Prevalence and Factors Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in Individuals with COVID-19 in Brazil: A Study of 20,669 Cases from 2020 to 2021.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with olfactory dysfunction in individuals with COVID-19 in the first 2 years of the pandemic in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prevalent study involving the confirmed cases of COVID-19 recorded in the municipality between the years 2020 and 2021. Individuals symptomatic for COVID-19, with a positive laboratory result and aged 12 or older were included in this study. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were used in the description of continuous variables and frequency was used for categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate data distribution. RESULTS: Data from 20,669 individuals were analyzed. The prevalence of olfactory disorders was 17.9% and increased from 11.5% to 21.9% between 2020 and 2021. A female gender predominance was observed among individuals who reported anosmia, with 61.1% (n = 564) in 2020 and 61.7% (n = 1,713) in 2021. On the other hand, the median age of individuals with olfactory disorders was lower than that of the group without disorders (35 [IQR 27-46] vs. 39 [IQR 29-50]; p < 0.001). Smell disturbances were present in 18.2% (n = 3,634) of patients who recovered and in 7.1% (n = 38) of those who died. Furthermore, in 2021, a prevalence rate of 30.6% for olfactory disorders was linked to obesity as a comorbidity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of olfactory disorders was lower compared to other studies, with cough and fever being negatively related to olfactory dysfunction and headache, coryza, and taste disorders being positively related. Obesity was the only associated comorbidity.

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in older indigenous peoples of Brazil: findings from a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent disease worldwide, with increasing incidence particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Indigenous communities have poorer CKD outcomes due to limited access to healthcare. They are also experiencing a shift toward a sedentary lifestyle and urbanization-related dietary changes, increasing the risk of CKD-related risk factors. AIM: To determine the prevalence of CKD in older Brazilian indigenous and identify the main associated risk factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed demographic and clinical data of 229 older indigenous individuals aged 60 years and above in 2022-2023. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g. Data were presented categorically and analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD in the population was 26.6%, with higher prevalence in women and increasing with age. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 67.7% and 24.0%, respectively, and these comorbidities were associated with CKD: hypertension (OR = 5.12; 95% CI 2.2-11.9) and diabetes (OR = 5.5; 95% CI 3.7-8.2). No association was found between the prevalence of CKD and obesity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, or smoking. DISCUSSION: The study found a higher prevalence of CKD among older indigenous populations in Brazil compared to non-indigenous populations, which is exacerbated by risk factors, such as aging, hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle changes, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention in these communities. CONCLUSION: Older persons' indigenous individuals have a high prevalence of CKD, which is correlated with factors, such as sex, age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Awareness of stroke among patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Renal dysfunction is an important risk factor for stroke. Brazilian studies on stroke knowledge are generally population based. Studies stratifying stroke knowledge according to comorbidities are rare. Scientific data are essential to guide the awareness of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To assess stroke knowledge in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study of patients with CKD on hemodialysis in north-eastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey on stroke awareness was administered to patients with CKD on hemodialysis between April and November 2022. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included in the analysis. The Brazilian acronym for stroke was used by 53.5% of the participants. Less than 10.0% of the sample showed optimal decision-making ability regarding stroke. Of the participants, 29.9% knew at least one risk factor and one symptom; however, this was considered as having below the minimum capacity because they did not know the emergency service call number. In the analysis adjusted for income and education, females (odds ratio [OR], 0.40%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.82), older patients (OR, 0.24%; 95% CI, 0.09-0.63) and having at most one comorbidity (OR, 0.48%; 95% CI, 0.23-0.98) were factors for lower levels of knowledge or ideal decision-making capacity against stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on hemodialysis, especially women and older people, have little knowledge about stroke.

Smartphone and application use in self-management of chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional feasibility study.

