[Knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of Chilean adolescents attending urban and rural schools. Is it necessary to focus the prevention strategies according to territorial relevance?] / Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA en adolescentes chilenos pertenecientes a colegios urbano y rural: ¿Es necesario enfocar la promoción y prevención de la enfermedad con pertinencia territorial?

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has sustained increased in the Chilean young population. In order to focus on sexual education in adolescents, it is first necessary to establish the degree of knowledge and risk behaviors in this group. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degree of knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in adolescents from rural and urban schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 385 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Through an anonymous survey, sociodemographic data, knowledge about HIV/ AIDS, risk behaviors, and ways of accessing information were collected. RESULTS: A third of the adolescents surveyed (33.6%) reported having initiated sexual activity, primarily men. Rural students showed lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 32.2% of individuals who initiated sexual activity reported nonuse or rarely use of condoms, and only 4.4% of students have had an HIV detection/diagnostic test. Although the students had received information mainly from their teachers, they reported that if they needed help, they would go to health centers, youth programs, and, to a lesser extent, to teachers. They also preferred access to information in workshops, on the Internet, and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed regular knowledge of HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Rural students showed less knowledge and several risk behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to establish sexual education strategies in adolescents, considering the territory and the use of new technologies.

Orthopaedic trauma epidemiology after Hurricane Maria in the Puerto Rico Trauma Centre.

PURPOSE: Hurricane Maria is the most devastating natural phenomenon in the recent history of Puerto Rico. Due to its destructive path through the island, the Puerto Rico Trauma Center (PRTC) remained the only hospital managing orthopaedic trauma in the immediate post-disaster period. We investigated the impact of this hurricane on the orthopaedic trauma epidemiology in the PRTC. METHODS: We evaluated the admissions by the orthopaedic surgery service in terms of demographics, mechanisms of injury, and orthopaedic diagnoses for two months after the impact of Hurricane Maria (HM) on September 20, 2017. We compared our study group with the same two month period for two years prior (2015 and 2016) and after (2018 and 2019) as control periods. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We included 384 admissions from September 20 to November 20, 2017. The majority were males (63%) and had an average age of 54 years. The most-reported mechanism of injury was fall from standing height (FFSH), showing a significant increment compared with the control periods. Contrarily, motor vehicle accidents (MVA) showed a significant reduction. Among the orthopaedic diagnoses, the hip + pelvis category showed a significant decline within the study group. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the impact of HM on the orthopaedic trauma epidemiology at the PRTC. Our findings provide valuable evidence to healthcare institutions to better prepare to manage the potential changes in the orthopaedic trauma epidemiology after a major atmospheric event.

Implementation of a mobile team to provide normothermic regional perfusion in controlled donation after circulatory death: Pilot study and first results.

Normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in controlled donation after circulatory death is becoming a popular method due to the favorable results of the grafts procured under this technique. This procedure requires experience, and, sometimes, the availability of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) machines to implement NRP is limited to tertiary hospitals. In order to provide support with NRP in controlled donation after circulatory death across the different hospitals of the Autonomous Community of Madrid, a mobile NRP team was created. In the first 18 months since its creation, the mobile NRP team participated in 33 procurements across nine different hospitals, representing 72% of all controlled donations after circulatory death in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. NRP was successfully performed in 29 (88%) cases, with a mean duration of 69 ± 27 minutes. A total of 39 kidneys, 12 livers, and 5 bilateral lungs were recovered and transplanted. None of the livers were discarded due to an elevation in transaminases during NRP. A mobile NRP team is a feasible option and, in our series, aided in the optimization and recovery of organs from donors after controlled circulatory death in centers where ECMO technology was not available.

A facile electrochemical intercalation and microwave assisted exfoliation methodology applied to screen-printed electrochemical-based sensing platforms to impart improved electroanalytical outputs.

