Sense-antisense miRNA pairs constitute an elaborate reciprocal regulatory circuit.

Antisense transcription of protein-coding genes has been increasingly recognized as an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression. However, less is known about the extent and importance of antisense transcription of noncoding genes. Here, we investigate the breadth and dynamics of antisense transcription of miRNAs, a class of important noncoding RNAs. Because the antisense transcript of a miRNA is likely to form a hairpin suitable as the substrate of ADARs, which convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNAs, we used A-to-I RNA editing as ultrasensitive readout for antisense transcription of the miRNAs. Through examining the unstranded targeted RNA-seq libraries covering all miRNA loci in 25 types of human tissues, we identified 7275 editing events located in 81% of the antisense strand of the miRNA loci, thus uncovering the previously unknown prevalent antisense transcription of the miRNAs. We found that antisense transcripts are tightly regulated, and a substantial fraction of miRNAs and their antisense transcripts are coexpressed. Sense miRNAs have been shown to down-regulate the coexpressed antisense transcripts, whereas the act of antisense transcription, rather than the transcripts themselves, regulates the expression of sense miRNAs. RNA editing tends to decrease the miRNA accessibility of the antisense transcripts, therefore protecting them from being degraded by the sense-mature miRNAs. Altogether, our study reveals the landscape of antisense transcription and editing of miRNAs, as well as a previously unknown reciprocal regulatory circuit of sense-antisense miRNA pairs.

Effect of mechanical ventilation under intubation on respiratory tract change of bacterial count and alteration of bacterial flora.

Background: The most common 'second strike' in mechanically ventilated patients is a pulmonary infection caused by the ease with which bacteria can invade and colonize the lungs due to mechanical ventilation. At the same time, metastasis of lower airway microbiota may have significant implications in developing intubation mechanical ventilation lung inflammation. Thus, we establish a rat model of tracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation and explore the effects of mechanical ventilation on lung injury and microbiological changes in rats. To provide a reference for preventing and treating bacterial flora imbalance and pulmonary infection injury caused by mechanical ventilation of tracheal intubation. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Control, Mechanical ventilation under intubation (1, 3, 6 h) groups, and Spontaneously breathing under intubation (1, 3, 6 h). Lung histopathological injury scores were evaluated. 16SrDNA sequencing was performed to explore respiratory microbiota changes, especially, changes of bacterial count and alteration of bacterial flora. Results: Compared to groups C and SV, critical pathological changes in pulmonary lesions occurred in the MV group after 6 h (p < 0.05). The Alpha diversity and Beta diversity of lower respiratory tract microbiota in MV6, SV6, and C groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The main dominant bacterial phyla in the respiratory tract of rats were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. Acinetobacter radioresistens in group C was significant, Megaonas in group MV6 was significantly increased, and Parvibacter in group SV6 was significantly increased. Anaerobic, biofilm formation, and Gram-negative bacteria-related functional genes were altered during mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation. Conclusion: Mechanical ventilation under intubation may cause dysregulation of lower respiratory microbiota in rats.

Clinical utiliy of a model-based piperacillin dose in neonates with early-onset sepsis.

AIMS: Early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a common disease in neonates with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Piperacillin/tazobactam has been used extensively and empirically for EOS treatment without clinically validated dosing regimens, although the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of piperacillin in neonates has been reported. Therefore, we wanted to study the effectiveness and tolerance of a PPK model-based dosing regimen of piperacillin/tazobactam in EOS patients. METHODS: A prospective, single-centre, phase II clinical study of piperacillin/tazobactam in neonates with EOS was conducted. The dosing regimen (90 mg·kg-1 , q8h) was determined based on a previous piperacillin PPK model in young infants using NONMEM v7.4. The pharmacodynamics (PD) target (70%fT > MIC, free drug concentration above MIC during 70% of the dosing interval) attainment was calculated using NONMEM combined with an opportunistic sampling design. The clinical treatment data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 52 neonates were screened and 49 neonates completed their piperacillin/tazobactam treatment course and were included in this analysis. The median (range) values of postmenstrual age were 33.57 (range 26.14-41.29) weeks. Forty-seven (96%) neonates reached their PD target. Eight (16%) neonates experienced treatment failure clinically. The mean (SD, range) duration of treatment and length of hospitalization were 100.1 (62.2, 36.2-305.8) hours and 31 (30, 5-123) days. There were no obvious adverse events and no infection-related deaths occurred in the first month of life. CONCLUSIONS: A model-based dosing regimen of piperacillin/tazobactam was evaluated clinically, was tolerated well and was determined to be effective for EOS treatment.

