[Technical improvement of cohort constitution in administrative health databases: Providing a tool for integration and standardization of data applicable in the French National Health Insurance Database (SNIIRAM)]. / Optimisation de la constitution de cohortes issues de bases de données médico-administratives : mise à disposition d'un algorithme pour l'intégration et la normalisation des données adapté au Système national d'information inter-régimes de l'assurance maladie (SNIIRAM).

AIM: Administrative health databases such as the French National Heath Insurance Database - SNIIRAM - are a major tool to answer numerous public health research questions. However the use of such data requires complex and time-consuming data management. Our objective was to develop and make available a tool to optimize cohort constitution within administrative health databases. METHODS: We developed a process to extract, transform and load (ETL) data from various heterogeneous sources in a standardized data warehouse. This data warehouse is architected as a star schema corresponding to an i2b2 star schema model. We then evaluated the performance of this ETL using data from a pharmacoepidemiology research project conducted in the SNIIRAM database. RESULTS: The ETL we developed comprises a set of functionalities for creating SAS scripts. Data can be integrated into a standardized data warehouse. As part of the performance assessment of this ETL, we achieved integration of a dataset from the SNIIRAM comprising more than 900 million lines in less than three hours using a desktop computer. This enables patient selection from the standardized data warehouse within seconds of the request. CONCLUSION: The ETL described in this paper provides a tool which is effective and compatible with all administrative health databases, without requiring complex database servers. This tool should simplify cohort constitution in health databases; the standardization of warehouse data facilitates collaborative work between research teams.

Frequency of dosage prescribing medication errors associated with manual prescriptions for very preterm infants.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: The risk of dosage Prescription Medication Error (PME) among manually written prescriptions within 'mixed' prescribing system (computerized physician order entry (CPOE) + manual prescriptions) has not been previously assessed in neonatology. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of dosage PME related to manual prescriptions in the high-risk population of very preterm infants (GA < 33 weeks) in a mixed prescription system. METHODS: The study was based on a retrospective review of a random sample of manual daily prescriptions in two neonatal intensive care units (NICU) A and B, located in different French University hospitals (Dijon and La Reunion island). Daily prescription was defined as the set of all drugs manually prescribed on a single day for one patient. Dosage error was defined as a deviation of at least ±10% from the weight-appropriate recommended dose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The analyses were based on the assessment of 676 manually prescribed drugs from NICU A (58 different drugs from 93 newborns and 240 daily prescriptions) and 354 manually prescribed drugs from NICU B (73 different drugs from 131 newborns and 241 daily prescriptions). The dosage error rate per 100 manually prescribed drugs was similar in both NICU: 3·8% (95% CI: 2·5-5·6%) in NICU A and 3·1% (95% CI: 1·6-5·5%) in NICU B (P = 0·54). Among all the 37 identified dosage errors, the over-dosing was almost as frequent as the under-dosing (17 and 20 errors, respectively). Potentially severe dosage errors occurred in a total of seven drug prescriptions. None of the dosage PME was recorded in the corresponding medical files and information on clinical outcome was not sufficient to identify clinical conditions related to dosage PME. Overall, 46·8% of manually prescribed drugs were off label or unlicensed, with no significant differences between prescriptions with or without dosage error. The risk of a dosage PME increased significantly if the drug was included in the CPOE system but was manually prescribed (OR = 3·3; 95% CI: 1·6-7·0, P < 0·001). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The presence of dosage PME in the manual prescriptions written within mixed prescription systems suggests that manual prescriptions should be totally avoided in neonatal units.

Appearance of the bladder on initial voiding cystogram in boys with PUV and its relation to pre and postnatal findings.