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are ubiquitous with the field of electrochemistry allowing researchers to translate sensors from the laboratory to the field. In this paper, we report an electrochemically driven intercalation process where an electrochemical reaction uses an electrolyte as a conductive medium as well as the intercalation source, which is followed by exfoliation and heating/drying via microwave irradiation, and applied to the working electrode of screen-printed electrodes/sensors (termed EDI-SPEs) for the first time. This novel methodology results in an increase of up to 85% of the sensor area (electrochemically active surface area, as evaluated using an outer-sphere redox probe). Upon further investigation, it is found that an increase in the electroactive area of the EDI-screen-printed based electrochemical sensing platforms is critically dependent upon the analyte and its associated electrochemical mechanism (i.e. adsorption vs. diffusion). Proof-of-concept for the electrochemical sensing of capsaicin, a measure of the hotness of chillies and chilli sauce, within both model aqueous solutions and a real sample (Tabasco sauce) is demonstrated in which the electroanalytical sensitivity (a plot of signal vs. concentration) is doubled when utilising EDI-SPEs over that of SPEs.

Albendazole treatment in laying hens: Egg residues and its effects on fertility and hatchability.

This work characterized the egg residual concentrations of albendazole (ABZ) and its sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone (ABZSO2 ) metabolites and evaluated their effect on egg fertility and hatchability after ABZ treatments to laying hens. Seventy hens were allocated in groups: Group-1 was the control without treatment; Group-2 received a single ABZ oral dose (10 mg/kg); Group-3, -4 and -5 were treated with ABZ in medicated feed over 7 days at 10, 40, or 80 mg kg-1  day-1 , respectively. Eggs were analyzed to determine the ABZ/metabolite level by HPLC or subjected to incubation to evaluate the fertility and hatchability. Only ABZSO and ABZSO2 metabolites were quantified in egg after ABZ single oral administration with maximum concentrations of 0.47 ± 0.08 and 0.30 ± 0.07 µg/ml, respectively. ABZ and its metabolites were found in eggs after 7-day ABZ treatments. The egg residue exposure estimated as AUCs (areas under the concentration vs. time curve) were 100.5 (ABZ), 56.3 (ABZSO) and 141.3 µg hr g-1 (ABZSO2 ). ABZ administration did not affect the egg fertility at any dosages. Egg hatchability was not affected by ABZ treatment at 10 mg/kg in medicated feed, but it decreased when the dose was 4-8 times higher. These results should be considered when ABZ is used for deworming laying hens.

Sensory quality of milk fat with low cholesterol content fractioned by molecular distillation.

BACKGROUND: Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) is a valuable ingredient in several industries, but its cholesterol content is a disadvantage because it is associated with several diseases. The objective of this study was to remove the largest possible amount of cholesterol from AMF by molecular distillation and to analyze the sensory properties of the obtained product. AMF was subjected to various molecular distillation arrangements. RESULTS: The first set of experiments involved molecular distillations performed over a range of evaporation temperatures. Then, according to the outcome of the first set of experiments, a second set of experiments was carried out in order to study the effect of the feeding flow rate. Finally, the number of distillation stages was modified. CONCLUSION: The best results were obtained in a three-stage arrangement, in which ∼60% of cholesterol was removed with a 30.48% distillate yield. The sensory properties of this distillation cut were also the most similar to those of the untreated milk fat. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Immobilization of Aspergillus niger lipase on chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles using two covalent-binding methods.

Aspergillus niger lipase immobilization by covalent binding on chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNP), obtained by one-step co-precipitation, was studied. Hydroxyl and amino groups of support were activated using glycidol and glutaraldehyde, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed reaction of these coupling agents with the enzyme and achievement of a successful immobilization. The derivatives showed activities of 309.5 ± 2.0 and 266.2 ± 2.8 U (g support)(-1) for the CMNP treated with glutaraldehyde and with glycidol, respectively. Immobilization enhanced the enzyme stability against changes of pH and temperature, compared to free lipase. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters K m and V max were determined for the free and immobilized enzyme. K m value quantified for enzyme immobilized by means of glutaraldehyde was 1.7 times lowers than for free lipase. High storage stability during 50 days was observed in the immobilized derivatives. Finally, immobilized derivatives retained above 80% of their initial activity after 15 hydrolytic cycles. The immobilized enzyme can be applied in various biotechnological processes involving magnetic separation.

Garré's Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of the Tibia in a Hispanic Adult Male: A Case Report.

Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré is a rare inflammatory pathology characterized by cortical thickening and loss of the medullary canal. Typically, this pathology affects the mandible. However, the involvement of long bones, such as the femur and tibia, is also possible. This condition predominantly affects children and young adults, especially females, and commonly emerges before age 25, with an average onset age of 16 years. The disease is characterized by an insidious onset, causing local pain, distention of the affected bone, and a moderately increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. We aim to report a unique case involving a 25-year-old Hispanic male presenting with a one-year insidious onset of left anterior lower leg pain. The patient's clinical course, laboratory findings, and imaging results are discussed. Despite a three-month trial of conservative management, symptomatic relief was elusive, prompting a left tibia core biopsy. Biopsy results revealed an inflammatory-reactive process with a xanthogranulomatous reaction. The continuation of conservative measures post-biopsy led to significant symptom resolution, highlighting the potential efficacy of histopathological examination. This case contributes to the limited literature on adult sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré, particularly in long bones and among Hispanic individuals. Successful management through biopsy and conservative treatment provides valuable insights into therapeutic options for this rare condition.

Development of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the simultaneous determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible olive oils.

A voltammetric electronic tongue (E-tongue) is "a multisensor system, which consists of a number of low-selective sensors and uses advanced mathematical procedures for signal processing based on pattern recognition and/or data multivariate analysis such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), principal component analysis (PCA), among others". Thus, E-tongues in combination with chemometrics tools result in more accurate and selective analytical methods. In this work, we report results of a simple and reliable electroanalytical method to determine butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate (PG) in edible olive oils (EOO). Therefore, the square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used on platinum and carbon fiber disk ultramicroelectrodes (E-tongue configuration) combined with chemometrics tools to perform these studies. On the other hand, two data fusion strategies were used in order to combine electrochemical data obtained for each working electrode in the E-tongue: low-level data fusion (LLDF) and mid-level data fusion (MLDF). In addition, to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset in MLDF, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used. Finally, to assert the predictive capability of the method for BHA, BHT, and PG determination in real samples, a recovery study for the antioxidants in EOO samples was performed, demonstrating the analytical accuracy of the proposed method. Moreover, from the comparison between the proposed electrochemical method with the AOAC reference method and others found in the literature in terms of the quality of the model (REP %) and the percent recovery assays (%) in different samples, our results were better than other reported previously for the simultaneous determination of BHA, BHT, and PG in real samples. Moreover, the percent recovery assays obtained with the proposed electrochemical method were in good agreement with those obtained by the chromatographic method.

Multivariate Optimization of Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Compounds Related to Food Safety-A Review.

We summarize the application of multivariate optimization for the construction of electrochemical biosensors. The introduction provides an overview of electrochemical biosensing, which is classified into catalytic-based and affinity-based biosensors, and discusses the most recent published works in each category. We then explore the relevance of electrochemical biosensors for food safety analysis, taking into account analytes of different natures. Then, we describe the chemometrics tools used in the construction of electrochemical sensors/biosensors and provide examples from the literature. Finally, we carefully discuss the construction of electrochemical biosensors based on design of experiments, including the advantages, disadvantages, and future perspectives of using multivariate optimization in this field. The discussion section offers a comprehensive analysis of these topics.

Simulation of intra-saccular devices for pre-operative device size selection: Method and validation for sizing and porosity simulation.

Intra-saccular devices (ID) are novel braided devices used for complex intracranial aneurysms treatment. Treatment success is associated with correct device size selection. A technique that predicts the ID size within the aneurysm before intervention will provide a powerful computational tool to aid the interventionist during device selection. We present a method to calculate the device's final height, radial expansion and porosity within the patient's anatomy, which allows assessing different device sizes before treatment takes place. The proposed sizing technique was tested in-vitro and in real patient's geometries obtained from 3DRA angiographic images of 8 unruptured aneurysms previously treated with IDs. The obtained simulated height was compared to the real height, with a mean error of less than 0.28 mm (±0.44). The porosity calculation method was tested in-vitro with an error of 0.02 (±0.022). The results of both sizing and porosity experiments resemble well measures from real patients. This methodology could be used before treatment to provide the interventionist with additional information that allows selecting the device that best fits the patient's aneurysm to be treated.

Second-order electrochemical data generation to quantify carvacrol in oregano essential oils.

