Decreasing Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears, Increasing Utilization of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States from 2010-2020.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to characterize the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and ACL non-operative management from 2010-2020, stratifying by age, biological sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the PearlDiver national insurance claims database. Cohorts of patients with ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management were identified using ICD-9/10, and CPT codes between 2010-2020. All patients with ACL tears were included. Patients were stratified by age, sex, and CCI. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis, T tests, and Cohen's d tests were performed to analyze trends and demographic variables. RESULTS: Of 931,186 ACL tears during the study period, 196,589 were managed with ACLR and 734,597 were managed non-operatively. The cumulative incidence of ACL tears was 75.19 tears per 100,000 person-years. There was a modest decrease in the incidence of ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management from 2010-2020, with CAGRs of -3.43%, -3.55%, and -5.35%, respectively. The relative utilization of ACLR compared to non-operative management increased from 2010-2020 (CAGR 2.15%). Patients aged 10-19 accounted for the majority of ACL tears (22.31%) and ACLRs (30.97%). A slight majority of ACL tears (51.2%, p<0.001), ACLR (50.7%, p<0.001), and ACL tears with non-operative management (51.6%, p<0.001) occurred in female patients. The mean CCI of patients who underwent ACLR (mean=0.32; SD=0.77) was significantly lower than that of the general ACL tear cohort (mean=0.54; SD=1.19; p=0.005), and the non-operative management cohort (mean=0.64; SD 1.32; p=0.0004). CONCLUSION: The overall decrease in ACL tears, ACLR, and non-operative management found in this study is a reversal from trends reported in the literature from previous decades. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 (Retrospective Case Series).

The cost effectiveness of tranexamic acid for preventing periprosthetic joint infection following total shoulder arthroplasty: a break-even analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of tranexamic acid (TXA) has become widespread in orthopedics to promote hemostasis and has been successfully used to reduce blood loss and infection risk in joint arthroplasty. However, the cost effectiveness of routine TXA use for the prevention of periprosthetic infections in total shoulder arthroplasty remains unknown. METHODS: The acquisition cost of TXA ($5.22) for our institution, along with values from the literature for the average cost of infection-related care ($55,243) and the baseline infection rates for patients without TXA use (0.70%),were used to perform a break-even analysis. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) of infection necessary to justify the prophylactic use of TXA in shoulder arthroplasty was calculated from the nontreated and break-even infection rates. RESULTS: TXA is considered cost-effective if it prevents one infection out of 10,583 total shoulder arthroplasty's (ARR = 0.009%). It is economically justifiable with an ARR range of 0.001% at a cost of $0.50/g to 0.181% at $100/g. At varying costs of infection-related care ($10,000-$100,000) and varying baseline infection rates (0.50%-8.00%) and routine use of TXA remained cost-effective. CONCLUSION: The use of TXA is an economically viable practice for infection prevention following shoulder arthroplasty if it reduces the infection rate by 0.009%. Future, prospective studies should be conducted to observe whether TXA reduces the infection rate by more than 0.009%, showing cost effectiveness.

Humeral shaft fractures: a cost-effectiveness analysis of operative versus nonoperative management.

BACKGROUND: Humeral shaft fractures can be managed operatively or nonoperatively with functional bracing in the absence of neurovascular injury, open fracture, or polytrauma. A consensus on optimal management has not been reached, nor has the cost-effectiveness perspective been investigated. METHODS: A decision tree was constructed describing the management of humeral shaft fractures with open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF), intramedullary nailing (IMN), and functional bracing in a non-elderly population. Probabilities were defined using weighted averages determined from systematic review of the literature. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, measured in cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50,000/QALY and $100,000/QALY were evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-six studies were included. Using bracing as the referent in the health care model, we observed that bracing was the preferred strategy at both incremental cost-effectiveness ratio thresholds. ORIF and IMN had higher overall effectiveness (0.917 QALYs and 0.913 QALYs, respectively) compared with bracing (0.877 QALYs). The cost-effectiveness of bracing was driven by a substantially lower overall cost. In the societal model-accounting for both health care and societal costs-the cost difference narrowed between bracing, ORIF, and IMN. Bracing remained the preferred strategy at the $50,000/QALY threshold; ORIF was preferred at the $100,000/QALY threshold. ORIF and IMN were comparable strategies across a range of probability values in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Functional bracing, with its low cost and satisfactory clinical outcomes, is often the most cost-effective strategy for humeral shaft fracture management. ORIF becomes preferable at the higher willingness-to-pay threshold when societal burden is considered. QALY values for ORIF and IMN were comparable.

Use of a Large Tenaculum Clamp as a Reduction Technique for Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures.