Introduction: Bladder profile in boys with Posterior Urethral Valves can be very varied with a spectrum going from high pressure, unstable, hypocompliant small bladders to hypercompliant, large acontractile bladders, with some being near-normal. Our question was whether appearance, specifically of the bladder, on initial VCUG was correlated to prenatal features and whether it could predict early postnatal outcome. Method: We used a prospectively gathered database of boys with prenatally suspected PUV. We analyzed whether the appearance, specifically of the bladder, was related to date of prenatal diagnosis, presence of a megacystis on prenatal ultrasound, presence of vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR), presence of abnormal DMSA scan, nadir creatinine or presence of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) during the first two years of life. Results: The database comprised 90 cystograms. 15% of bladders were judged normal/regular, 54 % were small/diverticular and 31% were large/diverticular. Bladder appearance was not associated with presence of prenatal megacystis, abnormal DMSA scan, VUR, nor rate of fUTI. The only significant associations were normal/regular bladder and early prenatal diagnosis (p = 0.04) and normal/regular bladder and elevated nadir creatinine (>75µmol/l) (p = 0.01). Discussion: We believe that when focusing solely on the appearance of the bladder, excluding information about the urethra and presence of reflux, the cystogram alone is insufficient to inform on future bladder function. This could be used as an argument in favor of performing early urodynamics in this population.

Comparison of the ability of alternative birthweight and fetal weight standards to identify preterm newborns at increased risk of perinatal death.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prediction of perinatal deaths among preterm infants based on fetal weight standards versus a new subpopulation-based birthweight standard. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: France. POPULATION: A total of 9100 preterm singletons, born between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation in 2000-09, in Burgundy (France). METHODS: We first classified all newborns as either small for gestational age (SGA) or not, based on alternative fetal weight or birthweight standards, including a new birthweight standard that excludes infants born to mothers with disease related to the weight of a fetus. Based on discrepancies between the different classifications, we then divided the newborns into four groups, and compared their risks of stillbirth and in-hospital death, using a generalised linear model with relative risks (RR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perinatal deaths, including, in separate analyses, stillbirths and in-hospital deaths. RESULTS: The preterm infants classified as SGA by our new subpopulation-based birthweight standard but not by the conventional birthweight standard had a significantly higher risk of both stillbirth (RR = 2.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.9-3.6) and in-hospital death (RR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.8-4.5). In contrast, no risk increase was found for infants classified as SGA by the fetal standard only (RR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.7-1.7 for stillbirths, and RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-1.3 for in-hospital deaths). CONCLUSIONS: Our subpopulation-based birthweight standard identified a subgroup of preterm newborns who have significantly increased risks of perinatal death but are not classified as SGA by the conventional birthweight standard. In contrast, the subgroup classified as SGA by the fetal standards only, but not by our subpopulation-based birthweight standard, had no increased risk of mortality, compared with non-SGA infants.

Advantages and limitations of using national administrative data on obstetric blood transfusions to estimate the frequency of obstetric hemorrhages.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric hemorrhages are a frequent cause of maternal death all over the world, but are not routinely monitored. Health systems administrative databases could be used for this purpose, but data quality needs to be assessed. OBJECTIVES: Using blood transfusion data recorded in administrative databases to estimate the frequency of obstetric hemorrhages. Research design A population-based study. Subjects Validation sub-sample: all mothers who gave birth in a French region in 2006-07 (35 123 pregnancies). Main study: all mothers who gave birth in France in 2006-07 (1 629 537 pregnancies). METHOD: Linkage and comparison of administrative data on blood transfusions with data from the French blood agency ('gold standard'), and, based on this validation, the construction of a multivariable regression model to correct the number of pregnant women identified as having received a transfusion in the national administrative database. RESULTS: The blood transfusion rate observed in the gold standard was 7.12‰. The sensitivity of the administrative data was estimated at 66.3% and the positive predictive value at 91.3%. The estimated total number of pregnant women who received blood transfusions in France in 2006-07 was 10 941 (6.71‰). CONCLUSIONS: The administrative data, available in most countries, can be used to estimate the frequency of obstetric hemorrhages.