A novel analytical method using voltammetric second-order modeling based on multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-square (MCR-ALS) is presented for the first time for the quantitation of carvacrol (CAR) in oregano essential oils (OEO). The second-order cyclic voltammetry data were generated on the basis that CAR shows a diffusional system. Thus, the scan rate (v) was used as a second instrumental mode and cyclic voltammograms at different v were acquired for a single sample, generating the second-order data. CAR determination was performed in presence of thymol, included as a potential interferent. Results demonstrated that MCR-ALS successfully exploited the second-order advantage and the recoveries were not statistically different than 100%. The limits of detection and quantitation were estimated using the MCR-ALS which were 6.27 × 10-5°mol°L-1°and 1.90 × 10-4°mol L-1, respectively. Finally, the developed methodology was implemented to quantify of CAR in OEO samples.

Persistent synovial actinomycosis in a native knee joint: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease associated with the Actinomyces species. This unusual condition, especially in the musculoskeletal system, has been considered a diagnostic challenge due to its initial non-specific symptoms requiring high clinical suspicion and an adequate diagnostic approach for its identification. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 39-year-old Hispanic female with right knee pain and associated purulent secretions for the past four years, who demonstrated persistent synovial actinomycosis despite arthrotomy with cleansing and debridement plus a long-term antibiotic regime. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Actinomyces species remain a rare cause of musculoskeletal disease. Its presentation could include localized swelling, tissue fibrosis, sinus tracts, or an abscess, yet these symptoms are not specific, requiring high clinical suspicion to avoid a potential misdiagnosis. Culture in an anaerobic media and pathologic specimens are vital diagnostic tools. Among the treatment alternatives, antimicrobial therapy and surgery are usually required to manage bone and joint infections. Adequate antibiotic selection is crucial, as suboptimal treatment could promote the development of a persistent infection. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of synovial actinomycosis, a rarely reported condition in native knee joints. High clinical suspicion is critical as early diagnosis, and adequate management is essential to avoid a persistent infectious process.

Qualitative and quantitative electroanalysis of synthetic phenolic antioxidant mixtures in edible oils based on their acid-base properties.

A simple electroanalytical method using square wave voltammetry at a Pt band ultramicroelectrode to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of different synthetic antioxidant mixtures permitted by official regulations in edible oils is proposed. The methodology was based on the comparison of voltammetric signals obtained in acetonitrile+0.1M (C4H9)4NF6P with those recorded in the same reaction medium when different aliquots of (C4H9)4NOH were added to allow a qualitative differentiation between antioxidants. Firstly, studies on solutions prepared from commercial reagents were carried out. Then, the results obtained were transferred to the analysis of a real matrix, i.e., an edible olive oil. From real samples spiked with a known amount of different synthetic antioxidant mixtures, we could deduce the presence of these antioxidants by comparing results obtained in the neutral medium with those obtained after the successive addition of base. The standard addition method was used to quantify the individually spiked synthetic antioxidants in the real sample. Recovery percentages were between 88% and 118%. The reproducibility was 1.5%, 3.1%, 4.1% and 4.1% in ACN+0.1M TBAHFP and 1.5%, 4.6%, 6.6% and 2.5% in Bz/EtOH (1:2)+0.1M H2SO4 for TBHQ, BHA, BHT and PG, respectively. The repeatability was 1% for PG in both media. These parameters show a good system performance.

Intra-saccular device modeling for treatment planning of intracranial aneurysms: from morphology to hemodynamics.

MOTIVATION: Intra-saccular devices (ID), developed for the treatment of bifurcation aneurysms, offer new alternatives for treating complex terminal and bifurcation aneurysms. In this work, a complete workflow going from medical images to post-treatment CFD analysis is described and used in the assessment of a concrete clinical problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different intra-saccular device sizes were virtually implanted in 3D models of the patient vasculature using the ID-Fit method. After deployment, the local porosity at the closed end of the device in contact with the blood flow was computed. This porosity was then used to produce a CFD porous medium model of the device. Velocities and wall shear stress were assessed for each model. RESULTS: Six patients treated with intra-saccular devices were included in this work. For each case, 2 different device sizes were virtually implanted and 3 CFD simulations were performed: after deployment simulation with each size and before deployment simulation (untreated). A visible reduction in velocities was observed after device implantation. Velocity and WSS reduction was statistically significant (K-S statistics, [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSIONS: Placement of different device size can lead to a partial filling of the aneurysm, either at the dome or at the neck, depending on the particular positioning by the interventionist. The methodology used in this work can have a strong clinical impact, since it provides additional information in the process of device selection using preoperative data.

