Endothelial cells derived extracellular vesicles promote diabetic arterial calcification via circ_0008362/miR-1251-5p/Runx2 axial.

INTRODUCTION: Arterial calcification, an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, increases morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), but its mechanisms remain unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. The study investigates the role and potential mechanisms of EVs derived from endothelial cells (ECs) in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification under high glucose (HG) condition, with a goal of developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for diabetic arterial calcification. RESULTS: The results showed that EVs derived from HG induced ECs (ECHG-EVs) exhibited a bilayer structure morphology with a mean diameter of 74.08 ± 31.78 nm, expressing EVs markers including CD9, CD63 and TSG101, but not express calnexin. ECHG-EVs was internalized by VSMCs and induced VSMC calcification by increasing Runx2 expression and mineralized nodule formation. The circ_0008362 was enriched in ECHG-EVs, and it can be transmitted to VSMCs to promote VSMC calcification both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-1251-5p might be one of the targets of circ_0008362 and they were co-localization in the cytoplasm of VSMCs. Runx2 was identified as the downstream target of miR-1251-5p, and circ_0008362 acted as a sponge, enhancing Runx2 expression and then promoted VSMC calcification. Besides, circ_0008362 could directly interact with Runx2 to aggravate VSMC calcification. Notably, DiR-labelled ECHG-EVs was detected in the vessels of mice. Meanwhile, the level of circ_0008362 and Runx2 were increased significantly, while the expression of miR-1251-5p was decreased significantly in calcified artery tissues of mice. However, inhibiting the release of EVs by GW4869 attenuated arterial calcification in diabetic mice. Finally, the level of circulation of plasma EVs circ_0008362 was significantly higher in patients with DM compared with normal controls. Elevated levels of plasma EVs circ_0008362 were associated with more severe coronary and aorta artery calcification in patients with DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that circ_0008362 was enriched in EVs derived from ECs and promoted VSMC calcification under HG conditions, both by sponging miR-1251-5p to upregulate Runx2 expression and through direct interaction with Runx2. Furthermore, elevated levels of plasma EVs circ_0008362 were associated with more severe coronary and aorta artery calcification in patients with DM. These results may serve as a potential prevention and therapeutic target for diabetic arterial calcification.

MiRNA-132/212 encapsulated by adipose tissue-derived exosomes worsen atherosclerosis progression.

BACKGROUND: Visceral adipose tissue in individuals with obesity is an independent cardiovascular risk indicator. However, it remains unclear whether adipose tissue influences common cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, through its secreted exosomes. METHODS: The exosomes secreted by adipose tissue from diet-induced obesity mice were isolated to examine their impact on the progression of atherosclerosis and the associated mechanism. Endothelial apoptosis and the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the atherosclerotic plaque were evaluated. Statistical significance was analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 with appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: We demonstrate that adipose tissue-derived exosomes (AT-EX) exacerbate atherosclerosis progression by promoting endothelial apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of VSMCs within the plaque in vivo. MicroRNA-132/212 (miR-132/212) was detected within AT-EX cargo. Mechanistically, miR-132/212-enriched AT-EX exacerbates palmitate acid-induced endothelial apoptosis via targeting G protein subunit alpha 12 and enhances platelet-derived growth factor type BB-induced VSMC proliferation and migration by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog in vitro. Importantly, melatonin decreases exosomal miR-132/212 levels, thereby mitigating the pro-atherosclerotic impact of AT-EX. CONCLUSION: These data uncover the pathological mechanism by which adipose tissue-derived exosomes regulate the progression of atherosclerosis and identify miR-132/212 as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.

State- and trait-related dysfunctions in bipolar disorder across different mood states: a graph theory study.

