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Policy Points A decade after failing to make it into the Affordable Care Act, the public option reemerged as a health reform goal at both the national and state levels, with polls reporting strong, bipartisan support. A 2020 poll that probed both support for one public option approach (Medicare "buy-in") and attitudes toward government suggests that differences in these attitudes could plague reform advocates' efforts. Although the COVID-19 pandemic viscerally highlighted the need for a more coherent health care system-including universal coverage-other recent evolutions in the broader US political context could undermine reform.
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COVID-19 , Reforma de la Atención de Salud , Anciano , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Medicare , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiología , PolíticaRESUMEN
Ten years after its enactment, public support for the Affordable Care Act (ACA) still only reaches a scant majority. Candidates for the presidency-and the sitting president-have endorsed health reforms that would radically transition US health care away from the current system upon which the ACA was built. Few opinion surveys to date have captured dominant preferences among alternative health reform policies or characterized attitudes and experiences that might be associated with policy preferences. Using a 2019 nationally representative telephone survey, this article considers how variations in political values, attitudes toward government, and experiences with the health care system relate to competing health reform preferences. Differences between those who favor Medicare for All over building on the ACA largely reflect different levels of satisfaction with the status quo and views of private health insurance. By contrast, differences between ACA supporters and those who would favor replacing it with a state-based alternative reflect sharply different political values and attitudes. Key differences remain significant after controlling for demographic, health, and political characteristics. Overwhelming public support still eludes the ACA, and reaching consensus on future directions for health reform will remain challenging given differences in underlying beliefs.
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Actitud , Reforma de la Atención de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Reforma de la Atención de Salud/métodos , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Política , Opinión Pública , Adulto , Anciano , Atención a la Salud/normas , Femenino , Programas de Gobierno/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Oral Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) is highly effective at preventing hospitalization and death from COVID-19, yet it has been remarkably underused, even by patients at highest risk from COVID-19, since its December 2021 introduction in the US. The reasons behind this underuse are still unclear. To examine public awareness and perceptions of Paxlovid that might help explain its underuse, we conducted a nationally representative survey of 1,430 US adults in July 2023. A majority of respondents (85 percent) had no or low awareness of Paxlovid, including 31 percent who had never heard of it. Even among those who were aware of the drug, many held misperceptions about its effectiveness (39 percent), adverse effects (86 percent), and requisite timing (61 percent) that could lead to underuse. Lower awareness and misperceptions were more common among medically vulnerable and disadvantaged populations who might benefit most from Paxlovid access, including adults unvaccinated against COVID-19, those with lower levels of education, and Black and Hispanic or Latino adults. Results suggest that Paxlovid underuse may be partly driven by a lack of effective public communication to generate awareness and knowledge about the drug, leading to low demand. As Paxlovid loses full government subsidies, further public outreach is needed to ensure that the public accesses it when needed.
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Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ritonavir/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The enduring spread of COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses highlights a need for greater focus on long-term public willingness to perform protective behaviors. Although COVID-19 is no longer considered a public health emergency of international concern, it is unknown whether people in the United States plan to continue protective behaviors to protect themselves and others against infection. To inform planning and communications, we used a nationally representative survey of 1,936 US adults to examine attitudes and intentions toward future vaccination and mask-wearing. A majority believed COVID-19 vaccines were safe (73%) and effective in protecting against serious illness (72%). One-third (33%) had strong intentions to get an updated COVID-19 vaccine most years in the future. Among those with weaker intentions (n=1,287), many cited concerns about safety (71%) and efficacy (64%), lack of trust in institutions (64%), or beliefs that prior vaccination or infection protected them (62%). Approximately two-thirds (69%) of respondents believed masks were effective in protecting the wearer from getting COVID-19, and a majority appeared moderately receptive to future public mask-wearing, particularly when there was proximate risk of infection from COVID-19 (67%) or other respiratory viruses (59%). Men, non-Hispanic White adults, younger adults, rural residents, and adults with higher incomes, without college degrees, and without serious medical conditions or physical limitations were more likely to indicate resistance toward future COVID-19 vaccination and/or mask-wearing. Findings support tailored messaging to address concerns and opportunities among different populations, as well as support for communications programs and community engagement to motivate future uptake.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Máscaras , Humanos , Máscaras/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Masculino , Estados Unidos , COVID-19/prevención & control , Femenino , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunación/psicología , Adulto Joven , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Intención , Adolescente , Anciano , SARS-CoV-2 , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/psicologíaRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for research about communicating with populations who have limited English proficiency in the United States during infectious disease outbreaks. These populations have experienced significantly worse health outcomes during emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and evidence-based risk communications are critical to protecting their health. To support improved development of emergency communications for these communities, we conducted a scoping review that examined the extent of research available, with an intent to identify which communications topics are covered in the literature and where research gaps exist. Following the JBI framework, with reporting guided by the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, 6 electronic databases were systematically searched in October 2022. The inclusion criteria for articles selected were: data collected between 2009 and 2022, published in English, and focused on communications pertaining to emergency infectious disease outbreaks (eg, H1N1 influenza, Zika virus, COVID-19) for populations with limited English proficiency. Of 2,049 articles identified through the search, 31 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. We identified major limitations in the evidence base: a majority of studies were conducted only among Spanish speakers or during the COVID-19 pandemic, and most used qualitative or nonrandom samples. Most studies documented basic language barriers in communications, but there was little exploration of more nuanced barriers, such as cultural relevance or social context. Ahead of future outbreaks, more research is urgently needed to examine the information landscapes of populations with limited English proficiency, to inform the development of more effective communications strategies from public health institutions and others.
