Alignment in social interactions.

According to the prevailing paradigm in social-cognitive neuroscience, the mental states of individuals become shared when they adapt to each other in the pursuit of a shared goal. We challenge this view by proposing an alternative approach to the cognitive foundations of social interactions. The central claim of this paper is that social cognition concerns the graded and dynamic process of alignment of individual minds, even in the absence of a shared goal. When individuals reciprocally exchange information about each other's minds processes of alignment unfold over time and across space, creating a social interaction. Not all cases of joint action involve such reciprocal exchange of information. To understand the nature of social interactions, then, we propose that attention should be focused on the manner in which people align words and thoughts, bodily postures and movements, in order to take one another into account and to make full use of socially relevant information.

Nursing students' clinical competencies: a survey on clinical education objectives.

BACKGROUND: Developing clearly defined competencies and identifying strategies for their measurement remain unfortunately a critical aspect of nursing training. In the current international context, which continues to be characterised by deep economic crisis, universities have a fundamental role to play in redefining the educational goals to respond to the expectations of certain geographical areas of interest, as underscored in the Bologna Process (Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education Convened in Bologna 19 June 1999). DESIGN AND AIM OF STUDY: The aim of this observational study was to examine the clinical learning context of nursing students using a tool developed by a team of teachers for the analysis of clinical learning. METHODS: Redefinition of the clinical learning objectives with reference to the competencies set out in the questionnaire validated by Venturini et al. (2012) and the subsequent use of the tool created by the team of teachers for students in the first, second and third-year courses of the 2013/14 academic year, covering all the internships called for in those years. RESULTS: All nursing students enrolled in the first, second and third year of the nursing undergraduate degree program at the University of Pavia (no. 471) participated in this survey. A total of 1,758 clinical internships were carried out: 461 for the first year, 471 for the second year and 826 for the third year. Setting objectives, beginning with the educational offerings in the several clinical contexts, represents a strong point for this process. The results highlight a level of heterogeneity and complexity intrinsic to the University of Pavia educational system, characterized by clinical settings with different clinical levels (Research hospital and other traditional hospitals) that offering different levels of training. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the self-evaluation form for clinical learning made it possible to perform real-time observations of the training activities of the entire student body. An educational model structured in this way allows the student to develop their capacity for critical thinking. For educational activities, such a self-evaluation form represents an ideal instrument for identifying areas in need of improvement. This explorative study, carried out by means of a self-evaluation form, is the first-step toward the development of an educational programme that is more uniform and easily traceable within the academic system.

Neoplastic transformation of oral lichen: case report and review of the literature.

Aim of the present investigation was to analyse the possible malignant transformation of oral lichen planus to carcinoma, especially in the atrophic erosive forms and those displaying plaques involving the top of the tongue. A review has been made of the literature, from 1986 to the present day. This search outlines the relationship between oral lichen planus, hepatitis C virus infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection and the importance of periodic follow-up in all patients with oral lichen planus. The case is described of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus to oral cancer in a female presenting asymptomatic hepatitis C virus infection. The clinical history confirms the most important aspects of the relationship between oral lichen planus and oral cancer. Oral lichen planus should be considered as a precancerous lesion, particularly in patients presenting hepatitis C virus infection, requiring follow-up, at close intervals, starting from 3 months after diagnosis.

[Primary malignant melanoma of the nasal mucosa with orbital involvement. Case report]. / Melanoma maligno primario della mucosa nasale ad estrinsecazione orbitaria. Rapporto su un caso clinico.

Melanoma of nasal mucosa is a rare tumor, and only 0.5% of the malignant melanomas arises in the nasal cavities. This article reports a case of an achromatous melanoma localized in the nasal fossae, with orbital involvement and paresis of the extraocular muscles, which was studied by means of contrast-medium CT scan and histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Of particular interest is the voluminous extension of the tumor mass upon initial diagnosis.

Prevalência de gengivite em crianças de 02 a 06 anos de idade da cidade de Aracaju / Prevalence of gengivitis in children between 02 and 06 years old, from Aracaju

Tem sido, demonstrado, através de estudos epidemiológicos, que a doença periodontal atinge a todos, adultos e crianças e o ideal é que seu diagnóstico e tratamento sejam realizados o mais rápido possível. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar, através de levantamento epidemiológico, as condiçöes gengivais de 500 crianças entre 02 e 06 anos de idade, que freqüentam creches e escolas públicas de Aracaju. Foram avaliadas as condiçöes de higiene oral, através do Indice de Higiene Oral - Simplificado, a condiçäo gengival, utilizando o Indice Gengival, a condiçäo dentária, através do ceo, presença de recessäo gengival e fístula. Quanto à condiçäo gengival, a gengivite esteve presente na maioria das crianças examinadas, ressaltando-se que o grau de inflamaçäo aumentava com o avançar da idade, sendo sua prevalência levemente maior nas meninas