Oleuropein Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia Injury in Rats: Molecular Docking, Biochemical and Histological Findings.

This study was designed to evaluate the underlying protective mechanisms of oleuropein involved in alleviating brain damage in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; Control, stroke (MCAO), MCAO + clopidogrel (Clop) and MCAO + oleuropein (Ole). Results showed that the MCAO group evidenced significant brain edema (+ 9%) as well as increases of plasma cardiac markers such as lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK-MB), fibrinogen and Trop-T by 11 %, 43%, 168 and 590%, respectively, as compared to the control group. Moreover, infarcted rats exhibited remarkable elevated levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), both in plasma and brain tissue, with astrocyte swelling and necrotic neurons in the infarct zone, hyponatremia, and increased rate of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) by 89% associated with decreases in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (Cat) by 51%, 44 and 42%, respectively, compared to normal control rats. However, MCAO rats treated with oleuropein underwent mitigation of cerebral edema, correction of hyponatremia, remarkable decrease of plasma fibrinogen and cardiac dysfunctional enzymes, inhibition of ACE activity and improvement of oxidative stress status in brain tissue. Furthermore, in silico analysis showed considerable inhibitions of ACE, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and TGF-ß1, an indicative of potent anti-embolic properties. Overall, oleuropein offers a neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke through its antioxidative and antithrombotic activities.

Importance of anemia in the chronic Cardiorenal syndrome: effects on renal function after heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorenal syndrome has been recently divided into 5 categories, according to acute or chronic evolution and primary organ dysfunction. Anemia can also accompany this disorder, leading to a more complex situation. This study aims to analyze the renal outcomes of patients, specifically patients with chronic Cardiorenal syndrome, with or without anemia, long-term after heart transplantation. MATERIAL/METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study on chronic Cardiorenal syndrome patients submitted to heart transplantation. Patients were divided according to presence of anemia and renal dysfunction before heart transplantation. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients (92 males) with the mean age of 45±12 years were included. The etiologies of the heart failure were hypertensive dilated myocardiopathy (66%), ischemic (14%) and Chagasic (12%). Before the heart transplantation, 51 patients had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min. From these, 24 had concomitant anemia. One year after the transplantation, patients with previous isolated renal dysfunction ameliorates eGFR (45±11 vs. 65±26 mL/min, p<0.001), while those patients with previous renal dysfunction and anemia presented no improvement (eGFR 44±14 vs. 47±13 mL/min, p=0.619) 1 year after heart transplantation. Moreover, higher hemoglobin was an independent predictor of eGFR improvement after heart transplantation when associated with previous renal dysfunction (OR 1.8; CI 1.2-3.6, p<0.01 for each hemoglobin increment of 1 g/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with isolated Cardiorenal syndrome presented partial renal function recovery after heart transplantation, while the presence of cardiorenal anemia was a marker of renal function non-recovery 1 year after heart transplantation.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of equine antibodies specific to a recombinant Fasciola hepatica surface antigen in an endemic area.

The utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the sensitization against the trematode Fasciola hepatica in horses from an endemic area (NW Spain) was assessed. Blood samples were collected from 536 horses and tested against a 2.9-kDa recombinant surface protein (FhrAPS) to estimate the presence of IgG antibodies. Data were analysed regarding several intrinsic (age, gender and breed) and extrinsic factors (aptitude and housing). The farm size (number of horses/farm) was also considered. Sixty percent (95% CI 56, 64) of the horses were positive to the FhrAPS-ELISA, with a significantly higher seroprevalence in the mares (67%). Foals reached the lowest percentage of sensitization against the trematode (12%), and a significant positive correlation between the seroprevalence of fasciolosis and the age of the horses was established. When considering all the factors together, the seroprevalence of fasciolosis was initially classified into two groups (nodes) regarding the age of the horses. The node composed of the horses older than 1 year was then divided into two other clusters according to their gender. The mares were finally classified and grouped into two nodes regarding their breed. We concluded that the FhrAPS-ELISA is very useful for the demonstration of specific equine IgG antibodies against F. hepatica. An elevated risk of exposition to this trematode in horses maintained in endemic areas was proven. The possible role of horses as reservoirs for F. hepatica infections is discussed.

