Professional soccer is associated with radiographic cam and pincer hip morphology.

PURPOSE: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is characterized by a triad: symptoms, clinical signs and imaging findings. Some individuals, especially athletes, have only imaging alterations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cam and pincer morphology in professional soccer players compared with a control group of non-athletes and to investigate the association between the age at which players start playing competitive soccer more than three times per week and duration of the soccer career with the prevalence of these radiographic findings. METHODS: The prevalence of cam and pincer morphology in sixty professional adult male soccer players and thirty-two male controls was determined using pelvic anteroposterior radiography. Data were recorded for all hips and correlated with the age at which the players started competitive soccer practice and with the duration of their soccer career. RESULTS: The prevalence of morphological FAI in the soccer players was 92.5% versus 28.1% in the controls (p < 0.001). The duration of the soccer career was positively correlated with the alpha angle (p = 0.033) and negatively correlated with the retroversion index (p = 0.009). The age at which competitive play began was inversely correlated with the alpha angle (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study showed a high prevalence of cam and pincer morphology in Brazilian professional soccer players compared with controls. The duration of the soccer career was associated with an increased alpha angle and a decreased retroversion index, and the age at which competitive soccer participation began was negatively associated with alpha angle values. Finally, this manuscript provides data about the association between greater exposure to soccer and cam and pincer morphological changes in the hip; specifically, cam morphology was more common in patients who began participating in sports at earlier ages. This information serves as an alert for coaches of youth teams to manage the training load in youth athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Functional Screening Tests: Interrelationships and Ability to Predict Vertical Jump Performance.

There are several methods used in sports science to identify asymmetries in athletes, given their purported relevance to injury prevention and performance optimization. We aimed to verify whether asymmetries provided by isokinetic assessments, jump tests, and tensiomyography (TMG) are associated with each other, and whether their respective functional indices are related to jumping ability. TMG parameters, unilateral and bilateral squat-jump (SJ) and countermovement-jump (CMJ) performances, and peak torque in knee-extension and flexion with angular velocities of 60o/s and 300o/s for twenty-four soccer players were retained for analyses. Asymmetry was detected by examining the percentage difference between dominant and non-dominant legs. The median-split technique was used to identify the best and worst performers in SJ and CMJ tests. Results revealed that the asymmetries detected in the three different methods were not interrelated. Curiously, better performances in SJ and CMJ tests were associated with higher asymmetry levels. Furthermore, only the knee-extension peak torque at both angular velocities was correlated moderately to largely (r=0.48-0.66) with jump performance. Despite their recognized ability to predict the risk of injury, the absence of interrelationships between TMG, isokinetic tests, and unilateral jumps precludes their single use as a unique functional screening diagnostic. Finally, and very importantly, lower-limb asymmetry is not necessarily related to impaired vertical jump performance in soccer players.

Modulation of Isometric Quadriceps Strength in Soccer Players With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Crossover Study.

Vargas, VZ, Baptista, AF, Pereira, GOC, Pochini, AC, Ejnisman, B, Santos, MB, João, SMA, and Hazime, FA. Modulation of isometric quadriceps strength in soccer players with transcranial direct current stimulation: a crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1336-1341, 2018-The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the maximum isometric muscle contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors in soccer players at the preprofessional level. Twenty female soccer players aged 15-17 years (mean = 16.1; SD = 0.9) with 5.2 ± 2.6 years of training were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either active or sham tDCS in a single session (2 mA; 0.057 mA·cm). The MVIC of the knee extensors was evaluated in both lower limbs by manual dynamometry in 5 sets of contractions divided into 4 blocks: (a) prestimulation, (b) during tDCS, (c) 30 minutes after tDCS, and (d) 60 minutes after tDCS. After an interval of 7 days, the groups were evaluated again, and the type of initial stimulation was inverted between participants. The MVIC of the knee extensors increased significantly during active tDCS (dominant limb (DL) = 0.4; IC = 0.1-0.8 N·Kg), 30 minutes after active tDCS (DL = 0.9; IC 0.4-1.4 N·Kg), and 60 minutes after active tDCS (DL = 1.0; IC 0.3-1.6 N·Kg) but not for sham tDCS. Our conclusion was that tDCS temporarily increases isometric quadriceps strength in adolescent female soccer players, which may be useful for both strength training and rehabilitation.

