NRC Immune receptor networks show diversified hierarchical genetic architecture across plant lineages.

Plants' complex immune systems include nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) proteins, which help recognize invading pathogens. In solanaceous plants, the NRC (NLR required for cell death) family includes helper NLRs that form a complex genetic network with multiple sensor NLRs to provide resistance against pathogens. However, the evolution and function of NRC networks outside solanaceous plants are currently unclear. Here, we conducted phylogenomic and macroevolutionary analyses comparing NLRs identified from different asterid lineages and found that NRC networks expanded significantly in most lamiids but not in Ericales and campanulids. Using transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we showed that NRC networks are simple in Ericales and campanulids, but have high complexity in lamiids. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the NRC helper NLRs into three NRC0 subclades that are conserved, and several family-specific NRC subclades of lamiids that show signatures of diversifying selection. Functional analyses revealed that members of the NRC0 subclades are partially interchangeable, whereas family-specific NRC members in lamiids lack interchangeability. Our findings highlight the distinctive evolutionary patterns of the NRC networks in asterids and provide potential insights into transferring disease resistance across plant lineages.

Development of a tightly regulated copper-inducible transient gene expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana incorporating a suicide exon and Cre recombinase.

Chemical-inducible gene expression systems are commonly used to regulate gene expression for functional genomics in various plant species. However, a convenient system that can tightly regulate transgene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana is still lacking. In this study, we developed a tightly regulated copper-inducible system that can control transgene expression and conduct cell death assays in N. benthamiana. We tested several chemical-inducible systems using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and found that the copper-inducible system exhibited the least concerns regarding leakiness in N. benthamiana. Although the copper-inducible system can control the expression of some tested reporters, it is not sufficiently tight to regulate certain tested hypersensitive cell death responses. Using the MoClo-based synthetic biology approach, we incorporated the suicide exon HyP5SM/OsL5 and Cre/LoxP as additional regulatory elements to enhance the tightness of the regulation. This new design allowed us to tightly control the hypersensitive cell death induced by several tested leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins and their matching avirulence factors, and it can be easily applied to regulate the expression of other transgenes in transient expression assays. Our findings offer new approaches for both fundamental and translational studies in plant functional genomics.