BACKGROUND: The interplay between state- and trait-related disruptions in structural networks remains unclear in bipolar disorder (BD), but graph theory can offer insights into global and local network changes. We sought to use diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and graph theory approaches to analyze structural topological properties across distinct mood states and identify high-risk individuals by examining state- and trait-related impairments in BD. METHODS: We studied changes in white matter network among patients with BD and healthy controls, exploring relationships with clinical variables. Secondary analysis involved comparing patients with BD with unaffected people at high genetic risk for BD. RESULTS: We included 152 patients with BD, including 52 with depressive BD (DBD), 64 with euthymic BD (EBD) and 36 with manic BD (MBD); we also included 75 healthy controls. Secondary analyses involved 27 unaffected people at high genetic risk for BD. Patients with DBD and MBD exhibited significantly lower global efficiencies than those with EBD and healthy controls, with patients with DBD showing the lowest global efficiencies. In addition, patients with DBD displayed impaired local efficiency and normalized clustering coefficient (γ). At a global level, γ correlated negatively with depression and anxiety. Compared with healthy controls, and across mood states, patients with BD showed abnormal shortest path lengths in the frontolimbic circuit, a trend mirrored among those at high genetic risk for BD. LIMITATIONS: Considerations include medication effects, absence of recorded BD episode counts and the cross-sectional nature of the study. CONCLUSION: Mood-specific whole-brain network metrics could serve as potential biomarkers in BD for transitions between mood states. Moreover, these findings contribute to evidence of trait-related frontolimbic circuit irregularities, shedding light on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in BD.

Prognostic analysis of rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: different prognostic factors in patients with different TRGs.

PURPOSE: The extent of tumor regression varies widely among locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients who receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). The purpose of this retrospectively study is to assess prognostic factors in LARC patients with NCRT, and further to analyze survival outcomes in patients with different tumor regression grades (TRGs). METHODS: This study includes LARC patients who underwent NCRT and TME at our institution. We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of all patients, and performed subgroup analysis for patients with different TRGs. Survival differences were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test. Additionally, a multiple Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: The study included 393 patients, with 21.1%, 26.5%, 45.5%, and 6.9% achieving TRG 0, TRG 1, TRG 2, and TRG 3, respectively. The overall survival (OS) rate and disease-free survival (DFS) rate for all patients were 89.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Patients who achieved TRG 0-3 had different 5-year OS rates (96.9%, 91.1%, 85.2%, and 68.8%, P = 0.001) and 5-year DFS rates (80.8%, 72.4%, 67.0%, 55.8%, P = 0.031), respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the neoadjuvant rectal (NAR) score was an independent prognostic indicator for both overall survival (OS) (HR = 4.040, 95% CI = 1.792-9.111, P = 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.971, 95% CI = 1.478-2.628, P ˂ 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, the NAR score was found to be associated with DFS in patients with TRG 1 and TRG 2. After conducting multivariate analysis, it was found that ypT stage was a significant predictor of DFS for TRG 1 patients (HR = 4.384, 95% CI = 1.721-11.168, P = 0.002). On the other hand, ypN stage was identified as the dominant prognostic indicator of DFS for TRG 2 patients (HR = 2.795, 95% CI = 1.535-5.091, P = 0.001). However, none of these characteristics was found to be correlated with survival in patients with TRG 0 or TRG 3. CONCLUSION: NAR score, in particular, appears to be the most powerful prognostic factor. It is important to consider various prognostic predictors for patients with different TRGs.

Curcumin affects autophagy of prolactinoma cells by upregulating miR-206 to exert antitumor effects.

We explored the effects of curcumin on the aberrant biological behaviors of prolactinoma cells and the downstream pathways through which curcumin exerts its antitumor effects. We used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays to measure miR-206 expression levels in peripheral blood samples from patients with prolactinoma before and after curcumin treatment. We also investigated the proliferation level, viability, and invasion ability of groups of cells treated with different concentrations of curcumin using 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assays, cell cloning assays, and Transwell assays, respectively. Furthermore, we determined the levels of autophagy-related proteins and protein kinase B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway-related proteins in each group of treated cells by western blot. Curcumin treatment upregulated miR-206 expression levels in the peripheral blood of patients with prolactinoma and in GH3 cells. Knockdown of miR-206 expression enhanced the proliferation and invasive ability of GH3 cells, while curcumin treatment effectively inhibited the aberrant biological behavior of GH3 cells enhanced by miR-206 knockdown. miR-206 knockdown also activated the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited autophagy in GH3 cells, and these changes were effectively reversed by curcumin treatment. Thus, curcumin inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promoted cell autophagy by miR-206 upregulation, resulting in antitumor effects that inhibited prolactinoma cell proliferation and invasion.