Distal radius fractures are common upper extremity injuries requiring surgical treatment. In the context of management with a volar locking plate (VLP), a number of described techniques assist with restoration of individual anatomical parameters such as radial length, volar tilt, and articular congruity. We present a surgical technique that utilizes a large tenaculum bone clamp to provide an efficacious reduction in several planes. With anteroposterior compression, the clamp enables volar translation of the distal fracture fragment. This compression also decreases the interval between the distal portion of the VLP and the fracture fragments. With a rotational force, the clamp can restore volar tilt of the articular surface. By positioning the tines of the clamp across the fracture in the coronal plane, a clamping force can correct medial or lateral translation of the distal fracture fragment. Proper reduction substantially minimizes complications such as abrasion or rupture of the flexor tendons along the VLP.

Endoscopic Versus Open Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Postoperative Complications in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often face higher postoperative complication rates. Limited data exist regarding outcomes in T2DM patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (CTR). This study compares complication rates between endoscopic CTR (ECTR) and open CTR (OCTR) in patients with T2DM. Methods: The TriNetX database was used to perform a retrospective cohort study of 67,225 patients with T2DM who underwent ECTR (n = 17,792) or OCTR (n = 49,433). Demographic data, medical comorbidities, and complication rates were analyzed. A 1:1 propensity score match was performed to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals of postoperative median nerve injury, 6-week wound dehiscence, and 6-week wound infection. Results: After matching, a significantly greater number of ECTR patients had liver disease (P = <.001) and a body mass index > 40 (P = .001) compared to the OCTR group. These patients also had a lower incidence of fluid and electrolyte disorders (P = .003). Patients with T2DM who underwent ECTR had a significantly lower relative risk of 6-week wound infection, 6-week wound dehiscence, and median nerve injury (all P < .001) compared to patients who underwent OCTR. Conclusions: In our analysis of T2DM patients undergoing CTR, ECTR yielded significantly lower rates of wound infection, wound dehiscence, and nerve injury within 6-weeks post-surgery, reducing the risk by 43%, 52%, and 58%, respectively. These findings suggest that ECTR may result in a lower complication rate in this patient population. Type of study/level of evidence: III.

Artificial Intelligence in the Management of Rotator Cuff Tears.

Technological innovation is a key component of orthopedic surgery. Artificial intelligence (AI), which describes the ability of computers to process massive data and "learn" from it to produce outputs that mirror human cognition and problem solving, may become an important tool for orthopedic surgeons in the future. AI may be able to improve decision making, both clinically and surgically, via integrating additional data-driven problem solving into practice. The aim of this article will be to review the current applications of AI in the management of rotator cuff tears. The article will discuss various stages of the clinical course: predictive models and prognosis, diagnosis, intraoperative applications, and postoperative care and rehabilitation. Throughout the article, which is a review in terms of study design, we will introduce the concept of AI in rotator cuff tears and provide examples of how these tools can impact clinical practice and patient care. Though many advancements in AI have been made regarding evaluating rotator cuff tears-particularly in the realm of diagnostic imaging-further advancements are required before they become a regular facet of daily clinical practice.

Short-Term Complications and Readmission Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A National Database Study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of total shoulder arthroplasty (anatomic and reverse) is increasing as indications expand. The purpose of this study is to identify predictors of short-term complications and readmission following total shoulder arthroplasty for patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to identify 12,982 patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty (anatomic or reverse) from 2011-2016. Demographic data, postoperative complications, and readmission within 30 days were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for complications and for readmission occurring within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 69.1 years, 56.1% were female. Mean American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification score was 2.6. The postoperative complication rate was 5.6% and the readmission rate was 2.8% within 30 days of surgery. Independent predictors for any complication included preoperative dependent functional status (OR 1.8, P<0.001), ASA class 3 (OR 3.6, P=0.021) and 4 (OR 8.5, P<0.001), age 70-79 (OR 1.4, P=0.019) age ≥ 80 years (OR 2.3, P<0.001, and female gender (OR 1.6, P=0.001). Independent predictors for readmission included congestive heart failure (OR 3.4, P=0.002) and ASA class 4 (OR 14, P = 0.013). Independent functional status was associated with decreased odds of readmission (OR 0.4, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with age greater than 70 years, congestive heart failure, and ASA class 3 and 4 are at increased risk for postoperative complications and readmission. Preoperative risk stratification and medical optimization are important in these patients.

Patient-specific planning in shoulder arthroplasty.