Relationship among Sex, Skin Color, and Production Parameters of Broiler in Pectoral Myopathies.

Breast anomalies in broilers, especially wooden breast (WB) and spaghetti meat (SM), cause high economic losses to the poultry meat sector. In order to identify the parameters that have a causal effect and to reduce the incidence of these myopathies, 141,792 broilers were analyzed in a total of 1477 batches using a visual grading system. The relationship among productive parameters such as the feed conversion ratio, live weight, growth rate, and mortality, was evaluated. Effects due to skin color (white vs. yellow), broiler sex (male, female, and mixed groups), feed presentation (grain vs. mash), and veterinary treatments (treated vs. untreated) were also included in the statistical study. Live weight was observed to have a significant effect (p < 0.001) on WB incidence, which increased by 1.11 for each 100 g of weight. Weight did not significantly affect the incidence of SM. Males had a higher incidence of WB and a lower incidence of SM than females. The incidence of both myopathies varied between samples that turned out to be significantly affected by some of the variables considered in the model, such as grain feeding and the feed conversion ratio. Controlling these factors in the broiler production could help to reduce the incidence of WB and SM.

The role of LCPUFA-ω3 on the obesity-associated hyperandrogenemia of pubertal girls: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

Introduction Hyperandrogenism (HA), either clinical or biochemical, is associated with obesity in adolescent girls. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ω3 (LCPUFA-ω3) play protective roles in some obesity-associated morbidities, but their contribution to preventing HA is unclear. Our aim was to examine the potential positive relationships between erythrocyte LCPUFA-ω3, with or without supplementation, and hyperandrogenemia. Methods Secondary analysis of a clinical trial that was conducted previously to analyze the effect of LCPUFA-ω3 on insulin resistance and body weight. Here, we present a cross-sectional analysis of 180 girls with obesity, and a longitudinal analysis of 117 girls who completed a 3-month supplementation period (57 LCPUFA-ω3 [DO3] and 60 placebo [DP)]). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), total testosterone (TT) and steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured with chemiluminescence; free testosterone (FT) was calculated. Erythrocyte fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. Non-parametric statistics was used for analysis. Results In cross-sectional analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.78; p = 0.027), insulin (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10; p = 0.018), and erythrocytes eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.65; p = 0.012) were predictors of hyperandrogenemia (FT >0.63 ng/mL). In longitudinal analysis, EPA, adiponectin and SHBG increased, while FT decreased, in the DO3 group (p < 0.05). The risk of hyperandrogenemia at the end of follow-up was predicted by basal hyperandrogenemia (OR = 18.16, 95% CI: 5.37, 61.4; p < 0.001) and by increases in EPA (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.65; p = 0.06 marginal significance). Conclusions Our results suggest a preventive role of EPA on the risk for hyperandrogenemia in girls with obesity, but further studies are needed to demonstrate a benefit.

Antidiarrheal activity of farnesol in rodents: Pharmacological actions and molecular docking.

Diarrhea is a condition in which the individual has about three or more daily bowel movements, followed by changes in stool consistency. It is currently considered as one of the worst public health problems due to the number of cases and deaths involved and difficulty of treatment. Thus, the use of natural products is an alternative for new treatments. Among these possibilities is Farnesol (C15H26O), a sesquiterpene found in different herbal species that has known biological activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of Farnesol (FOH). Initially, FOH activity was evaluated in models of diarrhea and enteropooling induced by castor oil and PGE2. To evaluate motility, the opioid and cholinergic pathways were studied. In addition, the effect of FOH was investigated in the secretion model in intestinal loops treated with cholera toxin. FOH was evaluated for the ability to absorb fluids in intestinal loops and interact with GM1 receptors using the ELISA method and molecular docking. The dose of 50 mg/kg of FOH showed the best results in all antidiarrheal activity tests with castor oil and PGE2, being considered as the standard dose, reducing motility by anticholinergic mechanisms. There was a reduction in fluid secretion when FOH interacted directly with GM1 receptors; cholera toxin and molecular docking showed strong interaction between farnesol and these targets. In view of the results presented, the antidiarrheal activity occurs through anticholinergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory action, making farnesol a potential candidate for the development of a new drug to treat diarrheal diseases.