DLGAP1-AS2 promotes estrogen receptor signalling and confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen is a first-line endocrine agent and is often used to treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Unfortunately, approximately 30-40% of patients who received tamoxifen therapy experience recurrence or progression to a fatal advanced stage due to tamoxifen resistance. However, the mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance remain unclear. METHODS: The expression of lncRNA DLGAP1 antisense RNA 2 (DLGAP1-AS2) was detected by qPCR. The effect of DLGAP1-AS2 on tamoxifen resistance was evaluated by MTT, colony formation, TUNEL and flow cytometric assays. The mechanisms by which DLGAP1-AS2 regulates tamoxifen resistance were investigated through qPCR, RNA pull-down assays and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. RESULTS: Our results showed that DLGAP1-AS2 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer and that tamoxifen can induce DLGAP1-AS2 expression. Further investigation suggested that upregulation of DLGAP1-AS2 can increase cell viability and inhibit apoptosis, while downregulation of DLGAP1-AS2 results in the opposite effects. Mechanistically, DLGAP1-AS2 can bind to the AFF3 protein to inhibit its degradation, which further promotes ER signalling. CONCLUSIONS: Our research clarified that DLGAP1-AS2 promotes ER signalling to induce tamoxifen resistance and that targeting DLGAP1-AS2 might be a promising strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.

miR-96 and autophagy are involved in the beneficial effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins against high-fat-diet-induced dyslipidemia in mice.

We aimed to investigate the possible signaling pathways underlying the regulation of grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts (GSPE) on lipid metabolism. One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: control group (normal diet), GSPE group (normal diet + GSPE), high-fat diet group (HFD), and high-fat diet plus GSPE (200 mg/kg/day) group (HFD + GSPE). Mice received the diets for 180 days. Body weight and serum lipid levels were measured. Autophagic flux characteristics, such as accumulation of lipids, mitochondria, and autophagosomes in the liver, were detected using transmission electron microscopy. Expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the liver was determined using RNA microarray and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRt-PCR). GSPE significantly decreased the weight gain, serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HFD mice. Autophagic flux was significantly increased by HFD but decreased by GSPE treatment. GSPE significantly attenuated HFD-induced miR-96 upregulation, which in turn reduced the expressions of miR-96 downstream molecules, FOXO1, mTOR, p-mTOR, and LC3A/B. These results suggested that the miR-96 is involved in the protective effect of GSPE against HFD-induced dyslipidemia. Possible mechanisms might be through mTOR and FOXO1, which facilitate autophagic flux for clearance of lipid accumulation.

Smart albumin-loaded Rose Bengal and doxorubicin nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy.

Objective: To synthesise HSA-RB-DOX nanoparticles, measure its characteristics and preliminarily evaluate its anti-cancer effects.Methods: Doxorubicin (DOX) and Rose Bengal (RB) were co-delivered using albumin as a carrier. HSA-RB-DOX nanoparticles were prepared by RB-induced self-assembly of albumin. Its characteristics were measured and anti-cancer effects were tested in MCF-7 cells and tumour-bearing mice.Results: HSA-RB-DOX nanoparticle with a mean size of 42 nm was stable in different medium and behaved controlled release characteristic. It was well took in MCF-7 cells and inhibited MCF-7 cells proliferation by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It retained a much higher blood concentration up to 12 h and accumulated more in tumour tissues. In tumour-bearing mice, HSA-RB-DOX nanoparticles inhibited tumour growth and even decreased its volume from 100 to 50 mm3, with barely no influence on body weight.Conclusions: HSA-RB-DOX nanoparticles may be potentially used for enhanced treatment of breast cancer.