INTRODUCTION: Smartphone and application use can improve communication and monitoring of chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, through self-management and increased adherence to treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess smartphone use in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis and their willingness to use mobile applications as a disease self-management strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis in the São Francisco Valley in the Northeast Region, Brazil. METHODS: The questionnaire developed by the authors was administered between April and June 2021. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the construct was 0.69. Associations between the dependent and independent variables were determined using univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 381 patients were included, of whom 64% had a smartphone, although only 3.1% knew of a kidney disease-related application. However, 59.3% believed that using an application could help them manage their disease. Having a smartphone was associated with treatment adherence, higher educational attainment, and higher per capita income. Educational attainment remained an independent factor in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: More than 64% of patients had a smartphone, although few knew of applications developed for kidney disease. More than half of the population believed that technology use could benefit chronic kidney disease treatment. Smartphone ownership was more common among the younger population, with higher educational attainment and income, and was associated with greater adherence to hemodialysis sessions.

Awareness towards stroke among high school students in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Educational interventions on stroke are potentially effective in reducing the period between the onset of symptoms and the initial emergency medical assistance. OBJECTIVES: To assess high school students' knowledge of stroke. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-structured questionnaire survey regarding stroke awareness was applied among high school students in northeastern Brazil. Data were collected between 2018 and 2019. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,788 students were analyzed. Eighty percent (n = 1430) of them did not have the minimum knowledge on how to act in a stroke situation. Only 10% (n = 179) presented the ideal knowledge on how to act. Males presented lower levels of knowledge on risk factors (odds ratio, OR: 0.62%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.49-0.79) and signs and symptoms of stroke (OR: 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.52-0.77). Students with ≥ 10 years of schooling (OR: 1.64%; 95% CI: 1.30-2.07) demonstrated greater knowledge of signs and symptoms of stroke. Students aged 18 years (OR: 1.70%; 95% CI: 1.14-2.52) demonstrated greater knowledge than other ages regarding the telephone number of the emergency medical services. CONCLUSIONS: There was a knowledge deficit with regard to recognizing stroke and activating the emergency medical services. The findings apply to the sample investigated and suggest that there is a need for stroke educational interventions, starting in high school.

Case report: Isolated tubular basement membrane deposits in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus - A diagnostic challenge.

Lupus nephritis is one of the most serious and frequent manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. It usually presents in the first years of the disease, which suspicion should be raised in cases of elevated serum creatinine, presence of proteinuria above 500 mg/day or active urinary sediment, in the absence of other apparent causes such as urinary tract infection and use of nephrotoxic drugs. In most cases, it affects the glomerulus, and its presentation is rare in the form of isolated tubulo-interstitial disease. In this report, we describe a case of lupus nephritis diagnosed after 2 years of illness, in the form of atypical isolated tubular disease, characterized by massive deposits in the tubular basement membrane. Clinically, there were altered renal function, subnephrotic proteinuria, and evolution to a complete clinical response after immunosuppressive treatment.

Heart Disease and Arboviruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Dengue fever, chikungunya, and zika are highly prevalent arboviruses transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, with a widely neglected impact in developing countries. These diseases cause acute illness in diverse populations, as well as potential cardiovascular complications. A systematic review was carried out to investigate the burden of cardiac involvement related to these arboviruses. Multiple databases were searched for articles that investigated the association of cardiovascular diseases with arboviruses, published up to March 2022. Relevant articles were selected and rated by two independent reviewers. Proportion meta-analysis was applied to assess the frequency-weighted mean of the cardiovascular findings. A total of 42 articles were selected (n = 76,678 individuals), with 17 manuscripts on dengue and 6 manuscripts on chikungunya undergoing meta-analysis. The global pooled incidence of cardiac events in dengue fever using a meta-analysis was 27.21% (95% CI 20.21-34.83; I2 = 94%). The higher incidence of dengue-related myocarditis was found in the population younger than 20 years old (33.85%; 95% CI 0.00-89.20; I2 = 99%). Considering the studies on chikungunya (n = 372), the global pooled incidence of cardiac involvement using a meta-analysis was 32.81% (95% CI 09.58-61.49, I2 = 96%). Two Zika studies were included that examined cases of infection by vertical transmission in Brazil, finding everything from structural changes to changes in heart rate variability that increase the risk of sudden death. In conclusion, cardiac involvement in arboviruses is not uncommon, especially in dengue fever.