Differential expression of extracellular matrix genes in glenohumeral capsule of shoulder instability patients.

Anterior shoulder instability is a common orthopedic problem. After a traumatic shoulder dislocation, patients present a plastic deformation of the capsule. The shoulder instability biology remains poorly understood. We evaluated the expression of genes that encode the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), fibronectin 1 (FN1), tenascin C (TNC) and tenascin XB (TNXB) in the glenohumeral capsule of anterior shoulder instability patients and controls. Moreover, we investigated the associations between gene expression and clinical parameters. The gene expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the antero-inferior (macroscopically injured region), antero-superior and posterior regions of the capsule of 29 patients with shoulder instability and 8 controls. COMP expression was reduced and FN1 and TNC expression was increased in the antero-inferior capsule region of cases compared to controls (p < 0.05). TNC expression was increased in the posterior capsule portion of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.022). COMP expression was reduced in the antero-inferior region compared to the posterior region of shoulder instability patients (p = 0.007). In the antero-inferior region, FN1 expression was increased in the capsule of patients with more than one year of symptoms (p = 0.003) and with recurrent dislocations (p = 0.004) compared with controls. FN1 and TNXB expression was correlated with the duration of symptoms in the posterior region (p < 0.05). Thus, COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB expression was altered across the capsule of shoulder instability patients. Dislocation episodes modify FN1, TNC and TNXB expression in the injured tissue. COMP altered expression may be associated with capsule integrity after shoulder dislocation, particularly in the macroscopically injured portion.

Professional football can be considered a healthy sport?

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the results of knee MRIs of former football players with no previous knee surgeries with non-regular practitioners of impact sports, matched by age and sex, and combine these results with other variables such as current quality of life and pain in the knees. METHODS: The study participants were 16 male former professional football players and 21 male volunteers from different non-sports professional areas. All participants underwent bilateral magnetic resonances. Specific knee evaluations with regard to osteoarthritis and quality of life were performed in both groups by applying the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subjective questionnaires and SF-36, respectively. RESULTS: The between-group comparison revealed significant differences on: pain, symptoms, and quality of life related to the knee in KOOS subscales; physical aspects and vitality subscale of SF-36; and former soccer players had worst magnetic resonances scores than controls. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate probable specific adverse effects associated with participating in professional football. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Cross-sectional study, Level III.

Can three-dimensional models enhance understanding and knowledge of rotator cuff tears?

OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently the standard diagnostic tool for rotator cuff tears. However, its two-dimensional (2D) output, displayed on a monitor, can complicate the interpretation of anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging may offer a solution to this issue. This study aimed to demonstrate the diagnostic and interpretive value of a 3D model in assessing lesion anatomy. The hypothesis was that 3D models, compared to 2D MRI, can enhance the comprehension and knowledge of rotator cuff injuries, improve the application of classifications for total tears, and provide a more precise definition of the size and type of tear. METHODS: A prospective single-centre study was conducted. 3D models for rotator cuff tears were created and analysed in conjunction with preoperative MRI for each patient up to 2 months before surgery. The 3D models were based on the preoperative MRI. Collected data included 2D plane measurements by MRI in coronal and sagittal planes, descriptions of 3D lesion geometry (new shapes), 3D measurements in coronal and sagittal planes, arthroscopic classifications of rotator cuff injuries, and arthroscopic measurements in coronal and sagittal planes. RESULTS: After examining 25 cases, 3D imaging demonstrated similar arthroscopic values post-bursectomy in the sagittal plane (16.70 â€‹mm for 3D and 18.28 â€‹mm for post-bursectomy, p-value â€‹= â€‹0.189), although these measurements did not align with those of MRI (which underestimated measurements, p-value â€‹= â€‹0.010). Both MRI measurement and 3D imaging showed similar measurement accuracy in the coronal plane when compared to arthroscopic measurements taken before and after bursectomy. The creation of 3D objects enabled the analysis of new geometries, including the length, width, and depth of each lesion. These geometries included the rectangle, rectangular trapezoid, scalene trapezoid, irregular pentagon, and irregular hexagon. CONCLUSIONS: 3D models can enhance the understanding and knowledge of rotator cuff injuries. They can be a promising tool for diagnosing and interpreting the anatomy of the injury, particularly in the sagittal plane. The new 3D understanding of the pathological process has led to the description of new geometric features not visible in conventional 2D MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II - Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (all compared to "gold" standard).