Molecular docking and MD simulation studies of 4-thiazol-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives as novel inhibitors targeted to CDK2/4/6.

PURPOSE: Nowadays, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have been approved for treating metastatic breast cancer and have achieved inspiring curative effects. But some discoveries have indicated that CDK 4/6 are not the requisite factors in some cell types because CDK2 partly compensates for the inhibition of CDK4/6. Thus, it is urgent to design CDK2/4/6 inhibitors for significantly enhancing their potency. This study aims to explore the mechanism of the binding of CDK2/4/6 kinases and their inhibitors to design novel CDK2/4/6 inhibitors for significantly enhancing their potency in different kinds of cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 72 disparately functionalized 4-substituted N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine derivatives exhibiting potent inhibitor activities against CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 were collected to apply to this research. The total set of these derivatives was divided into a training set (54 compounds) and a test set (18 compounds). The derivatives were constructed through the sketch molecule module in SYBYL 6.9 software. A Powell gradient algorithm and Tripos force field were used to calculate the minimal structural energy and the minimized structure was used as the initial conformation for molecular docking. By the means of 3D-QSAR models, partial least squares (PLS) analysis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations, we can find the relationship between structure and biological activity. RESULTS: In this study, we used molecular docking, 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics simulation methods to comprehensively analyze the interaction and structure-activity relationships of 72 new CDK2/4/6 inhibitors. We used detailed statistical data to reasonably verify the constructed 3D-QSAR models for three receptors (q2 of CDK2 = 0.714, R2pred = 0.764, q2 = 0.815; R2pred of CDK4 = 0.681, q2 = 0.757; R2pred of CDK6 = 0.674). MD simulations and decomposition energy analysis validated the reasonability of the docking results and identified polar interactions as crucial factors that influence the different bioactivities of the studied inhibitors of CDK2/4/6 receptors, especially the electrostatic interactions of Lys33/35/43 and Asp145/158/163. The nonpolar interaction with Ile10/12/19 was also critical for the differing potencies of the CDK2/4/6 inhibitors. We concluded that the following probably enhanced the bioactivity against CDK2/4/6 kinases: (1) electronegative groups at the N1-position and electropositive and moderate-sized groups at ring E; (2) electrogroups featured at R2; (3) carbon atoms at the X-position or ring C replaced by a benzene ring; and (4) an electrogroup as R4. CONCLUSION: Previous studies, to our knowledge, only utilized a single approach of 3D-QSAR and did not integrate this method with other sophisticated techniques such as molecular dynamics simulations to discover new potential inhibitors of CDK2, CDK4, or CDK6. So we applied the intergenerational technology, such as 3D-QSAR technology, molecular docking simulation techniques, molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA19/MMGBSA20-binding free energy calculations to statistically explore the correlations between the structure with biological activities. The constructed 3D-QSAR models of the three receptors were reasonable and confirmed by the excellent statistical data. We hope the results obtained from this work will provide some useful references for the development of novel CDK2/4/6 inhibitors.

Integration of MRI-Based Radiomics Features, Clinicopathological Characteristics, and Blood Parameters: A Nomogram Model for Predicting Clinical Outcome in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a nomogram model based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics features, clinicopathological characteristics, and blood parameters to predict the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: A total of 462 patients with pathologically confirmed nonkeratinizing NPC treated at Sichuan Cancer Hospital were recruited from 2015 to 2019 and divided into training and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used for radiomics feature dimension reduction and screening in the training cohort. Rad-score, age, sex, smoking and drinking habits, Ki-67, monocytes, monocyte ratio, and mean corpuscular volume were incorporated into a multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model to build a multifactorial nomogram. The concordance index (C-index) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied to estimate its efficacy. Results: Nine significant features associated with PFS were selected by LASSO and used to calculate the rad-score of each patient. The rad-score was verified as an independent prognostic factor for PFS in NPC. The survival analysis showed that those with lower rad-scores had longer PFS in both cohorts (p < 0.05). Compared with the tumor-node-metastasis staging system, the multifactorial nomogram had higher C-indexes (training cohorts: 0.819 vs. 0.610; validation cohorts: 0.820 vs. 0.602). Moreover, the DCA curve showed that this model could better predict progression within 50% threshold probability. Conclusion: A nomogram that combined MRI-based radiomics with clinicopathological characteristics and blood parameters improved the ability to predict progression in patients with NPC.