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COVID-19 , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Dominio Limitado del Inglés , Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Public health agencies' ability to protect health in the wake of COVID-19 largely depends on public trust. In February 2022 we conducted a first-of-its-kind nationally representative survey of 4,208 US adults to learn the public's reported reasons for trust in federal, state, and local public health agencies. Among respondents who expressed a "great deal" of trust, that trust was not related primarily to agencies' ability to control the spread of COVID-19 but, rather, to beliefs that those agencies made clear, science-based recommendations and provided protective resources. Scientific expertise was a more commonly reported reason for "a great deal" of trust at the federal level, whereas perceptions of hard work, compassionate policy, and direct services were emphasized more at the state and local levels. Although trust in public health agencies was not especially high, few respondents indicated that they had no trust. Lower trust was related primarily to respondents' beliefs that health recommendations were politically influenced and inconsistent. The least trusting respondents also endorsed concerns about private-sector influence and excessive restrictions and had low trust in government overall. Our findings suggest the need to support a robust federal, state, and local public health communications infrastructure; ensure agencies' authority to make science-based recommendations; and develop strategies for engaging different segments of the public.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Salud Pública , Confianza , Comunicación , PolíticasRESUMEN
This analysis of a 2020 nationally representative sample of 1003 U.S. Black and Hispanic/Latino households shows that experiencing racism in healthcare is associated with significantly worse quality of healthcare and lower trust in doctors reported by patients. These findings emphasize that improving healthcare for Black and Hispanic/Latino patients will require major efforts to eliminate racism on the part of health professionals and healthcare institutions.
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Racismo , Atención a la Salud , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , ConfianzaRESUMEN
Telehealth services have expanded dramatically during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic; we provide estimates of telehealth use and satisfaction based on a nationally representative, random survey of 3454 U.S. households. Fifty percent of households reported using telehealth because they could not receive medical care in person. Satisfaction was high among telehealth users (86%). However, satisfaction with telehealth was lower (65%) among households who reported experiences of delayed medical care for serious problems. Telehealth use was lower among rural households than urban households (46% vs. 53%) and among <$30,000 annually (47%), $30,000-<$50,000 (39%), and $75,000-<$100,000 (49%) compared with those earning $100,000 + (60%). Telehealth use was lower among households without high-speed internet compared to those with it (36 vs. 53%). Among users, satisfaction did not differ significantly by metro area, income, or internet quality. Telehealth may play a valuable role in access for many patient populations, but may not always be a perfect substitute for in-person care.