Collapsing Glomerulopathy: A Review by the Collapsing Brazilian Consortium.

Collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by segmentar or global collapse of the glomerulus and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes. The Columbia classification of 2004 classified CG as a histological subtype of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). A growing number of studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of CG in many countries, especially among populations with a higher proportion of people with African descent. The present study is a narrative review of articles extracted from PubMed, Medline, and Scielo databases from September 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. We have focused on populational studies (specially cross-sectional and cohort articles). CG is defined as a podocytopathy with a distinct pathogenesis characterized by strong podocyte proliferative activity. The most significant risk factors for CG include APOL1 gene mutations and infections with human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. CG typically presents with more severe symptoms and greater renal damage. The prognosis is notably worse than that of other FSGS subtypes.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy at a university hospital: retrospective analysis of success and complication rates.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success and complication rates of ultrasound-guided renal biopsy at a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 97 ultrasound-guided renal biopsies, all performed by the same radiologist, between 1 March, 2017 and 31 October, 2019. RESULTS: Of the 97 biopsies evaluated, 87 had a definitive pathological diagnosis. In five cases (5.4%), the biopsy results were inconclusive and a second procedure was required. In seven procedures (7.6%), there were complications, all of which were properly resolved. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy has proven to be a safe, effective method for the diagnosis of nephropathies, with high success rates.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar taxas de sucesso e de complicações de biópsias renais guiadas por ultrassonografia em um hospital terciário. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 97 biópsias renais realizadas entre 1º de março de 2017 e 31 de outubro de 2019, guiadas por ultrassonografia e executadas por um único médico radiologista. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e sete biópsias apresentaram diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo. Cinco biópsias foram inconclusivas (5,4%) e precisaram de um segundo procedimento. Houve complicações em sete procedimentos (7,6%), todas devidamente solucionadas. CONCLUSÃO: A biópsia renal guiada por ultrassonografia demonstrou ser um método efetivo e seguro para o diagnóstico de nefropatias, com elevada taxa de sucesso em sua execução.

Brazilian Consortium for the Study on Renal Diseases Associated With COVID-19: A Multicentric Effort to Understand SARS-CoV-2-Related Nephropathy.

Kidney involvement appears to be frequent in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite this, information concerning renal involvement in COVID-19 is still scarce. Several mechanisms appear to be involved in the complex relationship between the virus and the kidney. Also, different morphological patterns have been described in the kidneys of patients with COVID-19. For some authors, however, this association may be just a coincidence. To investigate this issue, we propose assessing renal morphology associated with COVID-19 at the renal pathology reference center of federal university hospitals in Brazil. Data will come from a consortium involving 17 federal university hospitals belonging to Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) network, as well as some state hospitals and an autopsy center. All biopsies will be sent to the referral center for renal pathology of the EBSERH network. The data will include patients who had coronavirus disease, both alive and deceased, with or without pre-existing kidney disease. Kidney biopsies will be analyzed by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Furthermore, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for various inflammatory cells (i.e., cells expressing CD3, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD138, CD68, and CD57) as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) will be performed on paraffinized tissue sections. In addition to ultrastructural assays, in situ hybridization (ISH), IHC and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) will be used to detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in renal tissue. For the patients diagnosed with Collapsing Glomerulopathy, peripheral blood will be collected for apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1) genotyping. For patients with thrombotic microangiopathy, thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13), antiphospholipid, and complement panel will be performed. The setting of this study is Brazil, which is second behind the United States in highest confirmed cases and deaths. With this complete approach, we hope to help define the spectrum and impact, whether immediate or long-term, of kidney injury caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Fever of unknown origin in special groups.

Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world. It is defined as temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or 3 outpatient visits. The main etiologies are infectious, neoplastic, and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. The initial diagnostic approach of the FUO patient should include non-specific complementary exams. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12-35%, varying according to the baseline etiology.

