RESUMEN
Melioidosis, a potentially fatal infectious disease of humans and animals, including nonhuman primates (NHPs), is caused by the high-consequence pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. This environmental bacterium is found in the soil and water of tropical regions, such as Southeast Asia, where melioidosis is endemic. The global movement of humans and animals can introduce B. pseudomallei into nonendemic regions of the United States, where environmental conditions could allow establishment of the organism. Approximately 60% of NHPs imported into the United States originate in countries considered endemic for melioidosis. To prevent the introduction of infectious agents to the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) requires newly imported NHPs to be quarantined for at least 31 d, during which time their health is closely monitored. Most diseases of public health concern that are transmissible from imported NHPs have relatively short incubation periods that fall within the 31-d quarantine period. However, animals infected with B. pseudomallei may appear healthy for months to years before showing signs of illness, during which time they can shed the organism into the environment. Melioidosis presents diagnostic challenges because it causes nonspecific clinical signs, serologic screening can produce unreliable results, and culture isolates are often misidentified on rapid commercial testing systems. Here, we present a case of melioidosis in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) that developed a subcutaneous abscess after importation from Cambodia to the United States. The bacterial isolate from the abscess was initially misidentified on a commercial test. This case emphasizes the possibility of melioidosis in NHPs imported from endemic countries and its associated diagnostic challenges. If melioidosis is suspected, diagnostic samples and culture isolates should be submitted to a laboratory in the CDC Laboratory Response Network for conclusive identification and characterization of the pathogen.
Asunto(s)
Burkholderia pseudomallei , Melioidosis , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Animales , Melioidosis/diagnóstico , Melioidosis/epidemiología , Melioidosis/veterinaria , Macaca fascicularis , Absceso , CambodiaRESUMEN
Changes in the global trade market have led to a thriving international pet trade in exotic animals, birds, and puppies. The flood of animals crossing the United States' borders satisfies the public demand for these pets but is not without risk. Imported pets may be infected with diseases that put animals or the public at risk. Numerous agencies work together to reduce the risk of animal disease introduction, but regulations may need to be modified to ensure compliance. With more than 280,000 dogs and 183,000 wildlife shipments being imported into the United States each year, veterinarians must remain vigilant so they can recognize potential threats quickly.
Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos , Animales Salvajes , Comercio , Transportes , Enfermedades de los Animales/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Animales/transmisión , Animales , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmisibles/veterinaria , Emigración e Inmigración , Humanos , Estados Unidos , United States Department of AgricultureRESUMEN
A strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Peru was adapted to splenectomized Aotus nancymaae and Aotus vociferans monkeys. The Peru 134/CDC strain of P. falciparum was shown to be resistant to treatment with chloroquine in monkeys and partially resistant to mefloquine and malarone. Genetic mutations in crt, dhfr, dhps, and cytochrome b genes conferring drug resistance were also determined for this Peruvian strain of P. falciparum.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiología , Animales , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Cloroquina/farmacología , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Citocromos b/genética , ADN Protozoario/química , ADN Protozoario/genética , Dihidropteroato Sintasa/genética , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Humanos , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Mefloquina/farmacología , Mefloquina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitemia/parasitología , Perú , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimología , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Plasmodium falciparum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Plasmodium inui is a parasite of macaques and other nonhuman primates in Asia that is studied as a model for the human malaria parasite P. malariae. Presented here are descriptions of the isolation, passage histories into Macaca mulatta monkeys, and infectivity to different Anopheles spp. mosquitoes of 18 different isolates of this parasite.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Anopheles/parasitología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Laboratorios , Macaca mulatta/parasitología , Malaria/parasitología , Plasmodium/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium/fisiología , Animales , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Plasmodium/clasificación , Proyectos de Investigación , Pase SeriadoRESUMEN