Similarly increased congenital anomaly rates after intrauterine insemination and IVF technologies: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: While intrauterine insemination (IUI), a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive technique, is the most used assisted reproduction technology (ART) worldwide, the risk of major birth defects following IUI is paradoxically not well documented. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study performed in Burgundy, France, over a 9-year period which consisted of the cross analysis of two prospective databases, the Burgundy perinatal network database and the database of the assisted conception units in Burgundy. A total of 1348 ART singletons [in vitro fertilization technologies (IVFT): n= 903; IUI: n= 445] matched with 4044 infants conceived naturally, 552 ART twins (IVFT: n= 362; IUI: n= 190) matched with 1656 twins who were conceived naturally. The major birth defects were categorized according to the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies classification EUROCAT. RESULTS: Compared with naturally conceived singletons, singletons born after IUI and IVFT had a higher prevalence of major congenital malformations, with adjusted odd ratios (AOR) of 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-3.8] and 2.0 (CI 1.3-3.1); 3.6 and 4.2% of infants born, respectively. All twins and unlike-sex twins born after IVFT but not IUI, have an increased prevalence of major birth defects compared with naturally conceived twins; AOR of 3.0 (CI 1.6-5.6) and 3.7 (CI 1.1-16.9), respectively. When comparing IUI with IVFT, no differences were observed for singletons (AOR 1.0; CI 0.4-2.2), all twins (AOR 0.4; CI 0.1-1.2) and unlike-sex twins (AOR 0.3; CI 0.1-4.5). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of major birth defects in singletons conceived through IUI was increased over naturally conceived singletons. This risk was no different from that observed after IVFT.

Paediatric intensive care admissions for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in France: results of a retrospective survey and evaluation of the validity of a medical information system programme.

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and to evaluate a national registry of hospitalizations (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information; PMSI) as a potential source of epidemiological data. Of the 49 French PICUs invited to take part in a retrospective survey of children aged <2 years who were hospitalized during the 2005-2006 epidemic season, 24 agreed to participate. Overall, 467 children were enrolled: 75% were aged <2 months, 76% had positive respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) tests, 34·9% required non-invasive ventilation, 36·6% were mechanically ventilated, and six infants died. The main neonatal characteristics were: prematurity (31·9%), respiratory disease (16·5%), congenital heart disease (6·4%), receiving mechanical ventilation (11·6%), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia at day 28 (3·8%). For bronchiolitis episode, the kappa coefficient between the survey and PMSI data was good only for mechanical ventilation (0·63) and the death rate (0·86).

Medical analysis of the contribution of sialendoscopy in managing non-tumoral main salivary gland pathology in Reunion Island: Observational study following STROBE guidelines.

GOALS: To perform a medical analysis of the contribution of sialendoscopy in the treatment of non-tumoral pathologies of the main salivary glands, in Reunion Island, a French overseas territory. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted for an 8-year period, before and after introduction of sialendoscopy (2011-2014 and 2015-2018), following STROBE guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To compare populations treated before (period A) and after (period B) the introduction of sialendoscopy in terms of clinical characteristics, and analyze the characteristics of patients treated by sialendoscopy. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-five patients were included: 74 in 2011-2014 and 191 in 2015-2018; 139 had sialendoscopy. Populations A and B were comparable except for the proportion of parotids treated (9% vs. 31%, respectively; P<0.0001), and smaller stones (11mm vs. 7.4mm, respectively; P=0.003). One hundred and ten pure sialendoscopies and 29 combined routes (20.8%) were performed: 63% submandibular and 37% parotid. Median age was 46 years. The M/F sex ratio was 0.96. Thirty-seven patients presented stenosis. There were 10 cases of papillary catheterization failure (7.1%), and 16 false routes or creation of false channels (11.5%), including 9 during the learning period. The rate of crossover to gland resection decreased: 10.45% for 2015-2016 and 5.56% for 2017-2018. CONCLUSION: Although follow-up ranged between 12 and 55months (median, 30months), sialendoscopy appeared to be a useful and reliable technique, with a role in therapeutic strategy for the management of non-tumoral salivary pathologies in Reunion Island.

Economic analysis of the contribution of sialendoscopy in managing non-tumoral principal salivary gland pathology in the Réunion Island: Economic evaluation following the CHEERS methodology.