[Use of dental care by children and associated factors in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil]. / A utilização de serviços odontológicos entre crianças e fatores associados em Sobral, Ceará, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of dental services by children in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil, relating such use to socioeconomic factors and patterns of service consumption. An analytical cross-sectional study was performed, interviewing parents or guardians of 3,425 children. The relationship between independent variables and use of dental services was analyzed using tests of association (chi-squared), odds ratios (OR) and respective confidence intervals, and multiple logistic regression. 50.9% of children had used dental services at least once in their lives. Of these, 65.3% had used such services in the previous year and 85.4% in public dental services. The importance of the Brazilian Unified National Health System is highlighted by the response in terms of access to dental services, considering that the vast majority of treatment was provided by this public system. The factors that most affected use of dental services were socioeconomic status, health plan coverage, owning a toothbrush, regular garbage collection, maternal knowledge, sewage treatment, and malnutrition.

Criterios sobre la dimensión Contenidos del programa Filosofía, Ciencia y Salud, según residentes / Criteria for the Contents dimension of the Philosophy, Science and Health program, according to residents

Fundamento: el perfeccionamiento constante de la superación de los egresados de la universidad médica exige el constante análisis de los programas de formación en el posgrado y la especialización. Objetivo: valorar la dimensión Contenidos del programa Filosofía, Ciencia y Salud según criterios de residentes de especialidades de las ciencias médicas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre diciembre 2018-2020. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, histórico-lógico e inducción-deducción; empíricos: cuestionario para obtener criterios de los residentes acerca de los aspectos relacionados con la dimensión Contenidos del programa, para sus recomendaciones y modificaciones. Resultados: en las valoraciones emitidas por los residentes destacaron la preferencia de la mayoría por mantener la asignatura como está conformada según sus temas y tiempo de impartición, respecto a los contenidos recibidos, el indicador Interés obtuvo las más altas cifras, entre ellos, la Bioética sobresalió como la mejor valorada en los tres indicadores propuestos, entre los cuales la Asequibilidad fue la de menor puntuación. Los datos revelaron consenso sobre mantener la distribución del fondo de tiempo por temas y las formas organizativas de la enseñanza como se ofrecen en el programa, y la mayoría reconoció que es novedoso. Conclusiones: se valoró la dimensión Contenidos del programa Filosofía, Ciencia y Salud para residentes de especialidades de las ciencias médicas, de donde emergieron modificaciones para perfeccionar su metodología y alcance educativo-cultural.

Background: the steady improvement of the upgrading of the graduates of the medical university requires the constant analysis of the training programs in the postgraduate and specialization. Objectives: to assess the Contents dimension of the Philosophy, Science and Health program according to the criteria of residents of medical sciences specialties. Methods: an investigation was carried out at the Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from December 2018 to 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, historical-logical and induction-deduction; Empirical: questionnaire to obtain criteria from residents about aspects related to the content dimension of the program, for their recommendations and modifications. Results: in the evaluations issued by the residents, the preference of the majority to maintain the subject as it is made up according to its topics and teaching time, regarding the contents received, the Interest indicator obtained the highest figures, among them, Bioethics. Stood out as the best valued in the three proposed indicators, among which Affordability was the one with the lowest score. The data revealed a consensus on maintaining the distribution of the time fund by subject and the organizational forms of teaching as offered in the program, and most recognized that it is novel. Conclusions: the Contents dimension of the Philosophy, Science and Health program for residents of medical sciences specialties was evaluated, from which modifications emerged to improve its methodology and educational-cultural scope.