RANGE OF MOTION AFTER BONE BLOCK PROCEDURES FOR SHOULDER INSTABILITY: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Objective: to determine the surgical indications for glenoid bone grafting associated with better postoperative ranges of motion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA. The included studies were subdivided according to the criteria used to indicate glenoid bone graft surgery: group for radiological indications only (Group R), group for radiological indications associated with clinical indications (Group R + C), and group for arthroscopic indications (Group A). The extracted and evaluated data were the range of motion of the shoulder. Results: in the electronic search conducted in October 2022, 1567 articles were selected. After applying the inclusion criteria, 14 articles were selected for the systematic review. Regarding the ranges of motion, group A had the highest number of statistically positive results together with group R. Group A showed positive results in elevation parameters, loss of lateral rotation in adduction, and medial rotation in abduction. Group R showed positive results in lateral rotation in adduction and loss of lateral rotation in adduction. On the other hand, Group R + C was the one that presented the highest number of statistically negative results, in the following parameters: elevation, lateral rotation in abduction, loss of lateral rotation in adduction, and medial rotation in abduction. Conclusion: the subgroups presented variable results in the evaluated parameters; however, the groups with arthroscopic and radiological indications showed the highest number of positive results, with the latter group showing the best results regarding lateral rotation. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Reviews.

Objetivo: Determinar as indicações cirúrgicas de enxertia óssea da glenoide associadas aos melhores arcos de movimento no pós-operatório. Métodos: De acordo com o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 14 artigos de um total de 1.567, selecionados em busca eletrônica, foram escolhidos para a revisão sistemática. Os estudos incluídos foram subdivididos de acordo com os critérios de indicação da cirurgia: indicações somente radiológicas (grupo R), indicações radiológicas associadas a indicações clínicas (grupo R + C) e indicações artroscópicas (grupo A). Os dados avaliados foram os arcos de movimento do ombro. Resultados: Em relação aos arcos de movimento, os grupos que apresentaram a maior quantidade de resultados estatisticamente positivos foram o A ­ parâmetros elevação, perda de rotação lateral em adução e rotação medial em abdução ­ e o R ­ parâmetros rotação lateral em adução e perda de rotação lateral em adução. O grupo R + C apresentou a maior quantidade de resultados estatisticamente negativos nos parâmetros elevação, rotação lateral em abdução, perda de rotação lateral em adução e rotação medial em abdução. Conclusão: Os grupos de indicações artroscópicas e radiológicas apresentaram a maior quantidade de resultados positivos, sendo que o último apresentou os melhores resultados em relação à rotação lateral. Nível de Evidência II, Revisão Sistemática.

Shoulder injuries in Brazilian professional football players: epidemiological analysis of 3828 games.

OBJECTIVES: Football is a globally played sport that poses potential risks for musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-limb injuries have a lower incidence rate than lower-limb injuries but can still cause absenteeism and performance impairment in football players. This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to evaluate and compare the epidemiological data on shoulder injuries among professional football players in two major Brazilian football championships. METHODS: Data were collected throughout the championships, and club physicians medically evaluated each player during official games using two online forms. The collected information included the player's age and position, injury diagnosis, laterality, location on the field where the injury occurred, playing time, imaging examinations performed, need for surgical treatment, time to return to play (TRP), and recurrence of the injury. The incidence of injuries was evaluated using the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) incidence formula. RESULTS: A total of 107 shoulder injuries were recorded (4.3% of all injuries), with a FIFA incidence of 0.847. Glenohumeral dislocations (GHDs) and acromioclavicular dislocations (ACDs) accounted for 37.38% and 35.51% of all shoulder injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers and defenders presented, respectively, a 2.15 and 1.57 times increased risk of suffering shoulder injuries, while attackers presented a 0.63 times decreased risk. Injury recurrence was observed in 14.95% of cases, with GHDs and ACDs showing recurrence rates of 35.00% and 5.26%, respectively. Surgery was performed in 9.35% of cases, with GHDs representing 50% of all surgeries. The average TRP was 22.37 days, with severe and major injuries accounting for 11.21% and 10.28% of all injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers had the highest average TRP of 36.15 days. Recurring injuries had a higher average TRP of 33.44 days compared to nonrecurring injuries, which had an average TRP of 20.43 days. Surgically treated injuries had the highest average TRP of 112.5 days. CONCLUSION: Shoulder injuries in the professional football scenario are of great concern due to the high recurrence rate and need for surgical treatment, which will lead to a long TRP. These findings emphasize the need to implement prevention protocols and effective treatments to reduce the consequences of such injuries, which are usually underestimated in this sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Distal rupture of the biceps brachii tendon in a female mixed martial arts athlete: a case report.