The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum was transmitted to Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A. azarae boliviensis, A. vociferans, and A. nancymaae monkeys by bite and by intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from Anopheles freeborni, An. stephensi, An. gambiae, An. albimanus, and An. maculatus mosquitoes. The data obtained from these infections indicate that A. nancymaae can be considered a suitable host model when combined with the Santa Lucia strain of P. falciparum for the testing of candidate anti-sporozoite and liver stage vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Vacunas contra la Malaria/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Malaria/farmacología , Malaria Falciparum/inmunología , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiología , Animales , Aotidae , Hígado/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/prevención & control , Plasmodium falciparum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plasmodium falciparum/inmunología , Plasmodium falciparum/patogenicidad , Esporozoítos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Sporozoites of 3 isolates of Plasmodium cynomolgi dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were injected intravenously into 9 New World monkeys. Liver stage parasites were demonstrated in all 9 animals; 7 of these animals also produced blood stages after prepatent periods of 9 to 23 days.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae/parasitología , Hepatocitos/parasitología , Malaria/veterinaria , Plasmodium cynomolgi/patogenicidad , Saimiri/parasitología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Eritrocitos/parasitología , Inyecciones Intravenosas/veterinaria , Macaca mulatta , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria/patología , Malaria/transmisión , Plasmodium cynomolgi/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium cynomolgi/fisiología , Esporozoítos/patogenicidad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Plasmodium fragile continues to be investigated because of its biologic similarities to the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Two strains of P. fragile are available for study; one strain is able to infect mosquitoes, whereas the other strain is transmissible only by blood inoculation. The Sri Lanka strain of P. fragile was transmitted to Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Aotus vociferans, and Saimiri boliviensis monkeys via sporozoites that developed to maturity only in Anopheles dirus mosquitoes. The prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 35 days for macaques and from 15 to 30 days for New World monkeys after intravenous injection of sporozoites. Eight rhesus monkeys were infected with the Nilgiri strain and followed for 482 days. Parasitemia in 6 animals persisted at relatively high density through the period of observation. Erythrocyte, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values reached their lowest levels 3 wk after infection and slowly recovered; however, the values did not approach preinfection levels as long as parasitemia persisted in the monkeys. The mean corpuscular volume and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration reached their peak and lowest values, respectively, at day 38 and then returned to the preinfection level. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin value decreased to its lowest level at day 87 and then returned to preinfection level.
Asunto(s)
Macaca mulatta/parasitología , Malaria/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Plasmodium/fisiología , Platirrinos/parasitología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Aotidae/parasitología , Enfermedad Crónica , Colombia , Recuento de Eritrocitos/veterinaria , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análisis , India , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Monos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Monos/transmisión , Parasitemia/parasitología , Parasitemia/transmisión , Parasitemia/veterinaria , Perú , Plasmodium/clasificación , Saimiri/parasitología , Esporozoítos/fisiología , Sri LankaRESUMEN
Observations on Plasmodium simium infections in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis monkeys suggest that this host-parasite combination would be a suitable model for the testing of candidate vaccines against Plasmodium vivax. To evaluate the normal course of infections, parasitemia in 52 splenectomized S. boliviensis boliviensis monkeys infected with P. simium were analyzed. The mean maximum parasite count for 31 monkeys after injection with trophozoite-infected erythrocytes was 77,580/microL. Twenty-one monkeys were infected via sporozoites, and prepatent periods ranged from 14 to 24 days with a median of 15 days. The mean maximum parasite count was 29,234/microL. The mean maximum parasite count for monkeys previously infected with Old World P. vivax was 26,337/microL versus 56,362/microL for those previously infected with New World P. vivax, possibly suggesting a closer antigenic relationship between P. simium and the Old World parasites.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Vacunas contra la Malaria , Malaria Vivax/prevención & control , Plasmodium/inmunología , Saimiri/parasitología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/sangre , Parasitemia , Plasmodium/genética , Esplenectomía , EsporozoítosRESUMEN
