Association analysis between rs6184 and rs6180 polymorphisms of growth hormone receptor gene regarding skeletal-facial profile in a Colombian population.

Background/Objective: There is strong evidence that genetic factors may affect the craniofacial morphology. This study aimed to examine the association between the rs6184 and rs6180 polymorphic variants of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene and skeletal-facial profile in a Colombian population. Subjects/Methods: Saliva samples from 306 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 53 (mean 24.33) years were collected. Cephalometric parameters were used to categorize the participants as Class I, Class II, or Class III skeletal-facial profile. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to identify genotypes of the rs6184 and rs6180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The association of polymorphisms with the skeletal-facial profile was assessed separately and adjusted for confounding using a multivariate binary logistic regression model, alongside with analysis of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype associations. Results: Although individuals carrying the CA genotype of the rs6184 SNP showed both significantly decreased values for ANB angle and increased measures concerning mandibular body length and mandibular length, no significant differences amongst genotype groups of rs6180 SNP were observed. Moreover, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis revealed that the CA genotype of rs6184 SNP and the A-A haplotype were highly associated with Class III skeletal-facial profile. Conclusions: Although these results do not support that rs6180 SNP could be identified as a predictor for skeletal-facial profile, they suggest that the allele A of rs6184 SNP alone or in combination with other SNPs in the GHR gene yields significant horizontal and longitudinal variations of the mandibular morphology and might be a strong/independent prognostic indicator for Class III skeletal-facial profile in the present population.

Relationship between pharmacokinetics of fluazuron and its efficacy for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus: A comprehensive evaluation of tick drug uptake.

Relationship between fluazuron (FZN) concentrations in cattle plasma and ticks and its therapeutic efficacy percentage (EP) against Rhipicephalus microplus was analyzed. The extent of FZN uptake by ticks after its topical administration was also evaluated. Heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided in treated and no treated groups. Blood and tick samples were taken to measure FZN concentrations and female ticks were counted to evaluate the EP of the treatment from day 0 to 45 post-treatment (PT). Ticks exposed (TE) and not exposed (TNE) to topical contact with the drug were collected at 12 and 24 h PT. Artificial feeding (AF) of ticks was also performed with blood from a treated heifer. The EP on days 21, 28, 35, 42 and 45 PT was 99.1, 92.3, 81.2, 74.7 and 76.5 %, respectively. Fluazuron disposition within ticks during the first 2 days post-treatment did not mirror the corresponding FZN levels in the bovine plasma, but a statistically significant positive correlation was evident from day 3. Mean FZN concentrations in TE at 12 h and 24 h PT were significantly higher than in TNE. The FZN concentrations in AF ticks were significantly lower than those in TE but comparable to the levels in TNE. The efficacy and pharmacokinetics analysis suggest that maintaining a threshold FZN plasma concentration above 20-25 ng/mL is crucial to prevent the development of larvae into engorged females. The results also indicate that direct absorption of FZN through the tick's integument occurs in the initial days after treatment.

Crouania pumila sp. nov. (Callithamniaceae: Rhodophyta), a new species of marine red algae from the Seaflower International Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Colombia.

In the Colombian Caribbean, the marine macroalgal flora of the Seaflower International Biosphere Reserve has been little studied, despite its ecological importance. Historical records have reported only 201 macroalgae species within its area of almost 350,000 km2. However, recent surveys have shown a diversity of small algae previously overlooked. With the aim to determine the macroalgal diversity in the Reserve, we undertook field surveys in different ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, and rocky and sandy substrates, at different depths, from intertidal to 37 m. During these field surveys, we collected a small described species belonging to the genus Crouania (Callithamniaceae, Rhodophyta), Crouania pumila sp. nov. that is decribed in this paper. This new species was distinguished from other species of the genus by a distinctive suite of traits including its diminutive size (to only 3.5 mm in length), its decumbent, slightly calcified habit (epiphytic on other algae), its ramisympodial branching, the ecorticate main axes, and the elongate shape of the terminal cells of the cortical filaments. The observations were provided for both female (cystocarpic) and tetrasporangiate thalli; however, male thalli were not seen. Further studies have to be undertaken in this Reserve in order to carry out other macroalgal analysis and descriptions.

