[The digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver and spleen in different functional states]. / Pishchevaritel'nye fermenty v zheludochno-kishechnom trakte, pochke, pecheni i selezenke pri razlichnykh funktsional'nykh sostoianiiakh.

A wide range of digestive enzymes with different cellular location (membrane, intracellular, Lysosomal) was determined in gastrointestinal organs (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon) as well as in undigestive organs (liver, kidney, spleen) in normal conditions and in altered functional states (fasting, refeeding). High levels of peptidase activity was noted in undigestive organs and the colon as compared to that in the small intestine. Adaptive responses were (revealed not only for a number of membrane enzymes but also for intracellular ones including those in undigestive organs.

[The topography of the intestinal enzymes in rhesus macaques]. / Topografiia kishechnykh fermentov u obez'iany Macaca rhesus.

The activities of carbohydrase, peptidases, alkaline phosphatase in the different parts of jejunum and in colon were determined. The minimum activity of all enzymes except the sucrase was observed in duodenum, the maximum one--in ileum. The significant activities of dipeptidases and alkaline phosphatase as well as the minimum activities of carbohydrase and aminopeptidase M were determined in colon.

[The characteristics of the properties of the membrane and cytosol peptidases of the enterocytes in different animal species]. / Kharakteristika svoistv nekotorykh membrannykh i tsitozol'nykh peptidaz énterotsitov raznykh vidov zhivotnykh.

Studies have been made on some of the properties of glycylleucyn- and leucylglycyne dipeptidases from the membrane and cytosol fractions of enterocytes of mice, rats and rabbits. Differences in cellular distribution of these enzymes in the species investigated were found. These enzymes also differ in their thermostability and the reaction to the effect of an inhibitor, 1,10-phenantrolyne. Presumably, these peptidases are presented by different enzymes which are subjected to separate genetic control.

[Hydrolases of the digestive and nondigestive organs in rhesus macaque monkeys]. / Gidrolazy pishchevaritel'nykh i nepishchevaritel'nykh organov u obez'ian Macaca rhesus.

Distribution of activity of a wide range of hydrolases was characterised in the duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon, as well as in the liver, kidney and spleen in Macaca rhesus. The findings suggest presence of a complex enzyme system performing the membrane and intracellular hydrolysis of nutritional substances, in the small intestine of the primates as well as other mammals. This system, along with the hydrolases of the colon and non-digestive organs, seems to function as an enzymatic barrier.

Delayed consequences of protein deficiency during lactation for the development of enzyme systems of digestive and nondigestive organs in offspring.

Suboptimal protein nutrition during lactation has a negative impact on the digestive function of the small intestine and trophic barrier functions of the large intestine, liver, and kidneys due to significant enzyme deficiency (disaccharidase, peptidase, alkaline phosphatase) in 6-month-old offspring. Changes in enzyme activity in digestive and nondigestive organs play an important role in metabolic disorders promoting the development of "risk diseases" and reducing lifespan.

Relationship between protein deficiency in the ration of rats during early ontogeny and function of enzyme systems of digestive and non-digestive organs in adult life.

Low protein content in the ration of rat pups during transfer from mixed to definitive nutrition (days 21-30 of life) has a negative impact on digestive function of the small intestine and trophic and barrier functions of the large intestine, liver, and kidneys and increases (sucrase, glycyl-L-leucin dipeptidase) or decreases (alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) enzyme activities in these organs in 6-month-old rats. Protein deficiency during the early ontogeny modulates functioning of the enzyme systems in digestive and non-digestive organs in adult life, which can lead to the development of not only gastrointestinal, but other visceral diseases.

Protein-deficient diet in pregnant females impairs functional activity of enzyme systems in digestive and non-digestive organs in the offspring.

Activity of disaccharidases in various portions of the small intestine markedly increased in 6-month-old offspring of pregnant females feeding a protein-deficient diet. Activities of amino- and dipeptidases decreased in the kidneys, while alkaline phosphatase activity remained practically unchanged. Probably, information about protein restriction in nutrition of pregnant females is stored in the biochemical memory of adult offspring and promotes the development of metabolic disturbances.