The distal rupture of the biceps brachii muscle tendon (DBT) accounts for 3% of biceps ruptures. Diagnosis typically relies on high clinical suspicion and complementary imaging studies, with >90% of cases documented in males between the fourth and sixth decades of life. Reports of DBT ruptures in females are scarce, mostly involving partial and degenerative injuries. Here, we present an unprecedented case of a 28-year-old female professional mixed martial arts athlete with a total traumatic DBT rupture. The athlete underwent surgical repair using anchor reattachment technique. No complications were observed, and the athlete showed satisfactory outcomes, being cleared for physiotherapy after 2 weeks and returning to sports after a 3-month postoperative period.

Anabolic steroids and the evaluation of patients with acute PM tendon rupture using microscopy and MRI.

This study presented a pioneering investigation of the changes in the magnetic resonance imaging images of pectoralis major muscle (PMM) tendon rupture. In all, 26 men were evaluated with acute total PMM rupture (<3 months since injury) with a mean age of 37.3 years (SD = 9.7 years) and 10 control patients with a mean age of 32.6 years (SD = 4.2 years). The evaluation of the tendon PMM injuries was based on the magnetic resonance imaging exam and the histological analysis. The magnetic resonance imaging of the surgically showed two (7.1%) contralateral sides were normal, 16 (57.1%) showed superior tendinopathy, and 10 (35.7%) had total tendinopathy. Inferior tendinopathy was not observed. The tendon histology revealed degenerative changes in 16 (66.7%) fragments, with 12 (50.0%) considered as mild (<25%), and four considered as (16.7%) high (>50.0%) tendinopathy. Total acute rupture of the PMM tendon among weightlifters might be associated with tendinous degeneration prior to injury.

Surgical treatment of patients with chronic rupture of the pectoralis major muscle tendon. Prospective comparative study with 2 years of follow-up.

To compare outcomes between autologous fascia lata and autologous hamstring grafts for chronic pectoralis major muscle (PMM) rupture repair, and perform histological, and imaging analyses. Forty male patients with chronic PMM ruptures (time since injury ranging from >3 months to 5 years) and a mean age of 37.3 years (SD = 9.7 years) were evaluated. One group (20 patients) received an autologous semitendinosus graft, and another group (20 patients) received an autologous fascia lata graft for PMM reconstruction. These patients with fascia lata grafts by Bak 2criterium 60% of the patients presented excellent results, 20% presented good results, 15% presented fair results, and 5% presented poor results. In the hamstring group 65% of the patients presented excellent results, 30% presented good results, and 5% presented fair results. In this comparative study, no difference was observed regarding the functional result, image, and histology between groups.

Anatomic study of the coracoid process: safety margin and practical implications.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define a safety margin for coracoid process osteotomy that does not compromise the coracoclavicular ligaments and that can be used in the coracoid transfer procedures. METHODS: Thirty shoulders from 15 cadavers were dissected, exposing the coracoid process and attached anatomic structures. The distance of the insertion of these structures to the coracoid process apex was measured. RESULTS: The average length of the coracoid process was 4.26 ± 0.26 cm. The average width and height at the tip were 2.11 ± 0.2 and 1.49 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The average distance from the tip to the anterior and posterior margin of the pectoralis minor was 0.1 ± 1.17 and 1.59 ± 0.27 cm, respectively. The average distance from the tip to the posterior margin of the coracoacromial ligament was 2.79 ± 0.33 cm. The average distance from the apex to the most anterior part of the trapezoid ligament was 3.33 ± 0.38 cm. We obtained a constant value of 0.85 cm for this measure, and the value increased with each 1.0-cm increase in the distance from the tip to the posterior margin of the pectoralis minor. The safety margin for osteotomy (i.e., available bone distance for the coracoid process transfer) was 2.64 cm. CONCLUSIONS: This study established a safety margin of 2.64 cm for the osteotomy of the coracoid process and its relation with the posterior margin of the pectoralis minor. The anatomic descriptions of bone and soft tissue, as well as a measure of correlation for the safety margin of the coracoid, provide tools for surgeons performing anatomic surgical procedures to correct glenohumeral instability with significant bone loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowing the safety margin allows the surgeon to perform a safe osteotomy without direct visualization of the coracoclavicular ligaments attachments, thereby making procedures more anatomic.