Fever of unknown origin - a literature review.

Fever of undetermined origin (FUO) is a challenging entity with a striking presence in hospitals around the world and can be associated with a myriad of differential diagnoses. It is defined as axillary temperature ≥ 37.8 ° C on several occasions, lasting ≥ three weeks, in the absence of diagnosis after three days of hospital investigation or three outpatient visits. The main etiologies are: infectious, neoplastic, and rheumatic. The diagnosis is based on the detailed clinical history and physical examination of these patients, in order to direct the specific complementary tests to be performed in each case. Empirical therapy is not recommended (with few exceptions) in patients with prolonged fever, as it may disguise and delay the diagnosis and conduct to treat the specific etiology. The prognosis encompasses mortality of 12% - 35%, varying according to the underlying etiology. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the main topics about fever of undetermined origin, bringing historical and scientific aspects, national and international.

Awareness of stroke among patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Renal dysfunction is an important risk factor for stroke. Brazilian studies on stroke knowledge are generally population based. Studies stratifying stroke knowledge according to comorbidities are rare. Scientific data are essential to guide the awareness of stroke. OBJECTIVE: To assess stroke knowledge in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study of patients with CKD on hemodialysis in north-eastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey on stroke awareness was administered to patients with CKD on hemodialysis between April and November 2022. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included in the analysis. The Brazilian acronym for stroke was used by 53.5% of the participants. Less than 10.0% of the sample showed optimal decision-making ability regarding stroke. Of the participants, 29.9% knew at least one risk factor and one symptom; however, this was considered as having below the minimum capacity because they did not know the emergency service call number. In the analysis adjusted for income and education, females (odds ratio [OR], 0.40%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.82), older patients (OR, 0.24%; 95% CI, 0.09-0.63) and having at most one comorbidity (OR, 0.48%; 95% CI, 0.23-0.98) were factors for lower levels of knowledge or ideal decision-making capacity against stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on hemodialysis, especially women and older people, have little knowledge about stroke.

Smartphone and application use in self-management of chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional feasibility study

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Smartphone and application use can improve communication and monitoring of chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, through self-management and increased adherence to treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess smartphone use in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis and their willingness to use mobile applications as a disease self-management strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis in the São Francisco Valley in the Northeast Region, Brazil. METHODS: The questionnaire developed by the authors was administered between April and June 2021. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the construct was 0.69. Associations between the dependent and independent variables were determined using univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 381 patients were included, of whom 64% had a smartphone, although only 3.1% knew of a kidney disease-related application. However, 59.3% believed that using an application could help them manage their disease. Having a smartphone was associated with treatment adherence, higher educational attainment, and higher per capita income. Educational attainment remained an independent factor in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: More than 64% of patients had a smartphone, although few knew of applications developed for kidney disease. More than half of the population believed that technology use could benefit chronic kidney disease treatment. Smartphone ownership was more common among the younger population, with higher educational attainment and income, and was associated with greater adherence to hemodialysis sessions.

Tecnologia digital como instrumento de saúde em uma comunidade indígena no Vale de São Francisco / Digital technology as a tool for health promotion in an indigenous community in the Vale de São Francisco