[Effects of thyroxine and dexamethasone on kinetic characteristics of the small intestine enzymes in rat pups following a low-protein diet in female rats during lactation]. / Vliianie tiroksina i deksametazona na kineticheskie kharakteristiki fermentov tonkoi kishki krysiat pri nizkobelkovom ratsione samok v period laktatsii.

It is shown, that the value of Km for maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M and glycyl-L-leucinedipeptidase, prepared from the jejunum and ileum of 10-day rat litter in membrane and soluble forms in most cases differed but a little in control animals and the rat litter whose mothers in the period of lactation had a diet with 2.5-fold reduced content of protein, and did not change under action of injected thyroxin and dexamethasone. It may be assumed that in the given experimental conditions each of the investigated digestive hydrolases in membrane and soluble forms represents the same enzyme. In conditions of the protein insufficiency in lactating females diet and under action of exogene hormones, apparently, no significant changes occur in structure of synthesised enzymes.

[Delayed effects of protein deficiency in nutrition of the pregnant rats on development of the enzymatic system in digestive and nondigestive organs of offspring]. / Pozdnie éffekty defitsita belka v pitanii beremennykh samok krys na formirovanie fermentnogo spektra pishchevaritel'nykh i nepishchevaritel'nykh organov u potomstva.

It has been found for the first time that protein deficit in female's nutrition during prenatal development of the offspring is accompanied by considerable changes in the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes and of the same hydrolases in the colon, liver and kidneys both in early and in late ontogenesis. It seems possible that changes of the small intestine enzyme functions and hydrolytic functions of other digestive and non-digestive organs in result of an unfavorable early "metabolic/nutritional programming" may be crucial in disorders of metabolic processes leading to development of diseases of risk in adult life.

Effect of vilon and epithalon on activity of enzymes in epithelial and subepithelial layers in small intestine of old rats.

Per os administration of Vilon (Lys-Glu) or Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) to aged Wistar rats for 1 month significantly increased activity of membrane enzymes maltase and alkaline phosphatase in epithelial layer of the small intestine. In addition, Vilon significantly increased activity of cytosolic glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase in the stromal and seromuscular layers of the small intestine in comparison with the control rats not treated with this agent. These findings suggest improvement of trophic and barrier functions of the small intestine and corroborate the hypothesis on the existence of not only epithelial, but also subepithelial enzymatic barrier supporting the enzyme system in the small intestine, especially in aged animals.

Effect of Vilon and Epithalon on glucose and glycine absorption in various regions of small intestine in aged rats.

Vilon (Lys-Glu) and Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) administered orally for 1 month improved transport characteristics of the small intestine in aged rats. Vilon enhanced passive glucose accumulation in the serous fluid in inverted sac made from the distal region of the small intestine, while Epithalon enhanced this process in the medial region. Vilon stimulated active glucose accumulation in the serous sac of the medial small intestine, Epithalon - in the proximal and distal small intestinal segments. Glycine absorption increased only in the proximal intestinal segment under the effect of Epithalon.

[The circadian rhythms of the hydrolytic enzyme activity of the small intestine in fasting and satiated rats]. / Tsirkadnye ritmy aktivnosti gidroliticheskikh fermentov tonkoi kishki golodnykh i sytykh krys.

The maximal activity of membrane enzymes (carbohydrases, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase) was demonstrated in the evening, but that of cytosolic dipeptidases--at night and at day. This is possibly connected with the different functions of the enzymes--digestive or catabolic, resp. The circadian rhythm did not depend on functional states. The circadian rhythms of the enzymes activities were more expressed in the epithelial layer of the small intestine than in the subepithelial (stromal and muscle-serosal) ones.

[Digestive enzyme activity in growing rats consuming nitrates against a background og protein insufficiency]. / Aktivnost' pishchevaritel'nykh fermentov u rastushchikh krys pri potreblenii imi nitratov na fone belkovoi nedostatochnosti.

The effects of sodium nitrate on the activity of digestive enzymes in mucosal and submucosal layers of the small intestine as well as in liver and kidney were studied in the growing rats maintained on either standard or protein-free diets. The enzyme systems were more sensitive in the growing rats to protein deprivation than in adult animals. However, the digestive enzymes were more resistant against nitrate intoxication in the growing rats.