Psychometric properties of the needs scale for families of adults with intellectual disabilities, Colombian version.

Aim: Assess the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of the Family Needs Assessment (FNA) questionnaire designed for adults in Colombia. Conducting research studies to validate the FNA questionnaire in other contexts and age groups is important. Methods: Five hundred fifty-four caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities participated in the study (298 men and 256 women). The ages of the individuals with disabilities ranged from 18 to 76 years. The authors carried out the linguistic adaptation of the items and cognitive interviews to identify if the items evaluated what was intended. A pilot test with 20 participants was also conducted. An initial confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Given that, this analysis did not show a good adjustment of the theoretical model initially proposed, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to elucidate the most appropriate structure for the Colombian population.. Results: The factor analysis found five factors, each with a high ordinal alpha (Caregiving and family interaction, social interaction and future planning, Economy, and recreation, independent living skills or autonomy, and Services related to disability). Of the 76 items, 59 were preserved, which had a factorial load greater than 0.40; and 17 were left out because they did not meet this requirement.. Conclusion: Future research considers corroborating the five factors found and establishing their clinical applications. Concerning the concurrent validity, the families perceive that high need for social interaction and future planning and little support for the person with an intellectual disability.

Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de confiabilidad y validez del cuestionario FNA versión adultos en Colombia. Se justifica realizar investigaciones que validen el cuestionario FNA (Family Needs Assessment) en otros contextos y grupos etarios. Métodos: Participaron 554 cuidadores de adultos con discapacidad intelectual (madres, padres o cuidadores). La edad de la persona con discapacidad osciló entre 18-76 años, 298 hombres y 256 mujeres. Se realizó la adaptación lingüística de los ítems, entrevistas cognitivas para identificar si los ítems evaluaban lo que se pretendía, y una prueba piloto a 20 participantes. Se llevó a cabo el análisis factorial confirmatorio, dado que éste no evidenció un buen ajuste del modelo teórico inicialmente propuesto, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para dilucidar la estructura propia para Colombia. Resultados: El análisis factorial encontró cinco factores cada uno con un alfa ordinal alto (Cuidado e interacción familiar, Interacción social y planeación de futuro, Economía y recreación, habilidades de vida independiente y autonomía y Servicios relacionados con la discapacidad). De los 76 ítems se conservaron 59, aquellos que tuvieron una carga factorial superior a 0.40; y se eliminaron 17 debido a que no cumplieron este requis. Conclusión: En el campo investigativo, los cinco factores encontrados se deben corroborar en estudios posteriores, así como, establecer sus aplicaciones clínicas. En cuanto a la validez concurrente, las familias perciben que alta necesidad en Interacción social y planeación del futuro y poco apoyo a la persona con discapacidad intelectual en este aspecto.

Palatoplasty as the technique of choice for prevention of obstructive sleep apnea secondary to surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare patients treated with pharyngoplasty and those treated with palatoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency to establish what surgical procedure poses the highest risk for developing sleep apnea. The hypothesis tested in this study is that the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome associated with pharyngoplasty is greater than that associated with palatoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency. SUBJECTS: Twenty patients were taken from the Institution FISULAB. DESIGN: Observational cohort analytic study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An overnight polysomnographic study was used to determine the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. RESULTS: The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following pharyngoplasty was shown to be significantly higher than after palatoplasty. The apnea-hypopnea index, also called the respiratory disturbance index, was 12.7 in the pharyngoplasty group and 1.35 in the palatoplasty group (p < .001). When obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was stratified into different levels of severity according to the values of respiratory disturbance index, there were noticeable differences between these two groups. In the palatoplasty group, one patient had mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In the pharyngoplasty group, two patients had mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, one patient had moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and two patients had severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing the apnea-hypopnea index (i.e., respiratory disturbance index) of patients treated for velopharyngeal insufficiency with palatoplasty versus pharyngoplasty, we observed an important difference between the groups, with the highest indices in the pharyngoplasty group.