Assessment of the Sensitizing Potential of Proteins in BALB/c Mice: Comparison of Three Protocols of Intraperitoneal Sensitization.

Most food allergy cases are associated with a limited group of allergens. This could be attributed to an increased ability of some foods to sensitize and trigger allergic reactions. However, there are no validated animal models to evaluate the sensitizing or allergenic potentials of proteins. Our aim was to evaluate three protocols of adjuvant-free intraperitoneal sensitization that differ in the time points for sample collection (days 14, 28 and 35 from beginning of the sensitization) and also in the number of immunizations (2, 5 and 3, respectively). Ovalbumin (OVA; 0.05 mg), cow milk proteins (CMP; 0.025, 0.05 and 0.25 mg), and potato acid phosphatase (PAP; low allergenic protein; 250.0 mg) were administered intraperitoneally (ip) to BALB/c mice (n = 4⁻6) and the protein-specific IgE and IgG antibody responses were evaluated using ELISA. Additional serum protein-specific IgE antibodies evaluations were carried out after IgG depletion. Anti-OVA IgE antibodies were detected in mice from all three protocols. The responses were higher in the group of mice that underwent the 28-day protocol than in those that underwent the 14- or 35-day protocols (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Anti-CMP IgE antibodies were detected in both the 14- and 28-day protocols, but the response was higher in the group that underwent the 28-day protocol (p < 0.001). The anti-CMP IgE antibody response detection was improved after serum IgG depletion (p < 0.001). Anti-PAP IgE antibodies were not detected. Mice with undetectable serum levels of protein-specific IgE triggered anti-OVA, -CMP, and -PAP IgG responses. An adjuvant-free 28-day protocol with five ip immunizations seems appropriate for evaluation of the inherent sensitizing or allergenic capacity of the studied proteins. Reproducible results were obtained utilizing the BALB/c mouse strain. Inter-laboratory studies including a larger number of proteins should be carried out to validate this model.

[Jejunal perforation secondary to pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma metastasis. Case report and review]. / Perforación yeyunal secundaria a metástasis de carcinoma mucoepidermoide pulmonar. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: The first reported case of intestinal perforation secondary to metastatic lung carcinoma was reported in 1957. Intestinal metastases are present in up to 1.8% of the cases, with small bowel obstruction as the most common clinical presentation. CLINICAL CASE: An 89 year-old male, who was diagnosed with a high-grade pulmonary mucoepidermoid tumour 2 months previously. The patient was admitted to the hospital for 3 days due to diffuse colic abdominal pain of moderate to severe intensity, accompanied by nausea and gastric vomiting, as well as 2 episodes of bloody bowel movements. On physical examination, the patient was noted to have tachycardia and tachypnoea, as well as clinical signs of acute abdomen. He had white cells of 24,900 per mm3, and 87% neutrophils. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, which showed a bowel perforation associated with a tumour mass 15cm beyond the angle of Treitz. Bowel resection and primary anastomosis were performed. The histopathological analysis reported the diagnosis of a high-grade mucoepidermoid tumour with small bowel and mesentery with disease-free surgical margins. Unfortunately the patient had a fatal outcome secondary to hospital-acquired pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The cases of metastases to small bowel are extremely rare, and to our knowledge this is first case reported in Mexico. The patient described went to the emergency room with gastrointestinal bleed and intestinal perforation that required urgent surgical intervention with small bowel resection and primary anastomosis. Unfortunately the patient died secondary to hospital acquired pneumonia.

Isolation of Ovicidal Fungi from Fecal Samples of Captive Animals Maintained in a Zoological Park.

