RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cadmium (Cd) causes chick embryo malformation and abnormal extra-embryonic vasculature. This study investigates the effect of Cd on vasculogenesis, quantifies extra-embryonic vascular development following exposure to cadmium acetate (CdAc). METHODS: After 48 or 60 h incubation, chicks were explanted and treated with 50 µl of 50 µM CdAc or equimolar sodium acetate. Embryos were again incubated then re-examined 4, 8, 24 and 48 h later. Gross morphological and histological manifestations were noted. Vasculogenesis was assessed by the development of omphalomesenteric vessels from blood islands. Sinus terminalis (ST), area vasculosa (AV), vessel density and embryo crown-rump length (CRL) were measured. Ang-2 and VE-cadherin mRNA expression was analysed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Vasculogenesis was delayed on gross and histological examination. ST length, AV area, vessel density and CRL were significantly reduced in the Cd group. Ang-2 was increased 4 h after exposure to Cd, whereas VE-cadherin was reduced. CONCLUSION: Cd exposure inhibits normal development of extra-embryonic vasculature in line with growth retardation of the chick embryo in association with altered expression of Ang-2 and VE-cadherin.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Angiopoyetina 2/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Cadmio/farmacología , Desarrollo Embrionario/efectos de los fármacos , Morfogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antígenos CD/efectos de los fármacos , Cadherinas/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Embrión de Pollo , Desarrollo Embrionario/fisiología , Morfogénesis/fisiología , Neovascularización Fisiológica/fisiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
There is little published data on cycling injuries in Ireland and the present study aims to describe the cycling related injuries presenting to the emergency department (ED), of a tertiary urban university hospital. This is a retrospective review of cycling-related injuries presenting to the ED of St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH) from 1st of January to 31st of December 2014. There were 534 cycling related injuries presenting to the ED during the study period. Just over 71% of the patients were male, and 14.8% of patients presented following a collision with a motor vehicle. Forty patients required admission to hospital following their injury with 6 of these patients spending time in the intensive care unit. Cycling is now a very popular means of transport and exercise activity in Ireland and using hospital based data, it is possible that EDs may provide a vector for guiding injury prevention strategies in the future.