Psychometric properties of the needs scale for families of adults with intellectual disabilities, Colombian version

Aim: Assess the psychometric properties of reliability and validity of the Family Needs Assessment (FNA) questionnaire designed for adults in Colombia. Conducting research studies to validate the FNA questionnaire in other contexts and age groups is important. Methods: Five hundred fifty-four caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities participated in the study (298 men and 256 women). The ages of the individuals with disabilities ranged from 18 to 76 years. The authors carried out the linguistic adaptation of the items and cognitive interviews to identify if the items evaluated what was intended. A pilot test with 20 participants was also conducted. An initial confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Given that, this analysis did not show a good adjustment of the theoretical model initially proposed, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to elucidate the most appropriate structure for the Colombian population.. Results: The factor analysis found five factors, each with a high ordinal alpha (Caregiving and family interaction, social interaction and future planning, Economy, and recreation, independent living skills or autonomy, and Services related to disability). Of the 76 items, 59 were preserved, which had a factorial load greater than 0.40; and 17 were left out because they did not meet this requirement.. Conclusion: Future research considers corroborating the five factors found and establishing their clinical applications. Concerning the concurrent validity, the families perceive that high need for social interaction and future planning and little support for the person with an intellectual disability.

Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de confiabilidad y validez del cuestionario FNA versión adultos en Colombia. Se justifica realizar investigaciones que validen el cuestionario FNA (Family Needs Assessment) en otros contextos y grupos etarios. Métodos: Participaron 554 cuidadores de adultos con discapacidad intelectual (madres, padres o cuidadores). La edad de la persona con discapacidad osciló entre 18-76 años, 298 hombres y 256 mujeres. Se realizó la adaptación lingüística de los ítems, entrevistas cognitivas para identificar si los ítems evaluaban lo que se pretendía, y una prueba piloto a 20 participantes. Se llevó a cabo el análisis factorial confirmatorio, dado que éste no evidenció un buen ajuste del modelo teórico inicialmente propuesto, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para dilucidar la estructura propia para Colombia. Resultados: El análisis factorial encontró cinco factores cada uno con un alfa ordinal alto (Cuidado e interacción familiar, Interacción social y planeación de futuro, Economía y recreación, habilidades de vida independiente y autonomía y Servicios relacionados con la discapacidad). De los 76 ítems se conservaron 59, aquellos que tuvieron una carga factorial superior a 0.40; y se eliminaron 17 debido a que no cumplieron este requis. Conclusión: En el campo investigativo, los cinco factores encontrados se deben corroborar en estudios posteriores, así como, establecer sus aplicaciones clínicas. En cuanto a la validez concurrente, las familias perciben que alta necesidad en Interacción social y planeación del futuro y poco apoyo a la persona con discapacidad intelectual en este aspecto.

Evaluación de un esquema de control integrado de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en vacas preñadas y con cría en el noreste argentino / Evaluation of an integrated control scheme against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in pregnant cows and in cows with calf in northeastern Argentina