Resumo: Introdução: As comunidades tradicionais são grupos de indivíduos socialmente organizados que partilham comportamentos econômicos, socioambientais e culturais comuns. Entre elas, destacam-se as comunidades indígenas no Brasil, que vêm sofrendo o impacto da urbanização, do crescimento de doenças crônicas e epidemias e do aumento da insegurança alimentar. Relato de experiência: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as experiências da equipe de saúde, quanto ao uso de uma ferramenta de gestão de dados na assistência, em uma comunidade indígena no Nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um relato de experiência do uso de uma ferramenta digital nas ações assistenciais em uma comunidade tradicional. A equipe de saúde foi dividida em dois grupos: agentes comunitários de saúde e estudantes de Medicina. Discussão: A descrição das experiências e a análise das narrativas resultaram na identificação de 258 citações, que foram classificadas em 12 categorias, relacionadas ao objeto de estudo. Dentre estas, as questões ligadas aos benefícios da ferramenta foram as mais mencionadas (43,41%), em que os subgrupos abordaram diferentes reflexões. A segunda categoria mais citada se referia às limitações da ferramenta (15,11%), sendo a necessidade do sinal de internet o ponto crítico. Ou seja, esta pesquisa mostra vantagens da ferramenta na atenção à saúde, mas também explicita fragilidades inerentes ao seu uso, de modo a trazer questões importantes dessa vivência e estimular práticas semelhantes. Conclusão: Esse relato de experiência, como método científico, traz importantes questões vivenciadas, relacionadas à aplicabilidade prática de uma ferramenta digital em uma comunidade indígena. Apesar de ser inegável que há pontos de fragilidade evidentes, eles não comprometeram o resultado afirmativo da vivência, melhorando a assistência.

Abstract: Introduction: Traditional communities are groups of socially organized individuals with common economic, socio-environmental, and cultural behaviors. Brazil's indigenous communities are a prime example of these groups, suffering the impact of urbanization, the growth of chronic diseases, epidemics, and increased food insecurity. Experience report: To describe the health team's experiences in the use of a data management tool for care in an indigenous community in northeastern Brazil. Methodology: This is an experience report on the use of a digital tool to assist actions in a traditional community. The health team was divided into community health agents and medical students. Discussion: The description of the experiences and analysis of the narratives resulted in identifying 258 citations, classified into 12 categories related to the study scope. Of these, issues related to benefits of the tool were the most commonly mentioned (43.41%), where the subgroups addressed different reflections. The second most cited category referred to the tool's limitations (15.11%), with the need for an internet connection being the critical point. This research, therefore, shows the tool's advantages in health care but also explains weaknesses inherent to its use, raising important issues of this experience and stimulating similar practices. Conclusion: This experience report, as a scientific method, addresses essential experienced issues related to the practical applicability of a digital tool in an indigenous community. Although it is undeniable that there are obvious points of weakness, these did not compromise the positive result of the experience, and care was improved.

Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Awareness towards stroke among high school students in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Educational interventions on stroke are potentially effective in reducing the period between the onset of symptoms and the initial emergency medical assistance. OBJECTIVES: To assess high school students' knowledge of stroke. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A self-structured questionnaire survey regarding stroke awareness was applied among high school students in northeastern Brazil. Data were collected between 2018 and 2019. The chi-square test and other descriptive statistics were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,788 students were analyzed. Eighty percent (n = 1430) of them did not have the minimum knowledge on how to act in a stroke situation. Only 10% (n = 179) presented the ideal knowledge on how to act. Males presented lower levels of knowledge on risk factors (odds ratio, OR: 0.62%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.49-0.79) and signs and symptoms of stroke (OR: 0.63%; 95% CI: 0.52-0.77). Students with ≥ 10 years of schooling (OR: 1.64%; 95% CI: 1.30-2.07) demonstrated greater knowledge of signs and symptoms of stroke. Students aged 18 years (OR: 1.70%; 95% CI: 1.14-2.52) demonstrated greater knowledge than other ages regarding the telephone number of the emergency medical services. CONCLUSIONS: There was a knowledge deficit with regard to recognizing stroke and activating the emergency medical services. The findings apply to the sample investigated and suggest that there is a need for stroke educational interventions, starting in high school.