Management of disorders of the rotator cuff: proceedings of the ISAKOS upper extremity committee consensus meeting.

The goal of this article is to consolidate the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) Upper Extremity Committee's (UEC's) current knowledge on rotator cuff disease and management, as well as highlight key unresolved issues. The rotator cuff is an anatomically complex structure important for providing glenohumeral function and stability as part of a closed chain system. Current consensus suggests rotator cuff injuries are most accurately diagnosed, at levels similar to diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging, with a combination of cuff- and impingement-specific clinical tests. Updates in the understanding of acromion morphology, the insertional anatomy of the rotator cuff, and the role of suprascapular nerve release may require changes to current classification systems and surgical strategies. Although initial management focuses on nonoperative protocols, discussion continues on whether surgery for isolated impingement is clinically more beneficial than rehabilitation. However, clear indications have yet to be established for the use of single- versus double-row repair because evidence confirms neither is clinically efficacious than the other. Biceps tenodesis, however, in non-isolated cuff tears has proven more successful in addressing the etiology of shoulder pain and yields improved outcomes over tenotomy. Data reviewing the benefits of tendon transfers, shoulder prostheses, and mechanical scaffolds, as well as new research on the potential benefit of platelet-rich plasma, pluripotential stem cells, and gene therapies, will also be presented.

Glenohumeral range of motion in handball players with and without throwing-related shoulder pain.

BACKGROUND: Overhead athletes are subject to adaptations in the shoulder including glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). It has been documented that this alteration is more evident in overhead athletes with pain. Our objective was to compare glenohumeral rotation motion between symptomatic and asymptomatic handball players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Glenohumeral rotation range of motion, GIRD, external rotation gain (ERG), and total rotation motion were determined with a standard goniometer in 30 handball players with pain and 27 without pain. Differences between the throwing and non-throwing shoulder were determined in each group. RESULTS: Handball players with pain had significantly greater GIRD (P = .002), ERG (P = .027), and external rotation in the throwing arm (P = .042) and lesser internal rotation in the throwing arm (P = .029) in comparison to the athletes without pain. Comparisons between limbs exhibited a significant difference in the 2 groups regarding internal and external rotation (P < .02), but differences within the group with pain were greater. Differences were not found in the total rotation motion between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Handball players showed specific adaptations in the throwing shoulder; in particular, handball players with pain have greater GIRD, ERG, and external rotation and lesser internal rotation of the throwing shoulder.

Non-operative management of shoulder osteoarthritis: Current concepts.

Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain. Conservative treatment options include physical therapy, pharmacological therapy, and biological therapy. Patients with glenohumeral OA present shoulder pain and decreased shoulder range of motion (ROM). Abnormal scapular motion is also seen in patients as adaptation to the restricted glenohumeral motion. Physical therapy is performed to (1) decrease pain, (2) increase shoulder ROM, and (3) protect the glenohumeral joint. To decrease pain, it should be assessed whether the pain appears at rest or during shoulder motion. Physical therapy may be effective for motion pain rather than rest pain. To increase shoulder ROM, the soft tissues responsible for the ROM loss need to be identified and targeted for intervention. To protect the glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff strengthening exercises are recommended. Administration of pharmacological agents is the major part next to physical therapy in the conservative treatment. The main aim of pharmacological treatment is the reduction of pain and diminution of inflammation in the joint. To achieve this aim, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended as first-line therapy. Additionally, the supplementation of oral vitamin C and vitamin D can help to slow down cartilage degeneration. Depending on the individual comorbidities and contraindications, sufficient medication with good pain reduction is thus possible for each patient. This interrupts the chronic inflammatory state in the joint and, in turn, enables pain-free physical therapy. Biologics such as platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and mesenchymal stem cells have gathered increased attention. Good clinical outcomes have been reported, but we need to be aware that these options are helpful in decreasing shoulder pain but neither stopping the progression nor improving OA. Further evidence of biologics needs to be obtained to determine their effectiveness. In athletes, a combined approach of activity modification and physical therapy can be effective. Oral medications can provide patients with transient pain relief. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection, which provides longer-term effects, must be used cautiously in athletes. There is mixed evidence for the efficacy of hyaluronic acid injections. There is still limited evidence regarding the use of biologics.