Neuroimaging in the Understanding of Acupuncture Analgesia: A Review of Acupuncture Neuroimaging Study Based on Experimental Pain Models.

With the development of real-time and visualized neuroimaging techniques, the studies on the central mechanism of acupuncture analgesia gain increasing attention. The experimental pain models have been widely used in acupuncture-analgesia neuroimaging studies with quantitative and controlled advantages. This review aimed to analyze the study design and main findings of acupuncture neuroimaging studies to provide reference for future study. The original studies were collected and screened in English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (Chinese Nation Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, the Chongqing VIP Database, and Wanfang Database). As a result, a total of 27 articles were included. Heat stimulation and electroacupuncture were the mostly used pain modeling method and acupuncture modality, respectively. The neuroimaging scanning process can be divided into two models and five subtypes. The anterior cingulate cortex and insula were the most commonly reported brain regions involved in acupuncture analgesia with experimental pain models.

AHNAK2 promotes thyroid carcinoma progression by activating the NF-κB pathway.

Thyroid carcinoma metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure; therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of thyroid carcinoma metastasis is critical to treat patients with thyroid carcinoma. The present study aimed to investigate the role of AHNAK Nucleoprotein 2 (AHNAK2) in thyroid carcinoma metastasis. AHNAK2 was found to be upregulated in thyroid carcinoma tissues, especially in metastatic thyroid carcinoma tissues. Patients with high AHNAK2 expression had poor prognosis. AHNAK2 knockdown inhibited thyroid carcinoma migration, invasion, and metastasis. Mechanistic analysis showed that AHNAK2 knockdown reduced thyroid carcinoma progression by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activity. The results identified a novel target to treat metastatic thyroid carcinoma.

Alterations of White Matter Network Properties in Patients With Functional Constipation.

Background: The abnormalities in brain function and structure of patients with functional constipation (FC) have been identified using multiple neuroimaging studies and have confirmed the abnormal processing of visceral sensation at the level of the central nervous system (CNS) as an important reason for FC. As an important basis for central information transfer, the role of the white matter (WM) networks in the pathophysiology of FC has not been investigated. This study aimed to explore the topological organization of WM networks in patients with FC and its correlation with clinical variables. Methods and Analysis: In this study, 70 patients with FC and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (HS) were recruited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data and clinical variables were acquired from each participant. WM networks were constructed using the deterministic fiber tracking approach, and the global and nodal properties of the WM networks were compared using graph theory analysis between patients with FC and HS. The relationship between the representative nodal characteristics-nodal betweenness and clinical parameters was assessed using partial correlation analysis. Results: Patients with FC showed increased nodal characteristics in the left superior frontal gyrus (orbital part), right middle frontal gyrus (orbital part), and right anterior cingulate and paracingulate (P < 0.05, corrected for false discovery rate) and decreased nodal characteristics in the left caudate and left thalamus (P < 0.05, corrected for false discovery rate) compared with HS. The duration of FC was negatively correlated with the nodal betweenness of the left thalamus (r = -0.354, P = 0.04, corrected for false discovery rate). Conclusion: The results indicated the alternations in WM networks of patients with FC and suggested the abnormal visceral sensation processing in the CNS from the perspective of large-scale brain WM network.

A Novel Predictive Nomogram including Serum Lipoprotein a Level for Nonsentinel Lymph Node Metastases in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients with Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases.