Abstract: There are certain saprophytic fungi in the soil able to develop an antagonistic effect against eggs of parasites. Some of these fungal species are ingested by animals during grazing, and survive in their feces after passing through the digestive tract. To identify and isolate ovicidal fungi in the feces of wild captive animals, a total of 60 fecal samples were taken from different wild animals kept captive in the Marcelle Natureza Zoological Park (Lugo, Spain). After the serial culture of the feces onto Petri dishes with different media, their parasicitide activity was assayed against eggs of trematodes (Calicophoron daubneyi) and ascarids (Parascaris equorum). Seven fungal genera were identified in the feces. Isolates from Fusarium, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Trichoderma, and Verticillium showed an ovicidal effect classified as type 3, because of their ability to adhere to the eggshell, penetrate, and damage permanently the inner embryo. Penicillium and Gliocladium developed a type 1 effect (hyphae attach to the eggshell but morphological damage was not provoked). These results provide very interesting and useful information about fungi susceptible for being used in biological control procedures against parasites.

La disciplina Marxismo Leninismo en la nueva concepción del Plan E para la universidad médica / The discipline Marxism Leninism in the new conception of Plan E for the medical university

RESUMEN Entre los temas más debatidos en el VIII Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba destaca el trabajo político-ideológico con los jóvenes, teniendo en cuenta las peculiaridades del nuevo escenario en que transcurre el debate cultural revolucionario de estos tiempos. Para lograr este propósito, una vía aprovechable lo constituye el espacio curricular brindado a las asignaturas comprendidas por el ciclo de Marxismo Leninismo, implementado con el Plan E para la universidad médica; de ahí que los autores se propusieron socializar estas ideas a través de las páginas de la revista con toda la comunidad docente, en función de fortalecer el trabajo formativo en los egresados.

ABSTRACT Among the most debated topics in the VIII Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, the political-ideological work with young people stands out, taking into account the peculiarities of the new scene in which the revolutionary cultural debate of these times is taking place. To achieve this purpose, an exploitable way is constituted by the curricular space offered to the subjects comprised by the cycle of Marxism Leninism, implemented with Plan E for the medical university; Hence, the authors set out to socialize these ideas through the pages of this journalwith the entire teaching community, in order to strengthen the training work in graduates.

Análisis teórico-filosófico para corresponder contenidos de documentos partidistas en la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad / Theoretical-philosophical analysis to match contents of party documents in the Philosophy and Society discipline

RESUMEN Introducción: el estudio de los documentos del Partido Comunista de Cuba constituye una opción para contribuir a la misión de la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad, orientada hacia la formación integral del futuro médico. Objetivo: instituir un análisis teórico-filosófico a partir del estudio de documentos partidistas y sus correspondencias con los temas de la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad como recurso metodológico para fortalecer las estrategias curriculares y la educación en valores. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para un análisis teórico-filosófico del contenido de documentos partidistas; se consideraron artículos filosóficos, sobre trabajo metodológico, educación en valores, y planes y programas de estudio. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas en las bases de datos SciELO, Google Académico y en textos impresos, entre enero-febrero 2018. Tras la identificación y análisis de los estudios preseleccionados, se escogieron 20 por su pertinencia con el estudio. Desarrollo: el análisis teórico-filosófico realizado para perfeccionar la docencia de la disciplina estableció 16 Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social aprobados por el VI Congreso del PCC celebrado en 2011 y 9 Objetivos de Trabajo de la I Conferencia Nacional de 2012 como potencialidades para las estrategias curriculares y la educación en valores a través de la docencia de la mencionada disciplina. Conclusiones: el estudio efectuado constituye un recurso metodológico al propiciar coherentemente, la correspondencia entre contenidos partidistas y temas del programa, lo cual potencia objetivos instructivos, educativos y visión filosófica de la realidad cubana actual, donde la vigencia de los documentos se erige como fortaleza ideológica-política-ética en los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT Background: the study of the documents of the Communist Party of Cuba constitutes an option to contribute to the mission of the Philosophy and Society discipline, oriented towards the comprehensive formation of the future doctor. Objective: to establish a theoretical-philosophical analysis based on the study of party documents and their correspondence with the topics of the Philosophy and Society discipline as a methodological resource to strengthen curricular strategies and education in values. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out for a theoretical-philosophical analysis of the content of party documents; philosophical articles on methodological work, education in values, and study plans and programs were considered. The searches were carried out in the SciELO, Google Academic and printed texts databases, from January to February 2018. After the identification and analysis of the preselected studies, 21 were chosen because of their relevance to the study. Development: the theoretical-philosophical analysis carried out to improve the teaching of the discipline established 16 Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy approved by the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in 2011 and 9 Work Objectives of the First National Conference of 2012 as potential for curricular strategies and education in values through the teaching of the aforementioned discipline. Conclusions: the study carried out constitutes a methodological resource by coherently promoting the correspondence between party contents and program topics, which enhances training, educational objectives and philosophical vision of the current Cuban reality, where the validity of the documents is established as an ethics- political- ideological strength in students.