Cerebral Aneurysm Occlusion at 12-Month Follow-Up After Flow-Diverter Treatment: Statistical Modeling for V&V With Real-World Data.

Background: Flow-Diverter (FD) porosity has been pointed as a critical factor in the occlusion of cerebral aneurysms after treatment. Objective: Verification and Validation of computational models in terms of predictive capacity, relating FD porosity and occlusion after cerebral aneurysms treatment. Methods: Sixty-four aneurysms, with pre-treatment and follow-up images, were considered. Patient demographics and aneurysm morphological information were collected. The computational simulation provided by ANKYRAS provided FD porosity, expansion, and mesh angle. FD occlusion was assessed and recorded from follow-up images. Multiple regression Logit and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to model the data with both categorical and continuous models. Results: Occlusion of the aneurysm after 12 months was affected by aneurysm morphology but not by FD mesh morphology. A Time-To-Occlusion (TTO) of 6.92 months on average was observed with an SE of 0.24 months in the aneurysm population surveyed. TTO was estimated with statistical significance from the resulting model for the data examined and was capable of explaining 92% of the data variation. Conclusions: Porosity was found to have the most correction power when assessing TTO, proving its importance in the process of aneurysm occlusion. Still, further Verification and Validation (V&V) of treatment simulation in more extensive, multi-center, and randomized databases is required.

Development of an enzymatic biosensor to determine eugenol in dental samples.

A GCE/CRGO-ßCD's/ADA-SPE/AuNPs biosensor was successfully developed to determine eugenol in dental samples. The optimal conditions to construct the biosensor were obtained from an experimental design based on the response surfaces methodology. The GCE/CRGO-ßCD/ADA-SPE/AuNPs biosensor exhibited a very good analytical performance for the quantification of eugenol. Thus, it shows a linear range between 1.3 × 10-8 and 1 × 10-5 mol L-1, with a sensitivity of (5.3 ± 0.3) x 10-3 A mol-1 L. The limits of detection and quantification were 4 × 10-9 mol L-1 and 1.3 × 10-8 mol L-1, respectively. Biosensors had an intraday and inter day reproducibility of 5% and 8%, respectively. The repeatability was of 3%, and the stability was 21 days (a decrease of 30% in current responses was observed after the fourth week). Recovery studies were performed in order to validate the proposed method. Recovery percentages were between 94 and 108%. A value of the apparent Michaellis-Menten constant, KMapp, of 3.1 × 10-6 mol L-1 was obtained using both Lineweaver-Burk and Eadi-Hofstee methods.

Online and Face-to-Face Social Networks and Dispositional Affectivity. How to Promote Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Environments to Achieve Disruptive Innovations?

Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations.

Transplantation of a heart donated after circulatory death via thoraco-abdominal normothermic regional perfusion and results from the first Spanish case.

BACKGROUND: Controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) has emerged as one of the main strategies for increasing the organ donor pool. Because of the ischemic injury that follows the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, hearts from cDCD donors have not been considered for transplantation until recently. The ex-situ perfusion of hearts directly procured from cDCD donors has been used to allow the continuous perfusion of the organ and the assessment of myocardial viability prior to transplantation. Based on our experience with abdominal normothermic regional perfusion in cDCD, we designed a protocol to recover and validate hearts from cDCD donors using thoraco-abdominal normothermic regional perfusion without the utilization of an ex-situ device. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the first case of a cDCD heart transplant performed with this approach in Spain. The donor was a 43-year-old asthmatic female diagnosed with severe hypoxic encephalopathy. She was considered a potential cDCD donor and a suitable candidate for multiorgan procurement including the heart via thoraco-abdominal normothermic regional perfusion. The heart recipient was a 60-year-old male diagnosed with amyloid cardiomyopathy. Cold ischemia time was 55 min. The surgery was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: This case report, the first of its kind in Spain, supports the feasibility of evaluating and successfully transplanting cDCD hearts without the need for ex-situ perfusion based on the use of thoraco-abdominal normothermic regional perfusion opening the way for multiorgan donation in cDCD.