GOALS: Cost analysis of the contribution of sialendoscopy in the treatment of non-tumoral pathologies of the main salivary glands, in Réunion Island, a French overseas territory. OBJECTIVES: Calculation and comparison of median pricing (i.e., median payment to the healthcare establishment) per patient before and after the introduction of sialendoscopy, in the only regional establishment practicing sialendoscopy and in the whole of Réunion Island. Material and method A multicenter retrospective cost study was conducted over an 8-year period, before and after the introduction of sialendoscopy (period A: 2011-2014 and period B: 2015-2018), according to the CHEERS guidelines for economic studies, and included inpatients with non-tumoral pathology of the main salivary glands, whether treated by sialendoscopy or not. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-five patients were included, 139 of whom were treated by sialendoscopy: 74 in 2011-2014 and 191 in 2015-2018. Between the two periods, median pricing in the only center practicing sialendoscopy did not vary significantly: €3468 vs. €3368 (i.e., +2.9% (P=0.1)). In the Island as a whole, pricing increased significantly: €598 vs. €2332, (i.e., +390% (P<0.0001)). CONCLUSION: Sialendoscopy is cost-effective in France in the public healthcare sector if outpatient management is optimal, but significantly increases the public health budget. It makes it possible to recruit and manage previously untreated patients (small stones, salivary strictures, etc.).

Nadir creatinine predicts long-term bladder function in boys with posterior urethral valves.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior urethral valves (PUV) cause lower urinary tract obstruction leading to increased intravesical pressure during fetal urinary tract development. Though the bladder and kidneys are separate organs, with different embryological origins, they are complementary and influence each other both before and after birth. We aimed to assess the relationship between renal and bladder function in boys with PUV and whether early renal markers could predict future bladder function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included all boys with prenatally suspected lower urinary tract obstruction, born between 2000 and 2013, in two University Hospitals, with at least 5 years follow-up. We excluded patients who presented a Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction other than PUV, children who presented multiple birth defects and neonatal deaths and those with incomplete long-term renal or bladder function data. We included data on nadir creatinine (NC), long-term renal function and long-term bladder function (defined by Uroflow parameters). Boys with PUV were divided into three severity groups for renal function according to their NC and three severity groups for bladder function as determined by Uroflow. RESULTS: We included 73 boys. Average nadir creatinine was 43.4 ± 26.1 µmol/L. Twenty-nine boys (49.3%) presented a NC < 35 µmol/L, thirty-eight (52.1%) a NC between 35 and 75 µmol/L, and 6 (8.2%) a NC > 75 µmol/L. Thirty-eight (52.1%) presented normal bladder function, 23 (31.5%) presented moderately impaired bladder function and 12 (16.4%) presented severely impaired bladder function. 41.4% of boys with NC < 35 had abnormal bladder function vs 46.2% of those with an NC between 35 and 75 µmol/L and 83.3% of boys with NC > 75 µmol/L. Nadir creatinine both predicted both bladder function and renal status (table 1). Correlation between presence of grade 3-5 CKD and poor uroflow was also significant (p < 0.005). DISCUSSION: Nadir creatinine was significantly correlated to bladder function at 5 years of age. What this study suggests is that as nadir creatinine increases so does the risk of severe bladder dysfunction. Our results, though limited to flowmeter and renal function, could help pediatric urologist tailor bladder function monitoring, and indicate which patients could benefit from more aggressive bladder therapy. CONCLUSION: Bladder and renal function are linked in boys with posterior urethral valves. Boys with high nadir creatinine could benefit from early bladder function evaluation and management.

Evaluating the impact of pop-off mechanisms in boys with posterior urethral valves.

Introduction: Posterior urethral valves are urethral leaflets that cause Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) in boys and are associated with congenital renal dysplasia and abnormal bladder function. They affect 1:4,000 to 1:25,000 births and can be responsible for End-Stage Renal Failure in childhood. There have been several studies on the effect of pop-off mechanisms in boys with posterior urethral valves, but results are contradictory. We aimed to assess and discuss the effect of pop-off mechanisms on renal function in a large cohort of patients. Patients and method: Boys with PUV with and without pop-off mechanisms (urinoma, VURD or giant bladder diverticula) were divided into three severity groups for renal function according to their nadir creatinine (low-risk NC < 35 µmol/L, intermediate-risk NC between 35 and 75 µmol/L, and high-risk NC > 75 µmol/L). We compared children with and children without pop-off mechanisms for mean renal function as well as patient distribution within each severity group. Results: We included 137 boys of which 39 had a pop-off mechanism. Patients had complete data for at least 5 years follow-up. Though there was no significant statistical difference in mean renal function between the pop-off and non-pop-off group, patient distribution within each severity group varied according to whether patients had a pop-off mechanism or not. Conclusion: Though there was no significant difference in mean renal function between boys with and without pop-off mechanisms, it is possible that these are two different patient populations and direct comparison is not possible.