BACKGROUND: We developed a new nomogram combining serum biomarkers with clinicopathological features to improve the accuracy of prediction of nonsentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases in Chinese breast cancer patients. METHODS: We enrolled 209 patients with breast cancer who underwent SLN biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection. We evaluated the relationships between non-SLN metastases and clinicopathologic features, as well as preoperative routine tests of blood indexes, tumor markers, and serum lipids, including lipoprotein a (Lp(a)). Risk factors for non-SLN metastases were identified by logistic regression analysis. The nomogram was created using the R program to predict the risk of non-SLN metastases in the training set. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to assess the predictive value of the nomogram model in the validation set. RESULTS: Lp(a) was significantly associated with non-SLN metastasis status. Compared with the MSKCC model, the predictive ability of our new nomogram that combined Lp(a) level and clinical variables (pathologic tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, multifocality, and positive/negative SLN numbers) was significantly greater (AUC: 0.732, 95% CI: 0.643-0.821) (C-index: 0.703, 95% CI: 0.656-0.791) in the training cohorts and also performed well in the validation cohorts (C-index: 0.773, 95% CI: 0.681-0.865). Moreover, the new nomogram with Lp(a) improved the accuracy (12.10%) of identification of patients with non-SLN metastases (NRI: 0.121; 95% CI: 0.081-0.202; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: This novel nomogram based on preoperative serum indexes combined with clinicopathologic features facilitates accurate prediction of risk of non-SLN metastases in Chinese patients with breast cancer.

1,2,3-thiadiazole thioacetanilides. Part 2: Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 2-{[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}acetanilides as HIV-1 inhibitors.

As part of our studies to discover new HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a series of 3,4-dichlorophenyl substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazole thioacetanilide (TTA=[(1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetanilide) derivatives were synthesized, and in vitro anti-HIV activity was evaluated. The results revealed that nearly half of the compounds show moderate-to-good inhibitory potency against HIV-1. In particular, compound 7f is highly potent, with an EC(50) value of 0.95+/-0.33 microM. The preliminary structure-activity relationship among the newly synthesized congeners is discussed.

Percutaneous screw fixation of acetabular fractures with 2D fluoroscopy-based computerized navigation.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of displaced acetabular fractures with formal open reduction and internal fixation has gained general acceptance. However, extensile exposure can lead to complications. Two-dimensional fluoroscopy-based computerized navigation for placement of percutaneous screw across non-displaced acetabular fractures has attracted interest by making use of stored patient-specific imaging data to provide real-time guidance in multiple image planes during implant placement. The purpose of the present study was to document early treatment results and complications associated with this new technique and evaluate its clinical application to displaced acetabular fractures amenable to closed or limited open reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen adult patients with 12 non-displaced and 8 displaced acetabular fractures were treated with percutaneous screw fixation under the guidance of a fluoroscopy-based navigation system. There were 14 men and four women with a mean age of 42.1 years (range 19-54 years). According to the AO and Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification, there were nine 62-A3, five 62-B1, three 62-B2, and three 62-B3. The mean follow-up was 21 months (range 12-28 months). The mean time from injury to surgery was 4 days (range 2-7 days). RESULTS: A total of 30 acetabular screws were inserted, including 21 anterior column screws and 9 posterior column screws. The average operation time was 24.6 min (range 16-47 min) from the image acquisition to wound closure. The average fluoroscopic time was 28.4 s (range 11-58 s). Compared to the final position of the screw, the average deviated distance of wire tip was 2.5 mm (range 1.1-3.6 mm) and the average trajectory difference was 2.45 degrees (range 1.5 degrees -4.6 degrees ). Maximal gap displacement averaged 10 mm (range 2-22 mm) preoperatively and 3 mm (range 0-5 mm) postoperatively; while maximal step displacement averaged 4 mm (range 1-10 mm) preoperatively and 2 mm (range 0-4 mm) postoperatively. One patient sustained a transient femoral nerve palsy and resolved 2 months after the operation. No superficial or deep infection occurred. Using the rating system of D'Aubigne and Postel, 13 patients had excellent results, 4 patients had good results, and 1 patient had a fair result. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous screw fixation of acetabular fractures with 2D fluoroscopy-based navigation could be applied not only to non-displaced fractures but also to displaced fractures amenable to closed or limited open reduction.