Toothache and social and economic conditions among adolescents in Northeastern Brazil.

The scope of this study was to correlate toothache with social and economic conditions, access to oral health facilities and the lifestyle of adolescents in Sobral in the state of Ceará. It was conducted as a cross-sectional analytical study with a sample composed of 688 adolescents. The prevalence of toothache in the study group was 31.8%. A chi-square test of association was performed to measure the relationship between independent variables and toothache, estimating the prevalence ratio by Poisson regression. The factors that demonstrated the closest relationship with toothache were cavity severity, the reason for dental treatment being related to urgency, frequency of dental appointments and the distribution of toothbrushes at school. It was observed that the high prevalence of dental pain in adolescents is directly linked to the access conditions, as well as the characteristics of the actions developed by the health services. Just as there is a need for the deployment of services related to health promotion, based on equity and integration, it is necessary to introduce emergency services to intervene not just to curtail crippling pain, but also as a mechanism to stimulate the development of procedures for the prevention of oral diseases.

Ricardo Jorge Oropesa: protagonista de los comienzos de la educación médica en la región central / Ricardo Jorge Oropesa: protagonist of the beginnings of medical education in the central region

RESUMEN Fundamento: el 18 de junio de 2019 se cumplen 100 años del natalicio del Dr.C. Ricardo Jorge Oropesa, figura destacada en la fundación y desarrollo de la docencia médica en la región central de Cuba, y de la consolidación del enfoque integral de la salud pública en Nicaragua durante la revolución sandinista. Objetivo: identificar los aspectos más relevantes vinculados con la docencia médica en la obra científica, pedagógica y revolucionaria del Dr. Oropesa. Métodos: se desarrolló una amplia revisión documental en los archivos personales del Dr. Oropesa, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara y en la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas. Se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave sobre los aspectos investigados, complementando estos métodos y técnicas con otros de corte teórico. Finalmente se realizó la triangulación de fuentes para obtener los resultados que se informan. Resultados: la relación y aportes de Oropesa a este importante proceso solo han sido destacados, y no de forma integral, por la revista EDUMECENTRO. El estudio describe aspectos relevantes en la obra edificadora de este hombre que lo convierten en una personalidad de connotación nacional y latinoamericana. Conclusiones: la educación médica en la región central de Cuba y en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua cuenta con el legado científico-pedagógico del Dr.C. Ricardo Jorge Oropesa.

ABSTRACT Background: June 18, 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of Dr.C. Ricardo Jorge Oropesa, a leading figure in the foundation and development of medical teaching in the central region of Cuba, and the consolidation of the comprehensive approach to public health in Nicaragua during the Sandinista revolution. Objective: to identify the most relevant aspects related to medical teaching in the scientific, pedagogical and revolutionary work of MD. Jorge Oropesa. Methods: an extensive documentary review was developed in the personal archives of MD. Oropesa, at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences and at "Marta Abreu" Central University of Las Villas. Key informants were Interviewed on the aspects investigated, complementing these methods and techniques with others of theoretical nature. Finally, sources were contrasted to obtain the results that are reported. Results: Jorge Oropesa's relationship and contributions to this important process have only been highlighted, and not comprehensively, by EDUMECENTRO magazine. The study describes relevant aspects in this man's edifying work that make him a personality of national and Latin American connotation. Conclusions: medical education in the central region of Cuba and at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua has the scientific-pedagogical legacy of Ph D. Ricardo Jorge Oropesa.