Circumcision and Risk of Febrile Urinary Tract Infection in Boys with Posterior Urethral Valves: Result of the CIRCUP Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Boys with posterior urethral valves (PUVs) have an increased risk of febrile urinary tract infections (fUTIs). Circumcision is believed to reduce the risk of fUTIs in boys, although there are no randomized trials demonstrating this. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of circumcision on the risk of fUTIs in boys with PUVs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A clinical randomized trial that ran between August 2012 and July 2017 was conducted. The trial was multicentric, including 13 referral centers for pediatric urology. Male boys, aged 1-28 d, diagnosed with posterior urethral valves, confirmed by voiding cystogram, were included. The exclusion criteria included presence of a genital malformation contraindicating performing a circumcision. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to neonatal circumcision + antibiotic prophylaxis (CATB) or antibiotic prophylaxis alone (ATB), and followed for 2 yr. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcome was a risk of presenting fUTIs in each group. An fUTI was defined as fever (>38.5 °C) with evidence of pyuria and culture-proven infection on urinalysis, obtained by urethral catheterization or suprapubic aspiration. A bivariate analysis of the primary outcome was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In total, 91 patients were included: 49 in group CATB and 42 in group ATB. The probability of presenting an fUTI was 20% in group ATB versus 3% in group CATB. The hazard ratio of presenting an fUTI within 2 yr in the ATB group compared with that in the CATB group was 10.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-82.5). Sixty-four children (70.3%) had a complete follow-up at 2 yr of age. CONCLUSIONS: Circumcision significantly decreases the risk of presenting an fUTI in boys with PUVs. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we compared, in a multicentric trial, the number of febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs) in boys with posterior urethral valves who had either antibiotic prophylaxis alone or antibiotic prophylaxis and circumcision. We found that those who had a circumcision had a significantly lower risk of febrile UTIs.

Burnout amongst members of the French-speaking Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Urology (SFUPA). Are there specific risk factors?

BACKGROUND: Burnout, which includes emotional fatigue, cynicism and low personal accomplishment is linked to poor job satisfaction, decreased empathy, job withdrawal, increased absenteeism and increased medical errors, and is present among pediatric urologists. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the incidence of burnout among the members of the French-speaking Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Urology (SFUPA) and determine which external factors, such as marital or familial status, gender, age, type of practice or religious belief, impacted burnout rates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We sent all members of the French-speaking Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Urology (SFUPA) an anonymous online questionnaire containing the validated French version of the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBIHSS). The questionnaire comprised further questions on age, gender, marital status, presence of children at home, type of practice, professional status (trainee, consultant, or academic position), spirituality and whether responders believed they presented signs of burnout. RESULTS: 70 out of 94 members of the SFUPA answered the questionnaire (response rate 74%). The number of responders who presented high scores in one, two or the three domains of the questionnaire were respectively 48.6% (IC 95%: 36-61%), 21.4% (IC 95%: 12.5-33%) and 8.6% (IC 95%: 3-18%). 34.6% of responders who believed they presented no signs of burnout actually did have a high burnout score in at least one domain. There was no significant association between age, gender, having children or being a trainee and the presence of burnout. However, marital status and workplace were significantly associated with presence of signs of burnout. DISCUSSION: Burnout is a distinct type of work-related stress - a state of physical or emotional exhaustion that also involves a sense of reduced accomplishment and loss of personal identity. In our study the most significant factor was working in Academic hospitals which can be associated with administrative workload, long hours and a lack of institutional resources. Being in a couple was also associated with less burnout, thus showing the importance of healthy relationships and sharing on burnout rate. Age, however was not associated significantly with burnout nor was gender, which is in coherence with previous findings. CONCLUSION: Amongst members of the French-speaking Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Urology, nearly half presented signs of burnout, especially those working in academic hospitals. Marital status also influenced burnout rates. Scientific societies should work on developing tools to identify and accompany affected individuals.