The significance of Runx2 mediating alcohol-induced Brf1 expression and RNA Pol III gene transcription.

Runx2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2) is a key transcription factor which is associated with osteoblast differentiation and expressed in ER+ (estrogen receptor positive) human breast cancer cell lines. Runx2 also participates in mammary gland development. Deregulation of RNA Pol III genes (polymerase III-dependent genes) is tightly linked to tumor development, while Brf1 (TFIIB-related factor 1) specifically regulates these gene transcription. However, nothing is known about the effect of Runx2 on Brf1 expression and Pol III gene transcription. Expression of Runx2, Brf1 and Pol III genes from the samples of human breast cancer and cell culture model were determined by the assays of RT-qPCR, immunoblot, luciferase reporter activity, immunohistochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence. High expression of Runx2 is observed in the cases of breast cancer. The patients of high Runx2 expression at early stages display longer survival period, whereas the cases of high Runx2 at advanced stages reveal faster recurrence. The identification of signaling pathway indicates that JNK1 and c-Jun mediate Runx2 transcription. Repression of Runx2 reduces Brf1 expression and Pol III gene transcription. Further analysis indicates that Runx2 is colocalized with Brf1 in nucleus of breast cancer tissue. Both Runx2 and Brf1 synergistically modulate Pol III gene transcription. These studies indicate that Brf1 overexpression is able to be used as an early diagnosis biomarker of breast cancer, while high Runx2 expression indicates long survival period and faster recurrence. Runx2 mediates the deregulation of Brf1 and Pol III genes and its abnormal expression predicts the worse prognosis of breast cancer.

Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 Promotes Malignant Phenotypes via FAK/Raf/MEK and Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathways in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3), a proto-oncogene product, is significantly increased during the progression of several types of cancer. However, its biological role and underlying mechanism in the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain poorly understood. In this study, GOLPH3 was found to be highly expressed in RCC specimens compared to the corresponding non-tumor tissues. In vitro, ectopic overexpression of GOLPH3 substantially promoted the proliferative and invasive capacity of RCC cells, while the depletion of GOLPH3 significantly inhibited proliferation and invasion of RCC cells. Furthermore, the average tumor volume was significantly increased in mice injected with 769-P cells highly expressing GOLPH3, whereas GOLPH3 knockdown reduced the tumor growth rate. Mechanistically, using a high-throughput phospho-proteome array verified by Western blotting, we have identified that phosphorylated proteins (FAK, Raf1, MEK, and GSK3ß) were upregulated, activating, in turn, FAK/Raf1/MEK and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathways in RCC cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that GOLPH3, whose expression is related to enhanced cell proliferation and invasion via activation of GOLPH3-FAK/Raf1/MEK axis or Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathways, may provide a new therapeutic target to treat renal cell carcinoma.

Upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes tumor metastasis and correlates with poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro­inflammatory cytokine that serves important roles in cancer. MIF overexpression is frequently observed in numerous human cancer types, including pancreatic carcinoma. However, the prognostic value and function of MIF in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, upregulation of MIF expression in PDAC tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue was observed. Furthermore, MIF overexpression was identified to be significantly associated with poor survival rates in patients with PDAC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that MIF was an independent risk factor for poor survival. Functional analyses demonstrated that MIF knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro compared with control cells. IN addition, mechanistic investigations revealed that silencing MIF leads to inhibition of AKT serine/threonine kinase and extracellular­signal­regulated kinase activation, and suppression of cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase­2 expression, which may suppress tumor proliferation and invasion. These results highlight the importance of MIF overexpression in PDAC aggressiveness, and indicate that MIF may be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