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar un esquema de control integrado para Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en vacas preñadas y con cría combinando dos tratamientos con acaricidas químicos y el descanso de potreros en una localidad representativa del noreste argentino. Este esquema fue diseñado para combinar el efecto terapéutico del control estratégico (dos tratamientos aplicados entre fines del invierno y la primavera) con el que tiene el descanso de las pasturas (en el presente trabajo de tres meses) sobre la cantidad de larvas presentes en un potrero. Veintidós vacas y vaquillas de biotipo Braford fueron distribuidas en dos grupos en potreros infestados naturalmente con garrapatas, con un descanso de tres meses previo al ingreso de los animales. El grupo I recibió dos tratamientos acaricidas con fluazurón y flumetrina y el grupo II permaneció sin tratamientos como grupo control. Se estimó mensualmente la infestación con garrapatas y se calculó la eficacia terapéutica. La infestación con Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en el grupo I fue significativamente menor que la del grupo control y los niveles de eficacia fueron siempre superiores al 93%, con la excepción del conteo de febrero dónde el porcentaje de eficacia fue del 89,1%. La integración complementaria de la descontaminación parcial ejercida mediante un descanso de pasturas de tres meses con un esquema de tratamientos estratégicos (dos en un período de 10 meses) permitió alcanzar niveles significativos de eficacia en el control de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus manteniendo bajos niveles de infestación con mínimos movimientos a corral, y brindando sustentabilidad al uso de los acaricidas.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate an integrated control scheme for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in pregnant and calving cows combining two treatments with chemical acaricides and paddock rest in a representative locality of northeastern Argentina. This scheme was designed to combine the therapeutic effect of strategic control (two treatments applied between late winter and spring) with the rest of pastures (in the present work of three months) on the amount of larvae present in a paddock. Twenty-two Braford-type heifers and cows were divided into two groups in paddocks naturally infested with ticks, with a rest of three months before the animals were admitted. Group I received two acaricidal treatments with fluazuron and flumethrin and group II remained without treatment as a control group. Tick ​​infestation was monitored monthly and therapeutic efficacy was calculated. The infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in group I was significantly lower than that of the control group and the efficacy levels were always higher than 93%, with the exception of the February count, where the efficacy was 89.1%. The complementary integration of the partial decontamination applied through a three-month pasture rest with a strategic treatment scheme (two in a 10-month period) allowed reaching significant levels of efficacy in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus while maintaining low levels of infestation with minimal movements to management pens, and providing sustainability to the use of acaricides.

Oral Mucosal Melanoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

ABSTRACT: Oral mucosal melanoma is an unusual and aggressive malignant tumor that mainly affects the palate of men aged between 50 and 60 years. We present a literature review focusing on the etiopathogenesis and the clinicopathologic features of this entity. In addition, we reported a rare case of an oral mucosal melanoma arising in the left cheek of a 60-yea r- old man. Computed tomography scan revealed infiltration of the tumor to other anatomic structures including the maxillary sinus, the zygomatic bone and the pterygoid processes. Based on its extension, the lesion was considered inoperable and treatment with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy was proposed but the patient only attended to the first session and died from cancer progression 6 months after the diagnosis. This paper reinforces the importance of inclusion of this malignant tumor in the differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa.

RESUMEN: El melanoma de la mucosa oral es un tumor maligno inusual y agresivo que afecta principalmente al paladar de hombres de entre 50 y 60 años. Presentamos una revisión bibliográfica centrada en la etiopatogenia y las características clínico-patológicas de esta entidad. Además, reportamos un caso raro de melanoma de la mucosa oral que surgió en la mejilla izquierda de un hombre de 60 años. La tomografía computarizada reveló la infiltración del tumor a otras estructuras anatómicas, incluido el seno maxilar, el hueso cigomático y los procesos pterigoideos. En base a su extensión, la lesión se consideró inoperable y se propuso tratamiento con radioterapia conformada tridimensional pero el paciente solo asistió a la primera sesión y falleció por progresión del cáncer 6 meses después del diagnóstico. Este trabajo refuerza la importancia de la inclusión de este tumor maligno en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones pigmentadas de la mucosa oral.

Demineralized bone matrix for alveolar cleft management.

The aim of this article is to describe the results of the use of demineralized bone matrix putty in alveolar cleft of patients with cleft lip and palate. We performed a prospective, descriptive case series study, in which we evaluated the results of the management of alveolar clefts with demineralized bone matrix. Surgery was performed in 10 patients aged between 7 and 26 years (mean 13 years), involving a total of 13 clefts in the 10 patients. A preoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken to the patients in whom the width of the cleft was measured from each edge of the cleft reporting values between 5.76 and 16.93 mm (average, 11.18 mm). The densities of the clefts were measured with a CBCT, 6 months postoperative to assess bone formation. The results showed a register of gray values of 1,148 to 1,396 (mean, 1,270). The follow-up was conducted for 15 to 33 months (mean, 28.2 months). The results did not show satisfactory bone formation in the cleft of patients with the use of demineralized bone matrix.