[Liveborn birth-weight of single and uncomplicated pregnancies between 28 and 42 weeks of gestation from Burgundy perinatal network]. / Poids des nouveau-nés issus de grossesses uniques et non compliquées entre 28 et 42 semaines d'aménorrhée à partir des données du réseau périnatal de la région Bourgogne.

OBJECTIVES: To build a reference chart for birth weight according to gestational age based on a newborn population from single uncomplicated pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have used data from the Burgundy perinatal network for the years 2000 to 2005. We can exclude, with a validate linkage procedure of all mother-newborn couples, the whole of newborns from pregnancies complicated by mellitus diabetes or pre eclampsia. After statistical validation, the birth weights were modelled and graphically represented. RESULTS: We have used 105,665 data from the "healthy" sample to construct a birth weight distribution according to gestational age at 28 to 42 weeks'. Results are also represented adjusted for sex. CONCLUSION: We present an original birth weight distribution according to gestational age from a recent French population sample. Exclusion of maternal conditions which may affect fetal growth modify the data distribution, mainly for low birth weights and premature deliveries. Used in clinical practice, it could lead to better identify newborns with increased risk of postnatal complications.

Epidemiological features of cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx cancer in Réunion Island.

INTRODUCTION: This study had two objectives: firstly, to identify and compare characteristics of cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx in Réunion Island, a tropical French overseas territory in the southern hemisphere; and secondly, to discuss how incidence of these cancers is presented in the international literature. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study included 599 patients diagnosed with cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx between 2009 and 2013 in Réunion Island. Demographic characteristics and data on alcohol consumption, smoking habits and HPV infection were analyzed. Standardized incidences were calculated for the worldwide population for both genders. RESULTS: Sex ratio was 7.7 and mean age was 60 years. Cancer consisted of squamous cell carcinoma in 99.1% of patients. Three hundred and forty over 375 patients (81.25%) showed alcohol abuse; 309/359 (86.1%) were smokers; 31/184 (16%) had HPV infection. On the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) anatomic classification, the incidence of "other pharynx" locations was 9.3/100,000 for men and 0.7/100,000 for women, and incidence of "larynx" locations was 6.4/100,000 for men and 0.4/100,000 for women. CONCLUSION: Réunion Island features some particularities in terms of incidence: women are less than half as likely as in Metropolitan France to develop any type of cancer, whereas incidence in males is among highest in France. The presentation of results in cancer registries could be improved in line with everyday practice in head and neck surgery.

Decision analysis for the assessment of a record linkage procedure: application to a perinatal network.

OBJECTIVES: According to European legislation, we must develop computer software allowing the linkage of medical records previously rendered anonymous. Some of them, like AUTOMATCH, are used in daily practice either to gather medical files in epidemiologic studies or for clinical purpose. In the first situation, the aim is to avoid homonymous errors, and in the second one, synonymous errors. The objective of this work is to study the effect of different parameters (number of identification variables, phonetic treatments of names, direct or probabilistic linkage procedure) on the reliability of the linkage in order to determine which strategy is the best according to the purpose of the linkage. METHODS: The assessment of the Burgundy Perinatal Network requires the linking of discharge abstracts of mothers and neonates, collected in all the hospitals of the region. Those data are used to compare direct and probabilistic linkage, using different parameterization strategies. RESULTS: If the linkage has to be performed in real time, so that no validation of indecisions generated by probabilistic linkage is possible, probabilistic linkage using three variables without any phonetic treatment seems to be the most appropriate approach, combined with a direct linkage using four variables applied to non-conclusive links. If a validation of indecisions is possible in an epidemiological study, probabilistic linkage using five variables, with a phonetic treatment adapted to the local language has to be preferred. For medical purpose, it should be combined with a direct linkage with four or five variables. CONCLUSION: This paper reveals that the time and money available to manage indecision as well as the purpose of the linkage are of paramount importance for choosing a linkage strategy.

Male infants with hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism show a lower 2D/4D digit ratio than normal boys.