Modeling of covariates predicting renal allograft failure within six months after transplantation / Modelagem das covariáveis preditivas para falência do enxerto renal até seis meses do transplante

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the renal replacement therapy (RRT) of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, not every KT is successful and some patients persist on RRT. OBJECTIVE: To model a logistic regression with pre- and post-KT risk covariates capable of predicting secondary allograft dysfunction in need of RRT or reaching stage V of CKD until the first six months post-KT. METHODS: Cohort with KT recipients from Northeastern Brazil. Medical records of KT performed between 2011-2018 were analyzed. KT-recipients with insufficient data or who abandoned follow-up were excluded. The covariables analyzed were: demographic; infectious; pre- and post-KT comorbidities; panel reactive-antibodies; number of HLA mismatches; acute rejection episodes mediated by T-cell (ACR) or antibodies (AAR) six months after KT; and laboratory tests six months after KT. RESULTS: Covariates with higher risk for the analyzed outcomes six months after KT were: elderly KT recipients (OR:1.41; CI95%:1.01-1.99), time between onset of RRT and KT (ΔT-RRT&KT)>10years (OR:3.54; CI95%:1.27-9.87), diabetes mellitus (DM) pre-KT (OR:3.35; CI95%:1.51-7.46), pyelonephritis (OR:2.45; CI95%:1.24-4.84), polyomavirus nephropathy (OR:4.99; CI95%:1.87-13.3), AAS (OR:4.82; CI95%:1.35-17.2), 24h-proteinuria ≥300mg/24h (OR:5.05; CI95%:2.00-12.7) and serum calcium (Ca) <8.5mg/dL (OR:4.72; CI95%:2.00-11.1). The multivariate model presented an accuracy of 88.1% and the mean variance inflation factor is 1.81. CONCLUSION: Elderly-recipients, ΔT-RRT&KT>10 years, pre-KT DM, and post-KT aggressions until six months (pyelonephritis, polyomavirus nephropathy, ABMR, 24h-proteinuria≥300mg/24h, and Ca<8.5mg/dL) are associated with high predictive power for secondary allograft dysfunction in need of RRT or reaching CKD stage V until the first six months post-KT.

INTRODUÇÃO: Transplante renal (TR) é a terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) de escolha para pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Entretanto, nem todo TR é bem-sucedido e alguns pacientes persistem em TRS. OBJETIVO: Modelar uma regressão logística com covariáveis de risco pré e pós-TR preditora da disfunção secundária do aloenxerto com necessidade de TRS ou alcance ao estágio V da DRC até os primeiros seis meses pós-TR. MÉTODOS: Coorte com receptores transplantados realizado em hospital no Nordeste brasileiro. Analisou-se registros médicos dos TR realizados entre 2011-2018. Receptores com dados insuficientes ou que abandonaram seguimento foram excluídos. Foram analisadas covariáveis: demográficas; infecciosas; comorbidades pré e pós-TR; painel de reatividade; incompatibilidades de HLA; episódios de rejeições agudas mediadas por células-T ou por anticorpos; exames laboratoriais seis meses pós-TR. RESULTADOS: Receptores idosos (OR:1,41; IC95%:1,01-1,99), tempo entre início da TRS e TR (∆T-TRS&TR)>10 anos (OR:3,54; IC95%:1,27-9,87), diabetes mellitus (DM) pré-TR (OR:3,35; IC95%:1,51-7,46), pielonefrite (OR:2,45; IC95%:1,24-4,84), nefropatia por poliomavírus (OR:4,99; IC95%:1,87-13,3), RAMA (OR:4,82; IC95%:1,35-17,2), proteinúria de 24h (Pt24h) ≥300mg/24h (OR:5,05; IC95%:2,00-12,7) e cálcio sérico (Ca)<8,5mg/dL (OR:4,72; IC95%:2,00-11,1) foram identificadas como covariáveis de maior risco para os desfechos analisados até seis meses pós-TR. O modelo multivariado apresentou acurácia de 88,1% e fator de inflação da variância médio de 1,81. CONCLUSÃO: Receptores idosos, ∆T-TRS&TR>10anos, DM pré-TR e agressões até seis meses pós-TR (pielonefrite, nefropatia por poliomavírus, RAMA, Pt24h≥300mg/24h e Ca<8,5mg/dL), apresentam alto poder preditivo para disfunção secundária do aloenxerto com necessidade de TRS ou alcance ao estágio V da DRC até os primeiros seis meses pós-TR.