Evaluation of Screws Positioning in Latarjet Surgery: Is There a Correlation between Parallelism to Glenoid and Radiographic Complications?

Objective To evaluate whether the parallelism of screws with glenoid in Latarjet surgery interferes in the positioning of the graft and to verify the reproducibility of a method of measuring screws positioning. Methods Retrospective, multicenter study, of patients with anterior shoulder instability submitted to modified Latarjet surgery and at least one year of postoperative follow-up. Two radiologists analyzed the postoperative tomographic images, acquired in a database, to evaluate the positioning of screws and radiographic complications. Results We evaluated 34 patients, aged between 21 and 60 years, one of them with bilateral shoulder involvement, totaling 35 shoulders evaluated. The tomographic evaluation of the inclination angles of the screws showed no difference between the observers. There was intra- and interobserver agreement to evaluate the following surgical parameters: graft position, presence or not of radiographic complications. Conclusion The technique described for measuring the parallelism of screws in Latarjet surgery presented a very good and excellent intra-observer agreement, respectively. Screw parallelism with glenoid is recommended; however, it is not a mandatory and unique condition to avoid radiographic complications.

Glenoid Bone Loss - A Retrospective Evaluation of Functional Outcomes after Bone Block Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability in High-demand Athletes.

Objective This study assesses the relationship between the glenoid bone loss size and range of motion, functional outcomes, and complications in high-performance athletes undergoing bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. Methods This retrospective study evaluated postoperative outcomes in athletes submitted to bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. In 5 years, 41 shoulders underwent the procedure; 20 had bone losses up to 15%, and 21 shoulders presented bone losses ranging from 15% and 25%. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative complications, new dislocations, and the rate of return to sports. In addition, the quantitative criteria evaluated, i.e., ranges of motion and functional scores, showed no statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusion The size of the bone loss per se does not seem to affect functional outcomes and complications from these procedures, which are safe techniques for small and large bone losses.

ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF PATIENTS SUBMITTED TO LATARJET SURGERY UNDER OUTFIT SYSTEM COMPARED TO HOSPITAL SYSTEM.

Anterior shoulder instability causes functional changes that affect patients' quality of life. The Latarjet procedure is one of the most frequently performed surgeries for cases of recurrent shoulder instability. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure in outpatient settings (day hospital) compared with inpatient settings. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to both groups and a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results: 51 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.9 years, 82.3% men and 17.6% women. Of the patients who underwent surgery in the day hospital, 46.1% were operated within 100 days of their first outpatient visit; among those in the inpatient group, 76.3% underwent surgery more than 200 days later. Delays occurred in 15.3% of cases in the day hospital compared with 68.4% in the inpatient group. Of the patients in the day hospital, 92.3% felt comfortable contacting the medical team in case of complications and would perform the procedure again in the same setting. Moreover, 63.2% of inpatients would have preferred to have been discharged on the same day. The final satisfaction rate for both groups was 100%. Conclusion: Outpatient surgery guarantees more patient comfort, safety, and can be performed in a timely manner and with fewer delays, which has influenced patients' decision to have surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Level of Evidence V, Cross-sectional Study.

A instabilidade anterior do ombro acarreta alterações funcionais que impactam a qualidade de vida do paciente. A cirurgia de Latarjet é um dos procedimentos mais executados para casos de instabilidade recorrente de ombro. Objetivo: Comparar o grau de satisfação dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Latarjet no regime ambulatorial (hospital dia) com o dos operados no regime hospitalar. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado em ambos os grupos e uma análise descritiva dos resultados foi realizada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, com idade média de 29,9 anos, sendo 82,3% homens e 17,6% mulheres. Dos submetidos à cirurgia no hospital dia, 46,1% operaram em até 100 dias depois do primeiro atendimento ambulatorial; já entre os do grupo hospitalar, 76,3% operaram mais de 200 dias depois. O atraso na cirurgia ocorreu com 15,3% dos pacientes do hospital dia contra 68,4% do grupo hospitalar. Do hospital dia, 92,3% pacientes sentiram-se confortáveis em contatar a equipe médica em caso de intercorrências e fariam novamente o procedimento de forma ambulatorial. Além disso, 63,2% dos internados gostariam de ter recebido alta no mesmo dia. O grau de satisfação final em ambos os grupos foi de 100%. Conclusão: A cirurgia ambulatorial garante mais conforto para o paciente, mostrando-se segura e podendo ser performada em tempo hábil e com menos atrasos, o que influenciou a decisão dos pacientes em operar durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de Evidência V, Estudo Transversal.