Autoimmune diseases: targets, biology, and drug discovery.

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) arise from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, wherein the adaptive immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues and organs. AIDs impose excessive treatment costs and currently rely on non-specific and universal immunosuppression, which only offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying causes. AIDs are driven by autoantigens, targeting the autoantigens holds great promise in transforming the treatment of these diseases. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying different AIDs and the identification of specific autoantigens are critical. In this review, we categorize AIDs based on their underlying causes and compile information on autoantigens implicated in each disease, providing a roadmap for the development of novel immunotherapy regimens. We will focus on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible destruction of insulin-producing ß cells in the Langerhans islets of the pancreas. We will discuss insulin as possible autoantigen of T1D and its role in T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we will review current treatments of TID and propose a potentially effective immunotherapy targeting autoantigens.

Cold exposure-induced plasma exosomes impair bone mass by inhibiting autophagy.

Recently, environmental temperature has been shown to regulate bone homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which cold exposure affects bone mass remain unclear. In our present study, we observed that exposure to cold temperature (CT) decreased bone mass and quality in mice. Furthermore, a transplant of exosomes derived from the plasma of mice exposed to cold temperature (CT-EXO) can also impair the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and decrease bone mass by inhibiting autophagic activity. Rapamycin, a potent inducer of autophagy, can reverse cold exposure or CT-EXO-induced bone loss. Microarray sequencing revealed that cold exposure increases the miR-25-3p level in CT-EXO. Mechanistic studies showed that miR-25-3p can inhibit the osteogenic differentiation and autophagic activity of BMSCs. It is shown that inhibition of exosomes release or downregulation of miR-25-3p level can suppress CT-induced bone loss. This study identifies that CT-EXO mediates CT-induced osteoporotic effects through miR-25-3p by inhibiting autophagy via targeting SATB2, presenting a novel mechanism underlying the effect of cold temperature on bone mass.

First Report of Streptomyces brasiliscabiei Causing Common Scab on Potato in China.