Notas sobre las algas marinas de la Reserva Internacional de Biosfera Seaflower, Caribe colombiano VI: nuevos registros de algas pardas (Phaeophyceae) / Notes on the marine algae of the international biosphere reserve seaflower, caribbean colombia vi: new records of brown algae (phaeophyceae)

ABSTRACT Two species ofbrown algae (Phaeophyceae), Bachelotia antillarum and Dictyota humifusa are reported for the first time for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, part of the International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower.

RESUMEN Dos nuevos registros de algas pardas (Phaoephyceae), Bachelotia antillarum y Dictyota humifusa son registradas por primera vez para el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Reserva Internacional de la Biosfera Seaflower.

Madres, padres y profesores como educadores de la resiliencia en niños colombianos / Mothers, fathers and teachers as educators of resilience in Colombian children / Mães, pais e professores como educadores da resiliência em crianças colombianas

El objetivo del estudio consistió en analizar el aporte de las prácticas educativas de madres, padres y profesores en el desarrollo de la resiliencia en niños(as). Se contó con 417 niños(as), 199 profesores, 111 mamás y 80 papás de zona rural de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Fue un estudio transversal, de análisis correlacional, explicativo. Las niñas mostraron mayor nivel de generosidad, laboriosidad y resiliencia total en comparación con los niños. Las mamás tienden a practicar la aceptación y apoyo, la afirmación del poder, el retiro del afecto y el trato rudo más que los papás. Las profesoras también ejercen estás prácticas pero en menor proporción que los dos padres. La aceptación de papás y profesoras, el monitoreo de los dos padres y la afirmación del poder de las profesoras, son variables que pesan de manera significativa en la explicación de resiliencia en los niños(as). Es importante diseñar estrategias de intervención conjuntas en el contexto familiar y escolar desde edades tempranas, con el fin de desarrollar procesos de resiliencia en niños, teniendo en cuenta el papel protagónico de los padres y los profesores en este proceso.

The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of the educational practices of parents and teachers in the development of resilience in children. The sample included 417 children, 199 teachers, 111 mothers and 80 fathers of a rural setting of low socioeconomic level. It was an explanatory, cross-sectional study, with a correlational analysis. The girls showed higher levels of generosity, diligence and overall resilience compared to boys. Mothers tended to practice acceptance and support, assertion of power, withdrawal of affection and harsh parenting more than fathers. Teachers also exercised these practices but to a lesser extent than two parents. Acceptance by parents and teachers, parental monitoring and teacher affirmation of power, were variables that weighed significantly in explaining resilience in children. It's important to design intervention strategies within the family and school's context from a young age, to help children develop resilience, taking into account the crucial role of parents and teachers in this process.

O objetivo do estudo consistiu em analisar a influência das práticas educativas de mães, pais e professores no desenvolvimento da resiliência em crianças. Participaram 417 crianças, 199 professores, 111 mães e 80 pais de zona rural de baixo nível socioeconômico. Foi um estudo transversal, de análise correlacional, explicativa. As meninas mostraram maior nível de generosidade, dedicação ao trabalho e resiliência total em comparação aos meninos. As mães tendem a mais praticar a aceitação e o apoio, a afirmação do poder, a retirada do afeto e o tratamento rude do que os pais. As professoras também exercem essas práticas, mas em menor proporção do que os pais. A aceitação de pais e professoras, o monitoramento de pais e mães e a afirmação do poder das professoras são variáveis que pesam de forma significativa na explicação da resiliência nas crianças. É importante projetar estratégias de intervenção conjuntas no contexto familiar e escolar desde idades menores, a fim de desenvolver processos de resiliência em crianças, tendo em conta o papel protagonista dos pais e professores nesse processo.

A New Classification Based on the Kaban's Modification for Surgical Management of Craniofacial Microsomia.