Trematodes enhance the development of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys (Duddingtonia) flagrans.

The capability of helminth (nematode and trematode) parasites in stimulating nematode trap and chlamydospore development of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (formerly Duddingtonia) flagrans was explored. Dead adult specimens of trematodes (the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the rumen fluke Calicophoron daubneyi) and nematodes (the ascarid Parascaris equorum and the strongylid Oesophagostomum spp.), as well as their secretory products, were placed onto corn meal agar plates concurrently inoculated with A. flagrans. Trapping organs were observed after 5 d and chlamydospores after 16 d, including in the control plates in the absence of parasitic stimulus. However, our data shows that both nematodes and trematodes increase trap and chlamydospore production compared with controls. We show for the first time that significantly higher numbers of traps and chlamydospores were observed in the cultures coinoculated with adult trematodes. We conclude that both the traps and chlamydospores formation are not only related to nematode-specific stimuli. The addition of secretory products of the trematode C. daubneyi to culture medium has potential for use in the large scale production of chlamydospores.

II Consenso Colombiano para el Manejo de la Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica / Second Colombian Consensus on the Management of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis: 2017 Update

Resumen La Asociación Colombiana de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral se reunió a principios de 2017 para actualizar el Consenso Colombiano de Osteoporosis, elaborado por primera vez en 2005, un paso que se consideró necesario en vista del subdiagnóstico de esta enfermedad, el impacto esperado del envejecimiento poblacional y los cambios en el tratamiento farmacológico que ha habido desde entonces. Se seleccionó un equipo técnico con especialistas de múltiples áreas y amplia trayectoria, repartidos en 4 grupos de trabajo: definición y epidemiología, diagnóstico, tratamiento farmacológico y medidas no farmacológicas. Luego de una revisión de la literatura científica, en reuniones de trabajo se generaron las definiciones y recomendaciones que se resumen en este documento.

Abstract The Colombian Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism Association met in early 2017 to update the Colombian Consensus on Osteoporosis. This was first issued in 2005, and is seen as a necessary step in view of the underdiagnosed status of this disease, and the expected impact of population ageing. A technical team was formed with specialists with long experience across multiple disciplines, who were assigned to four working groups: definitions and epidemiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, and non-pharmacological treatment. After a scientific literature review and a series of meetings, the definitions and recommendations are summarised in this article.

El proceso de evaluación de la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad en la carrera de Medicina / The process of evaluation of the Philosophy and Society discipline in the career of Medicine

Fundamento: el análisis de la dimensión evaluación resulta determinante para continuar perfeccionando el programa de Filosofía y Sociedad propuesto a partir de 2008. Objetivo: identificar los principales aciertos y deficiencias del programa, sobre la dimensión evaluación, a fin de determinar sus modificaciones como parte del perfeccionamiento de la disciplina. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal en la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre febrero de 2012 y julio de 2013. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, la inducción-deducción y el histórico-lógico; y empíricos: encuesta en forma de cuestionario, para obtener el criterio de estudiantes, profesores y expertos. Resultados: la investigación indagó acerca de tres aspectos fundamentales: la evaluación frecuente, cantidad de evaluaciones de la disciplina y los criterios sobre la evaluación final; en todos, estudiantes, profesores y expertos emitieron valoraciones positivas; aunque algunos alumnos consideraron que es excesivo el número de evaluaciones de acuerdo con las condiciones con que cuentan para la preparación de asignaturas específicas de la carrera, que son priorizadas en su formación médica. Conclusiones: se obtuvieron las principales valoraciones que realizaron alumnos, profesores y expertos, sobre los aspectos investigados en relación con la dimensión evaluación. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron proponer las recomendaciones y modificaciones necesarias para la implementación del programa a nivel nacional.