Management strategy of antithrombotic therapy in thrombocytopenia patients with atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis and a literature review / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the management of antithrombotic therapy in thrombocytopenia patients with atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis. METHODS The clinical pharmacist participated in the treatment of a thrombocytopenia patient with atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis， and analyzed the causes of thrombocytopenia according to the patient’s medical history and laboratory examination results. At the same time， the risk of thrombosis-bleeding was evaluated according to the relevant guidelines， and the clinicians were assisted in formulating individual antithrombotic therapy plan and pharmaceutical care plan for the patient. The literature on antithrombotic therapy related to thrombocytopenia was collected and analyzed by retrieving CNKI. RESULTS Thrombocytopenia was considered as primary thrombocytopenia in this patient， and the main risk of bleeding was age ≥65 years old， bleeding tendency， and combined use of antithrombotic drugs. After the clinical pharmacist assessed the risk of thrombosis and bleeding， the clinician was recommended to give full dose of Bemiheparin sodium injection + Dronedarone hydrochloride tablets + Metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets. In view of thrombocytopenia， the clinician gave Compound zaofan pill， Caffeic acid tablet and Sheng xuexiaoban capsule， but the patient developed diarrhea after the medication. The clinical pharmacist suggested stopping Sheng xuexiaoban capsule， and the clinician adopted the clinical pharmacist’s suggestion. When the patient was discharged from hospital， the clinical pharmacist suggested that the antithrombotic therapy plan for discharge was anticoagulation alone or selective anticoagulation. The clinician chose selective anticoagulation treatment considering that the patient’s current thrombocytopenia， urinary occult blood （+） and fecal occult blood were weakly positive， and ordered the patient to take Metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets + Atorvastatin calcium tablets at discharge. Literature analysis showed that the causes of thrombocytopenia of patients with thromboembolism mainly included heparin induced-thrombocytopenia， immune thrombocytopenia， etc. All patients were improved after symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSIONS By participating in the management of antithrombotic therapy for the thrombocytopenia patient with atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis， clinical pharmacists can help effectively control the patient’s condition and ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use.

PDE5 Overexpression in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas Is Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis.

Overexpression of PDE5 is observed in certain human cancers, but PDE5 expression in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) is unknown. We therefore examined PDE5 expression and its relationship with the clinicopathological features of WDTC. Real-time qPCR and Western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of PDE5 mRNA and protein in paired WDTC tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of PDE5 in paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from 103 cases of WDTC. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the correlation between PDE5 expression and clinicopathological features. The expression of PDE5 mRNA and protein was upregulated in WDTC lesions compared to their paired noncancerous tissues. The expression of PDE5 was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.032), regional lymph node status (P = 0.004), and the presence of distant metastasis (P = 0.020). High PDE5 expression was more closely associated with lymph node involvement in patients over 45 years (OR = 15.60, P ≤ 0.05). Thus, PDE5 may be a potential biomarker in WDTC, particularly in patients with regional lymph node metastasis, which is associated with disease recurrence, treatment failure, and morbidity. PDE5 expression may also help predict the prognosis and recurrence of WDTC after surgery.

Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer.

TFIIB-related factor 1 (Brf1) modulates the transcription of RNA Pol III genes (polymerase-dependent genes). Upregulation of Pol III genes enhances tRNA and 5S RNA production and increases the translational capacity of cells to promote cell transformation and tumor development. However, the significance of Brf1 overexpression in human breast cancer (HBC) remains to be investigated. Here, we investigate whether Brf1 expression is increased in the samples of HBC, and we explore its molecular mechanism and the significance of Brf1 expression in HBC. Two hundred and eighteen samples of HBC were collected to determine Brf1 expression by cytological and molecular biological approaches. We utilized colocalization, coimmunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation methods to explore the interaction of Brf1 with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). We determined how Brf1 and ERα modulate Pol III genes. The results indicated that Brf1 is overexpressed in most cases of HBC, which is associated with an ER-positive status. The survival period of the cases with high Brf1 expression is significantly longer than those with low levels of Brf1 after hormone treatment. ERα mediates Brf1 expression. Brf1 and ERα are colocalized in the nucleus. These results indicate an interaction between Brf1 and ERα, which synergistically regulates the transcription of Pol III genes. Inhibition of ERα by its siRNA or tamoxifen reduces cellular levels of Brf1 and Pol III gene expression and decreases the rate of colony formation of breast cancer cells. Together, these studies demonstrate that Brf1 is a good biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBC. This interaction of Brf1 with ERα and Brf1 itself are potential therapeutic targets for this disease.