In medicine, classifications are designed to describe accurately and reliably all anatomic and structural components, establish a prognosis, and guide a given treatment. Classifications should be useful in a universal way to facilitate communication between health professionals and to formulate management protocols. In many situations and particularly with craniofacial microsomia, there have been many different classifications that do not achieve this goal. In fact, when there are so many classifications, one can conclude that there is not a clear one that accomplishes all these ends and defines a treatment protocol. It is our intent to present a new classification based on the Pruzansky's classification, later modified by Kaban, to determine treatment protocols based on the degree of osseous deficiency present in the body, ramus, and temporomandibular joint. Different mandibular defects are presented in two patients with craniofacial microsomia type III and IV according to our classification with the corresponding management proposed for each type and adequate functional results.

Diseño y análisis psicométrico de una escala de resiliencia en infantes / Designing and psychometric analysis of an infant resilience scale

Antecedentes. En las últimas décadas, la resiliencia ha sido un tema de interés para diversas disciplinas. También se ha presentado un aumento en el desarrollo de pruebas para medirla. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en diseñar una escala, a través de las virtudes humanas, como indicadores de un desarrollo saludable en la infancia. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial y de confiabilidad de la escala. Materiales y métodos. El presente estudio es de carácter instrumental y pretendió explorar el desempeño psicométrico de unaescala de medición de resilienciatipo Likert, en niños y niñas. Se contó con una muestra total de 407 niños y niñas con edades entre los 7 y 12 años. Resultados. La escala identificó dos factores correspondientes a las virtudes de generosidad y laboriosidad. En el factor de la generosidad se agruparon seis preguntas, estas explicaron el 34,62% de la varianza, mientras el segundo factor de la laboriosidad quedó integrado por 8 preguntas que explicaron el 33,18% de la misma. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos evidenciaron que la escala es apropiada para ser usada como herramienta de evaluación sobre la resiliencia en la infancia.

Background. Resilience has been a topic of interest forseveral disciplines during recent decades; there hasalsobeen an increase in the development of tests formeasuring it. Objective. This study was aimed at proposing a scale forevaluating resilience through human virtues as indicators of children's healthy development. Factorial and reliability was analysed for the scale. Materials and methods. This study was intended to explore the instrumental performance of a Likert-type psychometric scale by measuring resilience in children. The sample included 407 children aged 7 to 12 years-old. Results. The scale identified two factors: generosity and industriousness. Six questions were pooled regarding the generosity factor (34.62% of variance) and eight questions for industriousness(33.18% variance). Conclusions. The findings indicated that the scale was appropriate for use as an assessment tool regarding childhood resilience.

Asumiendo juntos los retos: Calidad de vida en familias de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual / Taking challenges together: Quality of life in young families with intellectual disability

Con el propósito de describir y comprender la calidad de vida de 18 familias de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual en Bogotá, Colombia, se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto a través de la Escala de Calidad de Vida Familiar y entrevistas semiestructuradas, para construir el Mapa de Calidad de Vida Familiar con cada familia. Los resultados evidenciaron que todos los factores de calidad de vida familiar fueron valorados como fortaleza, con excepción del factor apoyo a la persona con discapacidad. Se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las variables de estudio. Se concluye que las familias de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual disfrutan de sus vidas juntos, y tienen proyectos de vida a futuro. No obstante, su calidad de vida se ve influenciada por la sobreprotección de algunos familiares hacia los jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual, el desconocimiento de sus derechos y los escasos apoyos y oportunidades de inclusión social, con los que cuentan actualmente.

In order to describe and understand the quality of life in 18 families of adolescent youth with intellectual disability in Bogotá, Colombia, it was realized a mixed study, through the Family Quality of Life Scale and semi-structured interviews, in order to build the Family Quality of life Map. The main findings showed that all the family quality of life factors were considered as strengths, except for the support for persons with disabilities factor. In relation to the study variables, significative differences were found. To conclude, the families of youth with intellectual disabilities enjoy their lives together, and have future life plans. However, their quality of life is affected by the overprotection of some relatives to the young person with intellectual disability, the lack of information about their rights, and the insufficient opportunities and supports of social inclusion that they currently have.

