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The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is the most widespread xenarthran species across the Americas. Recent studies have suggested it is composed of four morphologically and genetically distinct lineages of uncertain taxonomic status. To address this issue, we used a museomic approach to sequence 80 complete mitogenomes and capture 997 nuclear loci for 71 Dasypus individuals sampled across the entire distribution. We carefully cleaned up potential genotyping errors and cross contaminations that could blur species boundaries by mimicking gene flow. Our results unambiguously support four distinct lineages within the D. novemcinctus complex. We found cases of mito-nuclear phylogenetic discordance but only limited contemporary gene flow confined to the margins of the lineage distributions. All available evidence including the restricted gene flow, phylogenetic reconstructions based on both mitogenomes and nuclear loci, and phylogenetic delimitation methods consistently supported the four lineages within D. novemcinctus as four distinct species. Comparable genetic differentiation values to other recognized Dasypus species further reinforced their status as valid species. Considering congruent morphological results from previous studies, we provide an integrative taxonomic view to recognise four species within the D. novemcinctus complex: D. novemcinctus, D. fenestratus, D. mexicanus, and D. guianensis sp. nov., a new species endemic of the Guiana Shield that we describe here. The two available individuals of D. mazzai and D. sabanicola were consistently nested within D. novemcinctus lineage and their status remains to be assessed. The present work offers a case study illustrating the power of museomics to reveal cryptic species diversity within a widely distributed and emblematic species of mammals.
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ABSTRACT: The use of imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivars allows selective control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass. However, in many situations, there is a need to add herbicides from other chemical groups to increase the spectrum of weed control. In this sense, saflufenacil has the potential to be used in mixture with imidazolinone herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effects of the imazapyr+imazapic and saflufenacil herbicides in weedy rice and barnyardgrass and to investigate their impacts on the yield of the irrigated rice cultivar Puitá INTA CL. To reach these aims, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons, with herbicide treatments sprayed separately and in mixtures of saflufenacil with imazapyr+imazapic. Results showed that saflufenacil did not interfere with control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass obtained with imazapyr+imazapic. The D50 values of imazapyr+imazapic for weedy rice control were 14.5+5, 9.1+3 and 12.5+4.2 g ha-1of imazapyr+imazapic for combinations with 0, 3.06 and 6.12 g ha-1of saflufenacil, respectively. In the field experiments, all doses of imazapyr+imazapic applied isolated or in mixture with saflufenacil provided control levels barnyardgrass above 90% at 28 days after herbicides application. Furthermore, saflufenacil did not cause damage or loss in the yield of the rice crop when mixed with imazapyr+imazapic. The Puitá INTA CL rice cultivar was tolerant of the tested herbicides, whether applied alone or in mixture, reaching grain yield of 9.987 kg ha-1 when applied 42 g ha-1 of saflufenacil plus 147+49 g ha-1 of imazapyr+imazapic.
RESUMO: A utilização de cultivares de arroz tolerantes às imidazolinonas possibilita um controle seletivo de arroz-daninho. No entanto, em muitas situações existe a necessidade de adição de herbicidas de outros grupos químicos para aumentar o espectro de controle de plantas daninhas. Neste sentido, saflufenacil apresenta potencial para ser utilizado em mistura com herbicidas imidazolinonas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da interação dos herbicidas imazapyr+imazapic e saflufenacil em arroz-daninho e capim-arroz; e averiguar os impactos sobre a produtividade do cultivar de arroz irrigado Puitá INTA CL. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação e a campo em duas estações de cultivo, com os tratamentos herbicidas aplicados separadamente e em misturas de saflufenacil com imazapyr+imazapic. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de saflufenacil não interferiu no controle de arroz-daninho e capim-arroz obtido com imazapyr+imazapic. Os valores D50 de imazapyr+imazapic para o controle de arroz-daninho foram 14,5+5; 9,1+3 e 12,5+4,2 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic para combinações com 0; 3,06 e 6,12 g ha-1 de saflufenacil. No experimento de campo todas doses de imazapyr+imazapic, aplicadas isoladas ou em mistura, proveram níveis de controle de capim-arroz superiores a 90% aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Além disso, saflufenacil não causou injúrias ou perda de rendimento da cultura do arroz quando misturado com imazapyr+imazapic. O cultivar Puitá INTA CL foi tolerante aos herbicidas testados, sejam aplicados isolados ou em mistura, atingindo uma produtividade de 9.987 Kg ha-1 quando aplicado 42 g ha-1 de saflufenacil mais 147+49 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic.
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Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peerreviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other largescale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.
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Abstract The Restinga forests are plant formations associated to the Atlantic Forest which still have not been much studied in terms of their mastofauna. The objective of the present work was to list for the first time the mammal species found in a Restinga on northeastern Brazil and show the similarities on species composition to other areas of the same environment and of Atlantic Forest. Our records were based on several complementary approaches: field survey, interviews, and museum collections. Subsequently, we performed similarity analysis between Restinga areas along Brazil and Atlantic Forest areas. We found a total of 30 species of mammals distributed in 28 genera, 16 families and 7 orders for Restinga of Mataraca. Species richness was similar to other Restinga areas and similarity analyzes pointed out that Restingas are more closely related to adjacent Atlantic Forest areas than to other Restingas in the country. This suggests that Restingas do not exhibit an autochthone fauna, but rather a faunal subsample of neighbor Atlantic Forest. Therefore, conservations policies for the Restinga habitat depends not only on actions focused on this habitat, but on initiatives that encompass nearby Atlantic Forest remnants, allowing the connectivity between these habitats.
Resumo As restingas são formações vegetais associadas à Floresta Atlântica e ainda pouco exploradas em relação a sua mastofauna. O objetivo desse trabalho foi listar pela primeira vez as espécies de mamíferos presentes em uma restinga no nordeste do Brasil e mostrar sua similaridade com outras áreas do mesmo ambiente e de Mata Atlântica. A listagem foi baseada em diversas abordagens complementares: coletas, entrevistas, material em coleção. Posteriormente realizamos análises de similaridade entre áreas de restinga ao longo do Brasil e áreas de Mata Atlântica. Encontramos um total de 30 espécies de mamíferos distribuídas em 28 gêneros, 16 famílias e sete ordens para restinga de Mataraca. A riqueza ficou próxima a de outras áreas de restinga e as análises de similaridade apontaram que as restingas são mais proximamente relacionadas com as áreas adjacentes de Floresta Atlântica do que com as outras restingas no país. Isso sugere que as Restingas não exibem uma fauna autóctone ou endêmica, mas que sua fauna representa um subconjunto da fauna da Floresta Atlântica mais próxima. Dessa forma, estratégias para a conservação das Restingas não dependem apenas de ações nesse ambiente, mas de iniciativas que atinjam áreas de Mata Atlântica próximas, que garantam a conectividade entre estas.