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SHOULDER IN JIU-JITSU BLACK BELT ATHLETES.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiological profile of Jiu-Jitsu black belt athletes, including the prevalence of pain and shoulder function. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with Jiu-Jitsu athletes from 2014 to 2016. The studied variables were: sex, age, dominant limb, weight, height, profession, time of Jiu-Jitsu practice, weekly training hours, other practiced sports, comorbidities, injuries and previous surgeries, medications and habits. For the functional assessment of the shoulder, the ASES Score was used. RESULTS: 53 male athletes were evaluated. There was a prevalence of alcohol consumption (60.4%) and supplement use (32.1%). The practice of other sports included weight training (49.1%) and other martial arts (17%). There was a prevalence of knee (66.0%) and shoulder (52.8%) injuries and, in some cases, the need for surgical procedures. There was a prevalence of shoulder pain (73.6%) and more than half of the athletes (52.9%) had minimal or moderate limitation of shoulder function. CONCLUSION: Jiu-jitsu black belt athletes often have a history of injuries, with the shoulder being the second most affected body part. In more than half of the athletes, there was a prevalence of shoulder pain and functional limitation, according to the ASES Score. Level of evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico de atletas faixas-pretas de jiu-jitsu, incluindo a prevalência de dor e a função do ombro. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com atletas de jiu-jitsu entre 2014 e 2016. As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, membro dominante, peso, altura, profissão, tempo de prática do esporte, horas semanais de treino, outros esportes praticados, comorbidades, lesões e cirurgias prévias, medicamentos e hábitos. Para a avaliação funcional do ombro, foi utilizado o escore American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 53 atletas, todos do sexo masculino. Houve alta prevalência de consumo de bebida alcoólica (60,4%) e uso de suplementos (32,1%). A prática de outros esportes incluiu musculação (49,1%) e outras artes marciais (17%). Houve alta prevalência de lesões no joelho (66,0%) e no ombro (52,8%), e em alguns casos houve a necessidade de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Verificou-se alta prevalência de dor no ombro (73,6%), sendo que mais da metade dos atletas (52,9%) apresentaram limitação mínima ou moderada da função do ombro. Conclusão: Atletas faixas-pretas de jiu-jitsu frequentemente apresentam histórico de lesões, sendo o ombro o segundo local mais acometido. Houve alta prevalência de dor nos ombros e limitação funcional conforme o escore ASES em mais da metade dos atletas. Nível de evidência III, Estudo comparativo retrospectivo.

Bristow-Latarjet Surgery: A Current Overview in Brazil.

Objective To provide a current overview of the Bristow-Latarjet surgery in Brazil. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was based on an electronic questionnaire with 26 items, which was sent to active members of the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Ombro e Cotovelo, SBCOC, in Portuguese). The questionnaire addressed training, surgical technique, complications, and postoperative management. Results We sent the questionnaire to 845 specialists from April 20 to May 12, 2021, and 310 of them answered i in full. During their specialization, most specialists participated in up to ten Bristow-Latarjet procedures. The most frequent complication was graft fracture, while the most common technical difficulty was screw positioning. In total, 50.6% and 73.9% reported having experienced intraoperative and postoperative complications respectively; 57.1% declared performing subscapularis suture; 99.7% indicated postoperative immobilization; and 61.9% considered graft consolidation fundamental. Conclusion Most specialists participated in up to ten Bristow-Latarjet procedures during the specialization, but 13.5% of them graduated without participating in the surgery. The most frequent complication was graft fracture. The most common technical difficulty was screw positioning. Most participants prefer postoperative immobilization since they believe graft consolidation is essential to resume the practiced of sports. The highest complication rate occurred with specialists who have obtained their titles 11 to 15 years ago. In Brazil, the Southeast region is the largest producer of specialists and has the highest concentration of these professionals.