A vaccine trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of a multicomponent candidate vaccine, FALVAC-1, against Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus nancymai monkeys. After two immunizations, animals were challenged intravenously with parasites of the Vietnam Oak Knoll (FVO) strain of P. falciparum. The primary outcome was to determine the protective response of the monkeys to immunization with the FALVAC-1 antigen produced in baculovirus when combined with different adjuvants (alum, QS-21, ASO2a, CRL1005/oil, and CRL1005/saline) as compared with FALVAC-1 with FCA/FIA and antigen alone. When compared with the monkeys immunized with FALVAC-1 alone, FALVAC-1 with FCA/FIA reduced the mean parasite count (to Day 11), reduced the mean accumulated parasitemia (through Day 11), and extended the number of days to treatment. None of the other 5 antigen-adjuvant combinations were able to provide discernable levels of protection based on log(parasitemia) and log(cumulative parasitemia) to Day 11.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra la Malaria/administración & dosificación , Malaria Falciparum/prevención & control , Plasmodium falciparum/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Alumbre/administración & dosificación , Animales , Aotidae , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Adyuvante de Freund/administración & dosificación , Adyuvante de Freund/inmunología , Hematócrito , Esquemas de Inmunización , Lípido A/administración & dosificación , Lípido A/análogos & derivados , Lípido A/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Malaria/efectos adversos , Vacunas contra la Malaria/genética , Vacunas contra la Malaria/inmunología , Masculino , Plasmodium falciparum/patogenicidad , Polímeros/administración & dosificación , Saponinas/administración & dosificación , Saponinas/inmunología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vacunas Sintéticas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Infections that cause the Gombak and Smithsonian strains of Plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in Macaca mulatta, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymai, and Saimiri boliviensis monkeys. Transmission of the Gombak strain to Aotus spp. monkeys was obtained by the injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of experimentally infected Anopheles dirus and by the bites of infected An. dirus and Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. Two S. boliviensis monkeys were infected via the injection of sporozoites dissected from An. dirus. Prepatent periods in New World monkeys ranged from 14 to 44 days, with a median of 18 days. The Smithsonian strain was transmitted via sporozoites to 1 A. lemurinus griseimembra and 9 A. nancymai monkeys. Prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 31 days.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/parasitología , Aotidae , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Malaria/transmisión , Plasmodium cynomolgi/fisiología , Saimiri , Adaptación Fisiológica , Animales , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria/parasitología , Pase Seriado , EsplenectomíaRESUMEN
Thirty-three splenectomized Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys with no previous experience with malaria were infected with the Vietnam Palo Alto strain of Plasmodium vivax. The median maximum parasite count was 280,000/microl. Nine splenectomized monkeys with previous infection with Plasmodium falciparum had median maximum parasite counts of 120,000/microl. Splenectomized Aotus nancymai monkeys supported infections at a lower level. Transmission via the bites of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes was obtained in a splenectomized A. lemurinus griseimembra, with a prepatent period of 31 days. It is estimated that between 1.5 x 10(8) and 1.6 x 10(9) parasites can be removed from an infected animal for molecular or diagnostic antigenic studies.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Aotidae/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/inmunología , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Plasmodium vivax/clasificación , Plasmodium vivax/inmunología , EsplenectomíaRESUMEN
Abundant, apparently normally developing, liver-stage parasites of Plasmodium coatneyi were demonstrated following injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes. Erythrocytic development was not demonstrated.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hígado/parasitología , Malaria/parasitología , Plasmodium/fisiología , Saimiri/parasitología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Macaca mulatta , Malaria/transmisiónRESUMEN
Aotus monkeys were infected with a strain of Plasmodium vivax from Panama to determine its potential for the testing of malarial vaccines. After sporozoite inoculation, 3 splenectomized Aotus nancymai that had been infected previously with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax had prepatent periods of 13, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 12,726/microl, 5,310/microl, and 9,180/microl. Three other A. nancymai previously infected with P. falciparum only had prepatent periods of 17, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 44,460/microl, 31,500/microl, and 42,660/microl. One monkey with no previous history of infection had a prepatent period of 14 days after sporozoite inoculation, and a maximum parasite count of 100,000/microl; detectable parasitemia persisted for almost 500 days with 13 recognizable peaks in the parasite count. Anopheles dirus, Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles stephensi, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes were readily infected with the Panama strain.