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Importance: The 2016 US presidential election brought national visibility to prominent economic issues affecting rural America, yet little has been done to examine serious health or economic problems in rural communities from the perspectives of rural US adults themselves. Objective: To examine views on the most serious health and economic concerns and potential solutions in rural communities. Design, Setting, and Participants: This survey study used 2 cross-sectional probability-based telephone (cellular and landline) surveys of adults living in the rural United States. The first survey was conducted June 6 to August 4, 2018, and the second survey was conducted January 31 to March 2, 2019. All results were weighted to be nationally representative of rural US adults. Data analysis was conducted in April 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcomes were the prevalence of rural adults reporting their biggest community problems, problems with health care access and costs, ratings of the local economy, views on opioid addiction, and views on solving major community issues. Results: The 2018 survey included 1300 respondents (response rate, 12%; completion rate, 70%), and the 2019 survey included 1405 respondents (response rate, 8%; completion rate, 76%). Rural adults primarily identified as non-Hispanic white (78%), and more than half of respondents were 50 years or older (survey 1: 55%, survey 2: 53%). Rural adults identified opioid or other drug addiction or abuse (25%; 95% CI, 22%-28%) and economic concerns (21%; 95% CI, 19%-24%) as the most serious problems facing their local communities. Opioid or other drug addiction or abuse was reported as a serious problem in their local community by 57% (95% CI, 53%-60%) of rural adults, while 49% (95% CI, 46%-53%) of rural adults said they personally know someone who has had opioid addiction. Problems paying medical bills were reported by 32% (95% CI, 29%-36%) of rural adults, and recent issues with accessing health care were reported by 26% (95% CI, 23%-30%) of rural adults. Regarding financial and economic issues, 55% (95% CI, 52%-59%) of rural adults rated their local economy as only fair or poor, and 49% (95% CI, 44%-54%) of rural adults said they would have difficulty paying off an unexpected $1000 expense. On solving major community problems, 58% (95% CI, 54%-62%) of rural adults saw a need for outside help to solve major community problems, and among those who reported needing outside help, 61% (95% CI, 57%-66%) identified a major role for government. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that in today's economically stretched rural United States, opioid or other drug addiction or abuse has emerged as an equal problem with economic concerns. One in 3 rural adults still have problems paying their medical bills even after the passage and implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Although rural communities have traditionally been self-reliant, more than half of rural adults are open to outside help to solve serious problems facing their communities, including major help from government.
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Actitud Frente a la Salud , Economía , Opinión Pública , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data came from a national, probability-based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non-Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity. We report these results overall, by race/ethnicity, and among transgender adults only. We used multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds of discrimination between racial/ethnic minority and white LGBTQ respondents. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were common for LGBTQ adults, including slurs (57 percent), microaggressions (53 percent), sexual harassment (51 percent), violence (51 percent), and harassment regarding bathroom use (34 percent). More than one in six LGBTQ adults also reported avoiding health care due to anticipated discrimination (18 percent), including 22 percent of transgender adults, while 16 percent of LGBTQ adults reported discrimination in health care encounters. LGBTQ racial/ethnic minorities had statistically significantly higher odds than whites in reporting discrimination based on their LGBTQ identity when applying for jobs, when trying to vote or participate in politics, and interacting with the legal system CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination is widely experienced by LGBTQ adults across health care and other domains, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Policy and programmatic efforts are needed to reduce these negative experiences and their health impact on sexual and/or gender minority adults, particularly those who experience compounded forms of discrimination.
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Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Acoso Sexual , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Vivienda , Humanos , Masculino , Acoso Sexual/etnología , Acoso Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine experiences of racial discrimination among Asian Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey, including 500 Asian and a comparison group of 902 white US adults, conducted January to April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percent of Asian Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the Asian-white difference in odds of discrimination, and among Asians only to examine variation by geographic heritage group (South Asian versus East Asian) and gender. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 13 percent of Asians reported discrimination in healthcare encounters. At least one in four adults reported experiencing discrimination in employment (27 percent job applications, 25 percent equal pay/promotions); housing (25 percent); and interpersonal interactions (35 percent microaggressions, 32 percent racial slurs). In unadjusted models, East and South Asians were more likely than whites to report experiences of institutional discrimination, and South Asians were more likely than whites to report microaggressions. In adjusted models, Asians had higher odds than whites of reporting avoiding health care due to discrimination concerns and also when obtaining housing. CONCLUSIONS: Asians in the United States experience discrimination interpersonally and across many institutional settings, including housing and health care. South Asians may be especially vulnerable to forms of institutional discrimination and microaggressions. These results illustrate a need for greater investigation into the unique experiences of Asian subgroups and greater protections for groups at higher risk of discrimination, within health care and beyond.