Severe typical deep-pitted lesions of Potato Common Scab (PCS) disease were observed in two locations in China, Dingxi, Gansu Province, and Shuozhou, Shaanxi Province, in 2021. Potato farms in Dingxi growing cultivar Huangxin 226 (26 hectares) exhibited a scab disease incidence of 10%, while cultivar Jinshu 15# (4 hectares) in Shuozhou showed a disease incidence of 30% (Fig. 1). During harvest, tubers displaying PCS symptoms were collected for pathogen isolation. To obtain pathogen isolates, surface-sterilized tuber tissue with scab lesions was ground in sterile water, serially diluted, and plated onto ISP5 agar medium plates (Handique et al. 2022). Five pure colonies of Streptomyces isolate were obtained, designated as ZRIMU1503, ZRIMU1502, ZRIMU1320, ZRIMU1321and ZRIMU791. Genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using Illumina technology. Sequencing data of the 5 isolates were uploaded to NCBI GenBank and annotated (Accession numbers: JBBAYL010000000, JBBAYM010000000, JBBAYN010000000, JBBAYO010000000 and JBBAYP010000000, respectively) using the PGAP pipeline (Tatusova et al. 2016). Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values (97.52 %, 97.53 %,97.54 %,97.57 % and 97.52 %, respectively) indicated the identity of the five isolates to the type strain S. brasiliscabiei IBSBF 2867T. Additionally, pairwise comparisons of Digital DNA Hybridization (DDH) value (76.2%, 76.3%, 76.4%, 76.4% and 76.2% respectively) of all the Streptomyces type strains show the highest identity to S. brasiliscabiei IBSBF 2867T. Twelve housekeeping genes (acnA, atpD, dnaN, gap, gyrA, gyrB , infB, mdh, recA, rplB, rpoB, and trpB) were extracted from the genome sequence of the five isolates to construct a multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) tree. The evolutionary distance of the five isolates was constructed using MEGAX software (Kumar et al., 1994), along with other Streptomyces strains that are known to cause PCS. The resulting cladogram demonstrated the isolated strains clustered together with S. brasiliscabiei IBSBF 2867T (Fig.2). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating a perlite potting mix with spore suspensions of each isolate (104 CFU/ml), planting tubers (cv. Favorita), and reproducing PCS symptoms at harvest after three months. Negative control received water treatment. The plants were kept in greenhouse with 12 h of light per day and irrigated regularly. The experiment was repeated twice, once in April 2022 and again in April 2023. On harvest, all five isolates exhibited development of severe symptoms of PCS (Fig.1), while the negative controls had no lesions. The pathogen was reisolated from the lesions and confirmed to be identical to the original isolate by 16S rRNA gene sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. brasiliscabiei causing PCS in China. S. brasiliscabiei was identified as a new species to cause PCS in Brazil and was identified based on morphology, pathogenicity, and genetic features (Corrêa et al. 2021). Multiple pathogen-causing PCS has been recognized in China and a surge of disease incidence in potato fields has been reported (Handique et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2023). S. brasiliscabiei causes severe symptoms which makes potatoes unmarketable. The disease epidemiology of this pathogen needs to be investigated.

Transient Interference Excision and Spectrum Reconstruction with Partial Samples Using Modified Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers-Net for the Over-the-Horizon Radar.

Transient interference often submerges the actual targets when employing over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) to detect targets. In addition, modern OTHR needs to carry out multi-target detection from sea to air, resulting in the sparse sampling of echo data. The sparse OTHR signal will raise serious grating lobes using conventional methods and thus degrade target detection performance. This article proposes a modified Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM)-Net to reconstruct the target and clutter spectrum of sparse OTHR signals so that target detection can be performed normally. Firstly, transient interferences are identified based on the sparse basis representation and then excised. Therefore, the processed signal can be seen as a sparse OTHR signal. By solving the Doppler sparsity-constrained optimization with the trained network, the complete Doppler spectrum is reconstructed effectively for target detection. Compared with traditional sparse solution methods, the presented approach can balance the efficiency and accuracy of OTHR signal spectrum reconstruction. Both simulation and real-measured OTHR data proved the proposed approach's performance.

[Endoplasmic reticulum quality control system: a potential target for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration].

As the largest organelle in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular protein folding, translation and assembly. Multiple quality control mechanisms in the ER ensure accurate modification of proteins in the ER lumen are accurately modified, thus maintaining calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, cellular senescence and apoptosis. These mechanisms include ER stress (ERS), ER autophagy (ER-phagy, ERPA) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is an age-related degenerative disease of the spine. Although the pathogenesis of IDD has not been fully elucidated, emerging evidence suggests that the ER quality control system may be involved in its progression. Previous studies have focused on mitochondrial quality control and its related mechanisms in diseases, with limited systematic summaries on the ER quality control system. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of the ER quality control system and investigated its association with IDD. In addition, we summarized the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the ER quality control system to attenuate IDD progression, offering new insights into the pathogenesis and regenerative repair strategies of IDD.

[Analysis and prospect of correlation between relative molecular weight and efficacy of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources].

Polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources are a kind of polymers extracted from medicinal plants. They are complex long chains formed by different monosaccharides connected via glucosidic bonds. These polysaccharides usually have straight chain and branched chain structures, and their relative molecular weight changes greatly. Modern studies have shown that the biological activi-ty of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources is closely related to their relative molecular weight. This paper first reviewed the preparation and detection methods of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources with different relative molecular weights. Then, the paper summarized and analyzed the general experience of the correlation between efficacy and relative molecular weight of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources with different molecular weights. It was considered that polysaccharides with large relative molecular weights(>100 kDa) play a leading role in immune regulation. Polysaccharides with medium relative molecular weights(10-100 kDa) play a leading role in immune regulation and the protection of the liver. Polysaccharides with small relative molecular weights(<10 kDa) play a leading role in anti-oxidation, regulation of intestinal flora, regulation of blood glucose and lipids, anti-fatigue, and the protection of nerves. Therefore, precise development of polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources based on relative molecular weight is expected to improve their biological activity and application value.

Effect of high-frequency stimulation on the complexity of low-Mg2+-induced epileptiform discharge rhythm waves in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices.

High-frequency stimulation (HFS) is a crucial therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative conditions, such as epilepsy. However, its underlying mechanism of inhibition remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of epileptiform discharges (EDs) was constructed by perfusing brain slices with magnesium-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), where after HFS was used to stimulate the CA3 area of the hippocampus. The EDs signals of each sub-region of hippocampal slices before and after HFS were recorded based on a multi-electrode Array (MEA). Secondly, the changes of approximate entropy (ApEn) complexity of rhythms in different regions of hippocampal slices before and after HFS were deeply analyzed The results showed that different rhythm characteristics of EDs signals exhibited significant differences before and after HFS. Here HFS significantly inhibited the delta rhythm of field potential and enhanced the beta rhythm. Finally, the changing rhythm of the EDs signal in the propagation path before and after HFS was analyzed, and it was found that the inhibitory target of HFS on EDs signal was in the CA3b sub-region. The rhythm would gradually decline with the propagation of EDs signal in the hippocampal neural pathway. This study shows that HFS can modulate the local field potential, thus inhibiting the pathological rhythm caused by epilepsy, which provides a novel research incentive for HFS to inhibit EDs.

TREM-1 triggers necroptosis of macrophages through mTOR-dependent mitochondrial fission during acute lung injury.

BACKGROUND: Necroptosis of macrophages is a necessary element in reinforcing intrapulmonary inflammation during acute lung injury (ALI). However, the molecular mechanism that sparks macrophage necroptosis is still unclear. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a pattern recognition receptor expressed broadly on monocytes/macrophages. The influence of TREM-1 on the destiny of macrophages in ALI requires further investigation. METHODS: TREM-1 decoy receptor LR12 was used to evaluate whether the TREM-1 activation induced necroptosis of macrophages in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Then we used an agonist anti-TREM-1 Ab (Mab1187) to activate TREM-1 in vitro. Macrophages were treated with GSK872 (a RIPK3 inhibitor), Mdivi-1 (a DRP1 inhibitor), or Rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) to investigate whether TREM-1 could induce necroptosis in macrophages, and the mechanism of this process. RESULTS: We first observed that the blockade of TREM-1 attenuated alveolar macrophage (AlvMs) necroptosis in mice with LPS-induced ALI. In vitro, TREM-1 activation induced necroptosis of macrophages. mTOR has been previously linked to macrophage polarization and migration. We discovered that mTOR had a previously unrecognized function in modulating TREM-1-mediated mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and necroptosis. Moreover, TREM-1 activation promoted DRP1Ser616 phosphorylation through mTOR signaling, which in turn caused surplus mitochondrial fission-mediated necroptosis of macrophages, consequently exacerbating ALI. CONCLUSION: In this study, we reported that TREM-1 acted as a necroptotic stimulus of AlvMs, fueling inflammation and aggravating ALI. We also provided compelling evidence suggesting that mTOR-dependent mitochondrial fission is the underpinning of TREM-1-triggered necroptosis and inflammation. Therefore, regulation of necroptosis by targeting TREM-1 may provide a new therapeutic target for ALI in the future.