AIMS: Patient-specific instrumentation has been shown to increase a surgeon's precision and accuracy in placing the glenoid component in shoulder arthroplasty. There is, however, little available information about the use of patient-specific planning (PSP) tools for this operation. It is not known how these tools alter the decision-making patterns of shoulder surgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PSP, when compared with the use of plain radiographs or select static CT images, influences the understanding of glenoid pathology and surgical planning. METHODS: A case-based survey presented surgeons with a patient's history, physical examination, and, sequentially, radiographs, select static CT images, and PSP with a 3D imaging program. For each imaging modality, the surgeons were asked to identify the Walch classification of the glenoid and to propose the surgical treatment. The participating surgeons were grouped according to the annual volume of shoulder arthroplasties that they undertook, and responses were compared with the recommendations of two experts. RESULTS: A total of 59 surgeons completed the survey. For all surgeons, the use of the PSP significantly increased agreement with the experts in glenoid classification (x2 = 8.54; p = 0.014) and surgical planning (x2 = 37.91; p < 0.001). The additional information provided by the PSP also showed a significantly higher impact on surgical decision-making for surgeons who undertake fewer than ten shoulder arthroplasties annually (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The information provided by PSP has the greatest impact on the surgical decision-making of low volume surgeons (those who perform fewer than ten shoulder arthroplasties annually), and PSP brings all surgeons in to closer agreement with the recommendations of experts for glenoid classification and surgical planning. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(3):365-370.

Neer Type-II Distal Clavicle Fractures: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Fixation Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Neer type-II distal clavicle fractures are unstable and are generally appropriately managed with operative fixation. Fixation options include locking plates, hook plates, and suture button devices. No consensus on optimal technique exists. METHODS: A decision tree model was created describing fixation of Neer type-II fractures using hook plates, locking plates, or suture buttons. Outcomes included uneventful healing, symptomatic implant removal, deep infection requiring debridement, and nonunion requiring revision. Weighted averages derived from a systematic review were used for probabilities. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated by calculating incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The ICER is defined as the ratio of the difference in cost and difference in effectiveness of each strategy, and is measured in cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The model was evaluated using thresholds of $50,000/QALY and $100,000/QALY. Sensitivity analysis was performed on all outcome probabilities for each fixation strategy to assess cost-effectiveness across a range of values. RESULTS: Forty-three papers met final inclusion criteria. Using suture buttons as the reference case in the health-care cost model, suture button repair was dominant (both less expensive and clinically superior). Hook plates cost substantially more ($5,360.52) compared with suture buttons and locking plates ($3,713.50 and $4,007.44, respectively). Suture buttons and locking plates yielded similar clinical outcomes (0.92 and 0.91 QALY, respectively). Suture button dominance persisted in the societal perspective model. Sensitivity analysis on outcome probabilities showed that locking plates became the most cost-effective strategy if the revision rate after their use was lowered to 2.2%, from the overall average in the sources of >19%. No other changes in outcome probabilities for any of the 3 techniques allowed suture buttons to be surpassed as the most cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: The cost-effectiveness of suture buttons is driven by low revision rates and high uneventful healing rates. Similar QALY values for locking plate and suture button fixation were observed, which is consistent with existing literature that has failed to identify either as the clinically superior technique. Cost-effectiveness should fit prominently into the decision-making rubric for these injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Evaluation of oral itraconazole administration in captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti).

Aspergillus spp. fungal infections are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in captive penguins. Itraconazole has been the drug of choice for both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment; however, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters can be highly variable in different species, and it has not been evaluated in penguins. In this study, four preliminary steady-state trials were performed to compare two oral formulations of itraconazole (commercial capsules compared with generic bulk compounded powder) at two different dosages (6 or 12 mg/kg once a day) administered in fish to small groups of captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Building on this data, a final steady-state trial was performed with the use of a 7 mg/kg oral dosage twice a day of commercial capsules given in fish to a group of 15 penguins. With sparse sampling, blood was drawn for testing from small subsets of each treatment group at 4-7 time points in the 24-hr period after the final dose of itraconazole on day 14. Steady-state plasma concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole, the major metabolite, were determined by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Treatment with the generic bulk compounded product resulted in plasma levels of itraconazole that were undetectable for 26 out of 30 blood samples, compared with seven out of 20 blood samples for the commercial product at the same dosage. On the basis of study results, an estimated oral dosage of either 8.5 mg/kg twice a day or 20 mg/kg once a day of the commercial itraconazole capsules given in fish would produce adequate steady-state therapeutic blood levels in Humboldt penguins.

Microchips in Medicine: Current and Future Applications.

With the objective of improving efficacy and morbidity, device manufacturers incorporate chemicals or drugs into medical implants. Using multiple reservoirs of discrete drug doses, microchips represent a new technology capable of on-demand release of various drugs over long periods of time. Herein, we review drug delivery systems, how microchips work, recent investigations, and future applications in various fields of medicine.