Crouania pumila sp. nov. (Callithamniaceae: Rhodophyta), a new species of marine red algae from the Seaflower International Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Colombia / Crouania pumila sp. nov. (Callithamniaceae: Rhodophyta), una nueva especie de alga roja marina de la Reserva Internacional de la Biosfera Seaflower, Caribe colombiano

In the Colombian Caribbean, the marine macroalgal flora of the Seaflower International Biosphere Reserve has been little studied, despite its ecological importance. Historical records have reported only 201 macroalgae species within its area of almost 350 000km². However, recent surveys have shown a diversity of small algae previously overlooked. With the aim to determine the macroalgal diversity in the Reserve, we undertook field surveys in different ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, and rocky and sandy substrates, at different depths, from intertidal to 37m. During these field surveys, we collected a small described species belonging to the genus Crouania (Callithamniaceae, Rhodophyta), Crouania pumila sp. nov. that is decribed in this paper. This new species was distinguished from other species of the genus by a distinctive suite of traits including its diminutive size (to only 3.5mm in length), its decumbent, slightly calcified habit (epiphytic on other algae), its ramisympodial branching, the ecorticate main axes, and the elongate shape of the terminal cells of the cortical filaments. The observations were provided for both female (cystocarpic) and tetrasporangiate thalli; however, male thalli were not seen. Further studies have to be undertaken in this Reserve in order to carry out other macroalgal analysis and descriptions.

Crouania pumila sp. nov. (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) es descrita para la isla de Providencia, en el Caribe colombiano. La nueva especie se destaca de las otras especies del género por características como su tamaño diminuto (hasta 3.5mm de largo), su hábito decumbente y poco calcificado (epífita sobre otras algas), su ramificación ramisimpodial, la ausencia de corticación y la forma alargada de las células terminales de los filamentos corticales. Se proveen observaciones sobre talos femeninos (cistocárpicos) y tetraspóricos. No se observaron talos masculinos.

Identificación de pacientes con iatrogenias realizadas en otrasinstituciones, que ingresaron al Servicio de Atención Prioritaria de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia en el periodo 2009-1 / Identification of patients with iatrogenic procedures performed at other institutions who were admitted to the Emergency Service, College of Dentistry, University of Antioquia during the first semester of 2009 (2009-1)

Introducción: las iatrogenias odontológicas entendidas como alteraciones de la salud bucal del paciente, provocadas por el odontólogo, se dan aun entre profesionales altamente calificados, por lo que su prevención es necesaria para una práctica consciente en el esfuerzo de disminuir errores. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las iatrogenias odontológicas realizadas en entidades externas a la Facultad, en los pacientes que ingresaron al Servicio de Atención Prioritaria de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia en el periodo 2009-1 y obtener datos de la historia clínica que nos permitieran caracterizar de forma global este tipo de población y así orientar el servicio de manera adecuada. Métodos: se revisaron 839 historias clínicas del Servicio de Atención Prioritaria debidamente diligenciadas. En los 36 casos que se evidenció radiográficamente la presencia de iatrogenia se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, con el fin de caracterizar la población afectada. Resultados: de las historias clínicas con evidencia de iatrogenia el 61,1% correspondió a mujeres y 38,9% a hombres; en cuanto al sistema de aseguramiento, el 36,1% pertenecían al régimen subsidiado de salud. Se observaron iatrogenias como: endodoncias subobturadas (31,3%), subextendidas (23,5%), restauraciones sobrecontorneadas (15,6%), filtración coronal, perforaciones radiculares, elementos intrarradiculares desadaptados, sobreobturación endodóntica, fractura vertical radicular, trauma oclusal, fractura del diente, mal manejo de trauma dentoalveolar y subcontorneado de la restauración, en ese orden de frecuencia. Conclusiones: el 4,29% de la historias revisadas en el 2009-I evidenciaron iatrogenia odontológica, con mayor frecuencia de tipo endodóntico y con remisión al endodoncista.

