A preliminary survey of Chlamydia psittaci genotypes from native and introduced birds in New Zealand.

AIM: To describe the Chlamydia psittaci genotypes in samples from native and introduced birds from New Zealand by analysis of the sequence variation of the ompA gene. METHODS: DNA was extracted from samples collected from a non-random sample of birds; either swabs from live asymptomatic birds or birds with clinical signs, or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from historical post-mortem cases. The presence of C. psittaci in all samples had been confirmed using a quantitative PCR assay. The C. psittaci ompA gene was amplified and sequenced from samples from 26 native and introduced infected birds comprising 12 different species. These sequences were compared to published available C. psittaci genotypes. RESULTS: Genotypes A and C of C. psittaci were identified in the samples. Genotype A was identified in samples from nine birds, including various native and introduced species. Genotype C was identified in samples from 16 different waterfowl species, and a mixed infection of both genotypes was found in a kaka (Nestor meridionalis). In native birds, C. psittaci infection was confirmed in seven new host species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Two genotypes (A and C) of C. psittaci were found in samples from a wider range of both native and introduced species of birds in New Zealand than previously reported. Both genotypes have been globally associated with significant disease in birds and humans. These initial results suggest the host range of C. psittaci in New Zealand birds is under-reported. However, the prevalence of C. psittaci infection in New Zealand, and the associated impact on avian and public health, remains to be determined. There are biosecurity implications associated with the importation of birds to New Zealand if there is a limited diversity of C. psittaci genotypes present.

[Adolescent obesity: guidelines for the management]. / Obésité au temps de l'adolescence: repères pour une prise en charge.

The increasing prevalence of adolescent obesity justifies widespread effort and attention of the paediatrician. In order to manage, following points are to be documented: (I) weight status assessed on the basis of body mass index (BMI)split in two levels: obesity grade I: >or=97 ème centile, obesity grade 2: level IOTFC 30; (2) complete anamnesis including age at adiposity rebound and existence of overweight in family; (3) research of associated morbidity and medical risks;(4) assessment of food intake and feeding practice; (5) assessment of physical activity; (6) talk with the adolescent to assess the psychological status, looking after depressive symptoms, anxiety, loss of self esteem. Once the items are documented, it allowed making a plan to manage the obesity in alliance with the adolescent and his family.