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Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Asiático/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Racismo/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination among Latinos in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 803 Latinos and a comparison group of 902 non-Hispanic white US adults, conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percent of Latinos reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the Latino-white difference in odds of discrimination, and among Latinos only to examine variation by socioeconomic status and country of birth. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: One in five Latinos (20 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 17 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A notable share of Latinos also reported experiencing discrimination with employment (33 percent applying for jobs; 32 percent obtaining equal pay/promotions), housing (31 percent), and police interactions (27 percent). In adjusted models, Latinos had significantly higher odds than whites for reporting discrimination in health care visits (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.61, 6.26) and across several other domains. Latinos with college degrees had significantly higher odds of reporting discrimination in multiple domains than those without college degrees, with few differences between foreign-born and US-born Latinos. CONCLUSIONS: Latinos in the United States report experiencing widespread discrimination in health care and other areas of their lives, at significantly higher levels than whites. Being born in the United States and earning a college degree are not protective against discrimination, suggesting that further health and social policy efforts to eliminate discrimination are needed.
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Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Racismo/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
This survey study evaluates public health priorities and trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments among US adults after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Confianza , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./organización & administración , Prioridades en Salud , Gobierno Estatal , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine reported racial discrimination and harassment against Native Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 342 Native American and 902 white US adults, conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percent of Native Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the Native American-white difference in odds of discrimination and conducted exploratory analyses among Native Americans only to examine variation by socioeconomic and geographic/neighborhood characteristics. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: More than one in five Native Americans (23 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 15 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A notable share of Native Americans also reported they or family members have experienced violence (38 percent) or have been threatened or harassed (34 percent). In adjusted models, Native Americans had higher odds than whites of reporting discrimination across several domains, including health care and interactions with the police/courts. In exploratory analyses, the association between geographic/neighborhood characteristics and discrimination among Native Americans was mixed. CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination and harassment are widely reported by Native Americans across multiple domains of their lives, regardless of geographic or neighborhood context. Native Americans report major disparities compared to whites in fair treatment by institutions, particularly with health care and police/courts. Results suggest modern forms of discrimination and harassment against Native Americans are systemic and untreated problems.
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Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Indígenas Norteamericanos/psicología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Racismo/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine reported experiences of gender discrimination and harassment among US women. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey of 1596 women, conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percentages of women reporting gender discrimination and harassment in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to examine variation in experiences among women by race/ethnicity and sexual orientation/gender identity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sizable fractions of women experience discrimination and harassment, including discrimination in health care (18 percent), equal pay/promotions (41 percent), and higher education (20 percent). In adjusted models, Native American, black, and Latina women had higher odds than white women of reporting gender discrimination in several domains, including health care. Latinas' odds of health care avoidance versus whites was (OR [95% CI]) 3.69 (1.59, 8.58), while blacks' odds of discrimination in health care visits versus whites was 2.00 [1.06, 3.74]. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) women had higher odds of reporting sexual harassment (2.16 [1.06, 4.40]) and violence (2.71 [1.43, 5.16]) against themselves or female family members than non-LGBTQ women. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that discrimination and harassment are widely experienced by women across multiple domains of their lives, particularly those who are a racial/ethnic minority or LGBTQ. Further policy and programmatic efforts beyond current legal protections for women are needed to meaningfully reduce these negative experiences, as they impact women's health care and their lives overall.
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Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Sexismo , Acoso Sexual , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud de la Mujer , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Empleo , Femenino , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Sexismo/etnología , Sexismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Acoso Sexual/etnología , Acoso Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine experiences of racial discrimination among black adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 802 non-Hispanic black and a comparison group of 902 non-Hispanic white US adults, conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percent of blacks reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the black-white difference in odds of discrimination, and among blacks only to examine variation by socioeconomic status, gender, and neighborhood racial composition. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: About one-third of blacks (32 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 22 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A majority of black adults reported experiencing discrimination in employment (57 percent in obtaining equal pay/promotions; 56 percent in applying for jobs), police interactions (60 percent reported being stopped/unfairly treated by police), and hearing microaggressions (52 percent) and racial slurs (51 percent). In adjusted models, blacks had significantly higher odds than whites of reporting discrimination in every domain. Among blacks, having a college degree was associated with higher odds of experiencing overall institutional discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of reported discrimination across several areas of life suggests a broad pattern of discrimination against blacks in America, beyond isolated experiences. Black-white disparities exist on nearly all dimensions of experiences with public and private institutions, including health care and the police. Evidence of systemic discrimination suggests a need for more active institutional interventions to address racism in policy and practice.
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Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/etnología , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Racismo/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Teléfono , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
This survey study examines attitudes toward COVID-19 and influenza vaccines among US adults.