Asunto(s)
Aotidae/parasitología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Vacunas contra la Malaria , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Plasmodium vivax/clasificación , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Aotidae/inmunología , Humanos , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Vacunas contra la Malaria/inmunología , Malaria Vivax/inmunología , Panamá , Parasitemia/inmunología , Parasitemia/parasitología , Plasmodium falciparum/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiología , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Plasmodium vivax/aislamiento & purificación , Esplenectomía , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Ghana was adapted to Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A. nancymai, and A. vociferans monkeys. Gametocytes in splenectomized A. nancymai were infective to Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. Sporozoite transmission was accomplished in two splenectomized A. nancymai with prepatent periods of 22 and 25 days. The Ghana III/CDC strain of P. falciparum is susceptible to treatment with chloroquine and mefloquine.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Biológica , Aotidae/parasitología , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Cartilla de ADN , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Genotipo , Ghana , Vacunas contra la Malaria , Malaria Falciparum/prevención & control , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
An archived strain of Plasmodium vivax, isolated from Rio Meta, northern Colombia, in 1972 was adapted to grow in splenectomized Aotus lemurinus griseimembra and A. nancymai monkeys. Anopheles freeborni, An. maculatus, An. dirus, An. culicifacies, and An. albimanus were shown to be susceptible to infection by feeding on infected monkeys. Infections were more readily obtained by feeding on A. L. griseimembra than on A. nancymai. Transmission through sporozoites was obtained in an A. l. griseimembra monkey after a prepatent period of 24 days.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/parasitología , Aotidae/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Plasmodium vivax/fisiología , Animales , Colombia , Eritrocitos/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Monos/transmisión , Parasitemia/parasitología , Parasitemia/veterinaria , Pase Seriado , EsplenectomíaRESUMEN
Saimiri boliviensis monkeys were infected by the intravenous injection of 50 sporozoites of the H strain of Plasmodium knowlesi dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes; prepatent periods were 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, and 16 days. Sporozoites of P. knowlesi stored frozen for 7 days, 53 days, 20 mo, 7 yr and 7 mo, and 11 yr and 5 mo induced infections in Macaca mulatta monkeys with prepatent periods of 7, 6, 8, 10, and 7 days, respectively. After frozen storage for 11 yr and 5 mo, infections were induced in S. boliviensis with prepatent periods of 10-13 days.
Asunto(s)
Macaca mulatta/parasitología , Malaria/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/transmisión , Plasmodium knowlesi/patogenicidad , Saimiri/parasitología , Animales , Anopheles/parasitología , Criopreservación/veterinaria , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Studies were conducted to determine the susceptibility of Anopheles farauti to different species and strains of Plasmodium. Mosquitoes were infected by feeding on animals or cultures infected with different strains of P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. coatneyi, P. gonderi, P. simiovale, P. knowlesi, and P. brasilianum. Infections of P. vivax and P. coatneyi were transmitted via sporozoites from An. farauti to monkeys. Comparative infection studies indicated that An. farauti was less susceptible to infection than An. stephensi, An. gambiae, An. freeborni, and An. dirus with the Salvador I strain of P. vivax, but more susceptible than An. stephensi and An. gambiae to infection with the coindigenous Indonesian XIX strain.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Plasmodium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Cebidae , Indonesia , Malaria/transmisión , Pan troglodytes , Saimiri , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A colony of Anopheles farauti, originally from the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea, was tested for its receptivity to infection with different species of Plasmodium in comparison with An. freeborni and An. stephensi. This colony adapted well to feeding on monkeys and was infected with New World and Old World strains of P. vivax and P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. cynomolgi, and P. brasilianum.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/parasitología , Plasmodium/fisiología , Animales , Aotidae/parasitología , Macaca mulatta/parasitología , Saimiri/parasitología , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Owl (Aotus sp.) and squirrel (Saimiri sp.) monkeys are used frequently in malaria vaccine trials, during which the animals are monitored daily for parasitemia and general well-being. Every 2 weeks, blood samples are taken, and hematology and chemistries are performed. We examined 97 cases of malarial infection in owl and squirrel monkeys, whose parasitemia increased by. 22,000 parasites/uL daily during a 14-day interval. After malaria challenge, unprotected animals had significant changes in hematologic values. These changes could not be completely attributed to the increase in the parasite counts.