Background: the analysis of the assessment dimension is decisive to continue improving the Philosophy and Society program which began in 2008. Objective: to identify the main successes and deficiencies of the program, on the assessment dimension, in order to determine modifications as a part of the discipline improvement. Methods: it was carried out a descriptive cross-sectional investigation in the Medicine career of Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from February 2012 to July 2013. Theoretical methods were applied: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical; and empiric ones: the interview in questionnaire form, to get the criteria of students, professors and experts. Results: the investigation inquired about three fundamental aspects: the frequent assessment, the quantity of evaluations of the discipline and the criteria on the final evaluation; in all the aspects, students, professors and experts gave positive assessments; even though some students considered that the number of assessments is very high according to the conditions they have for the preparation of specific subjects of the career that are prioritized in their medical formation. Conclusions: the main assessments delivered by the students, professors and experts were obtained, on the investigated aspects in connection with the assessment dimension. The obtained results allowed proposing the necessary recommendations and modifications for the implementation of the program at a national level.

Avicena y la trascendencia de la medicina y la cultura islámicas en el mundo occidental / Avicenna and the transcendence of medicine and the Islamic culture in the western world

Fundamento: Avicena sintetizó magistralmente los conocimientos de su época para conformar una obra filosófica y científica dignas de ser estudiadas y divulgadas. Objetivo: divulgar los aportes que la medicina islámica del período medieval legara a la medicina occidental, a partir del estudio de la obra de Avicena. Método: se realizó investigación documental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, entre los meses noviembre de 2014 y marzo de 2015. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, y el histórico-lógico; y empíricos: el análisis documental, la observación y contrastación de imágenes, lo que permitió reconstruir la herencia avicénica para la medicina moderna contenida en documentos históricos y otras bibliografías consultadas. Resultados: se obtuvieron conocimientos sobre Avicena relacionados con su quehacer médico al revisar su Canon de la Medicina y los grabados, se hizo énfasis en sus aportes, muchos de los cuales aún mantienen vigencia, además de que permite a las nuevas generaciones de profesionales o en proceso de formación, adquirir más cultura sobre la trascendencia de este importante médico y filósofo islámico del siglo X para los conceptos y la práctica médica actuales. Conclusiones: este estudio permitió a los investigadores divulgar los aportes que la medicina islámica del periodo medieval legara a la medicina occidental, para incluirlos en pregrado, como parte de la formación socio-humanística de los egresados de la universidad médica cubana.

ABSTRACT Background: Avicenna brilliantly synthesized the knowledge of his time to conform a philosophical and scientific work which has not been sufficiently studied and spread. Objective: to spread the contributions that the Islamic medicine of the Middle Ages bequeathed to the western medicine, through the study of Avicenna´s work. Methods: it was carried out a documental investigation in Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, from November 2014 to March 2015. Methods of the theoretical level were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, and the historical-logical one; and empiric: the documental analysis, the observation and images contrasting, that allowed to reconstruct Avicenna's inheritance for the modern medicine contained in historical documents and other consulted bibliographies. Results: knowledge on Avicenna´s work related with his medical activity were obtained when revising his Canon and the engravings on Medicine, emphasis was made in his contributions, they still maintain their validity besides they allow to the new generations of professionals or in training process to acquire more culture, on the important transcendence of this Islamic doctor and philosopher of the 10th century for the concepts and the current medical practice. Conclusions: this study allowed the researches to spread the contributions that the Islamic medicine of the middle ages bequeathed to the western medicine, to include them in undergraduate studies, as a part of the socio-humanistic training of the graduates from the Cuban medical university.