BACKGROUND: In humans the ratio of the index finger to the ring finger is sexually dimorphic, with the mean ratio being larger in women than in men. It has been suggested that this difference is related to prenatal androgen exposure. This has been further demonstrated in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Normal development of the male external genitalia is linked to androgen-mediated events during gestation. We therefore wanted to determine if the 2D:4D digit ratio was normal in boys with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled all prepubertal patients seen in the outpatient clinic for cryptorchidism or hypospadias between September and December 2012. We then compared their 2D:4D digit ratio with two control groups made up of normal boys and normal girls. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was evaluated. RESULTS: We included 57 boys with hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism, 79 boys without genital abnormalities and 25 girls without genital abnormalities. The mean 2D:4D ratio for both hands was significantly different between the three groups, with the digit ratio for boys with genital anomalies being lower than for normal boys and normal girls (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: It appears that boys with genital abnormalities (cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias) have a lower 2D:4D digit ratio than boys without genital anomalies.

[Using discharge abstracts as a tool to assess a regional perinatal network]. / Evaluation régionale en périnatalité: mise en place d'un recueil continu d'indicateurs.

To assess the regional perinatal network of Burgundy (20 obstetrical units; 18,000 births/year), discharge abstracts are collected for all mothers and all neonates. Discharge abstracts are expanded with some additional data. According to the French law, data are rendered anonymous in each hospital before their transmission to the teaching hospital for statistical analysis. The linkage of all anonymous information concerning a patient is obtained. Moreover, this specific procedure allows the linkage of data concerning each mother and her corresponding neonate. This study shows that after an expanded data quality control, the linkage between data of the mothers and their infants is obtained in 99.8% of births.

[Assessment of the discriminating power of identifiers for record linkage]. / Estimation de la valeur discriminante des traits d'identification utilisés pour le rapprochement des données d'un patient.

BACKGROUND: To reconstruct a patient's medical history, one has often to combine information from different sources, whatever the context of this reconstitution: epidemiological studies or health care. As a linkage using less informative identifiers could lead to linkage errors, it is essential to quantify the information associated to each identifier. METHODS: The aim of this study was to estimate the discriminating power of different identifiers which could be used in a record linkage process based on the means of the likelihood ratio proposed by Jaro as a probabilistic record linkage method. Six identifiers were considered: date of birth, maiden name, usual last name, first and second christian names and the gender. Two types of phonetic treatment were taken into account: the Soundex and a phonetic treatment adapted to the French language. Three situations were considered: 1) and 2) linkage of the data collected during two consecutive years in a university hospital (CHU de Dijon; 100000x100000 records) and a Paris hospital (50000x50000 records), 3) linkage of two files obtained through a healthcare network (Burgundy Perinatal Network; 200x2500 records). RESULTS: Whatever the situation, this work showed the interest of three identifiers when linking data concerning a same patient. The date of birth had the best discriminating power followed by the first and the last names. Including a poorly discriminating identifier like gender did not improve the results. Moreover, adding a second Christian name, often missing, increased linkage errors. On the contrary, it seemed that using a phonetic treatment adapted to the French language could slightly improve the results of linkage in comparison to Soundex. CONCLUSION: Whatever the method used, it seems necessary to improve the quality of identifier collection, in particular of the date of birth and of the first and last names as it could make the linkage of data obtained from different sources easier. Further research is needed to estimate the discriminating power of other identifiers (birth place and parents identifiers).

[Growth charts and intrauterine growth retardation]. / Les courbes de poids fœtales et néonatales et la restriction de croissance intra-utérine.

Intrauterine growth restriction indicates that a fetus is unable to achieve its growth potential. The individual growth potential is approximated by customization of growth charts. Neonatal growth charts rely on body weight measures at birth while fetal growth charts rely on body weight estimated from biometric measurements of the fetus. The neonatal and fetal growth charts are not equivalent and have different meanings for epidemiologists and clinicians. Fetal growth charts also assess fetal growth velocity, but individual assessment of fetal weight may be flawed by lack of precision. Neonatal charts are constructed based on data obtained in the whole population or in a subgroup without gestational diseases. The two types of neonatal charts markedly differ at low gestational ages as 30% of preterm infants present intrauterine growth restriction, usually due to maternal diseases. Even if intrauterine growth restriction is a risk factor of fetal mortality, neonatal mortality, and short- and long-term morbidity, the predictive value of the charts (whether or not they are customized) at an individual level is low and may be improved by additional investigations.