Introduction: dental iatrogeny, defined as an alteration of the health status of a patient caused by a dental professional, is seen even among highly-qualified professionals; therefore, its prevention is a key factor to carry out a conciensous practice in an effort to reduce the number of mistakes. The objective of this study was to document cases of dental iatrogeny performed at outside institutions in patients who were admitted to the Emergency Service, College of Dentistry at University of Antioquia in Medellín, Colombia, during the first semester of 2009 (2009-I). Furthermore, to obtain data from the dental history in order to characterize this type of population and provide a correct orientation for this service. Methods: 839 complete dental records from the Emergency Service were reviewed. In the 36 cases with radiographic evidence of iatrogenic procedures, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to characterize the affected population. Results: after analyzing the dental records with radiographic evidence of iatrogeny, 61.1% corresponded to female patients and 38.9% to male patients. Regarding the health care system, 36.1% corresponded to the subsidized system. The following iatrogenic events were observed and they are presented in order of frequency: underfilled endodontic obturations (31.3%), overextended obturations (23.5%), overcontoured restorations (15.6%), coronal leaking, root perforations, poorly-adapted intraradicular elements, overfilled endodontic obturations, vertical root fractures, occlusal trauma, tooth fracture, poorly-handled dental trauma, and undercontoured restorations. Conclusions: 4.29% of the dental records reviewed in 2009-1 showed evidence of dental iatrogeny. There was a higher frequency of endodontic problems with referral to the endodontist.

Dermatitis de contacto alérgica en técnica dental / Alergic contact dermatitis in dental technician

Paciente de 22 años, auxiliar de odontología, estudiante de mecánica dental, con un año de evolución de dermatitis en las manos. Antecedente de alergia al níquel, asma y atopia. El prick test y las pruebas de parche confirman el diagnóstico de dermatitis de contacto alérgica a látex, etileneglicol y metacrilatos.

Estilos de afrontamiento y calidad de vida en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en tratamiento de hemodiálisis / Coping styles and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in treatment with haemodialysis

El propósito de este estudio fue observar si los estilos de afrontamiento asumidos por un grupo de 41 pacientes con IRC guardan relación con su calidad de vida. Para ello, se utilizaron los instrumentos SF-36 y CAE. Se observó un deterioro importante en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes; no obstante, su funcionamiento social se encontró preservado. De acuerdo con los resultados, el afrontamiento focalizado en la solución de problemas correlacionó positivamente con salud mental, mientras que la auto-focalización negativa se asoció inversamente con la mayoría de las dimensiones de calidad de vida evaluadas. La evitación y la religiosidad, como estilos de atontamiento, presentaron resultados distintos a los hallados por otros autores. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos.

The purpose of this study was to observe if the coping styles of 41 patients with chronic kidney disease were related to their quality of life. The SF-36 and CAE questionnaires were the instruments used. Significant decline in quality of life was evidenced in these patients. Nevertheless, their social functioning was preserved. Results showed that the coping style focused on problem solving was positively correlated with mental health whereas the negative self-focused coping style was inversely related to most dimensions of quality of life that were evaluated. Different results were found about avoidance and religiosity as coping styles. The implications of these results are discussed.

Dimorfismo sexual dentario en estudiantes paraguayos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción en el año 2013 / Dental sexual dimorphism in paraguayan students of the Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción in 2013

Identity derives from the latin and is the character set that individualize a person, making it equal to itself and different from others. Thus, the tooth size is variable according to the carrier subject characteristics. Sexual dimorphism, referring to the set of morphological differences that can exist between individuals of different sexes that make a species. An analytical observational study was carried out with the aim of determining the presence of sexual dimorphism in the size of permanent teeth and the prevalence of torus palatinus in 64 paraguayan students of the Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción in the year 2013. It was observed that the average for women for intermolar distance was 53mm and for males was 57 mm; 85, 9% of the study population had no palatal torus. A statistically significant difference was found between sex with the intermolar distance and with the mesiodistal summation from 1.1 to 1.6 and from 2.1 to 2.6 p <0.05, with values higher than normal.