Anomalous aortic origin of the left main coronary artery associated with arterial compression-Case report.

BACKGROUND: Anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery is a rare finding, with varied presentation and symptomatology. Increasingly recognized by cardiac imaging, when found it raises questions about the appropriate approach and management. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of an 11-year-old female who presented with episodes of shortness of breath, angina, and syncope during exercise. Further investigation demonstrated episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter and coronary angiotomography revealed that the left coronary artery had an anomalous origin from the right cusp with initial short intramural segment and significant external compression in its initial course between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The patient was submitted to surgical correction with dissection of left coronary artery posterior to the pulmonary artery, coronary arteriotomy, roof ampliation with the autologous pericardium, and creation of neo-ostium in aorta. The patient had a satisfactory postoperative recovery, was discharged on the fifth-day post-op, and remains asymptomatic after 14 months of follow-up. Herein we present surgical video and postoperative echo and computed tomography scan.

The arrival of COVID-19 in Brazil and the impact on coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: This study analyzed the arrival of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil and its impact on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. METHODS: Patients undergoing isolated CABG in six hospitals in Brazil were divided into two periods: pre-COVID-19 (March-May 2019, N = 468) and COVID-19 era (March-May 2020, N = 182). Perioperative data were included on a dedicated REDCap platform. Patients with clinical and tomographic criteria and/or PCR (+) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were considered COVID-19 (+). Logistic regression analysis was performed to create a multiple predictive model for mortality after CABG in COVID-19 era. RESULTS: Compared to 2019, in 2020, CABG surgeries had a 2.8-fold increased mortality risk (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1-7.6, p = .041), patients who evolved with COVID-19 had a 11-fold increased mortality risk (95% CI: 2.2-54.9, p < .003), rates of morbidities and readmission to the intensive care unit. The surgical volume was decreased by 60%. The model to predict mortality after CABG in the COVID-19 era was validated with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow = 1.43) and discrimination (receiver operating characteristic = 0.78). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse impact on mortality, morbidity and volume of patients undergoing CABG.

The role of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for pre-operative risk stratification of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and mortality after congenital heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is an inexpensive and easy to measure biomarker for predicting outcomes in children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical correction. OBJECTIVE: To identify children at high risk of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair using the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. METHODS: This single-centre retrospective analysis included consecutive patients aged < 18 years who underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair between January 2014 and December 2018. The pre-operative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was measured using the last pre-operative complete blood count test. We used the Acute Kidney Injury Network definition. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients were included, of whom 39 (33.6%) presented with acute kidney injury: 20 (51.3%) had grade I acute kidney injury, nine had grade II acute kidney injury (23.1%), and 10 (25.6%) had grade III acute kidney injury. A high pre-operative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was associated with grade III acute kidney injury in the post-operative period (p = 0.04). Patients with acute kidney injury had longer mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.023), intensive care unit stay (p < 0.001), and hospital length of stay (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the pre-operative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio can be used to identify patients at risk of developing grade III acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair.

Prognostic value of the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Little is known about this association in the pediatric population who require surgery for congenital heart defects, especially in patients with a single ventricle (SV). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of the preoperative NLR with outcomes in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure. METHODS: This study involved a retrospective cohort analysis of 141 consecutive patients with SV undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure between January 2011 and December 2017 in two centers. The preoperative NLR was included in the last hemogram test before surgery. According to the NLR level, the patients were divided into group I (NLR < 1), group II (NLR between 1 and 2), and group III (NLR > 2). The primary endpoint was total hospital length of stay (LOS), and secondary endpoints were mechanical ventilation (MV) time, intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, ventricular dysfunction, complications, and middle-term mortality. RESULTS: The average follow-up duration was 48 months. There were 61, 47, and 33 patients in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Patients in group III exhibited an increased risk of prolonged total hospital LOS (P = .00). An increase in MV time (P = .03) and ICU LOS (P = .02) was also observed in this group, and these patients experienced greater mortality in 24 months following the surgery (P = .03). There was no association between the NLR and ventricular dysfunction (P = .26) and complications (P = .46). CONCLUSION: A high preoperative NLR was associated with worse outcomes in patients with SV physiology undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure.

Blunt aortic injury: Surgical treatment of the ascending and descending aorta.

Traumatic aortic injury is potentially fatal. Although uncommon, involvement of the aortic arch and the ascending aorta can occur. This case shows concomitant dissection of the ascending and descending sections of the aorta after blunt chest trauma where the open surgical approach was successfully performed to treat both aortic injuries.

Preoperative Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Can Predict Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Tetralogy of Fallot Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poorer outcomes in cyanotic patients undergoing single ventricle palliation. Little is known about this biomarker on patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Our objective is to study the impact of preoperative NLR on outcomes of TOF patients undergoing total repair. METHODS: This retrospective study included 116 consecutive patients between January 2014 and December 2018. Preoperative NLR was measured from the last complete blood count test before the surgery. Using the cutoff value of 0.80, according to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sample was divided into two groups (NLR < 0.80 and ≥ 0.80). The primary endpoint was hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: ROC curves showed that higher preoperative NLR was associated with longer hospital LOS, with an area under the curve of 0.801±0.040 (95% confidence interval 0.722 - 0.879; P<0.001). High preoperative NLR was also associated with long intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (P=0.035). Preoperative NLR predicted longer hospital LOS with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 81.4%. CONCLUSION: Higher preoperative NLR was associated with long ICU and hospital LOS in patients undergoing TOF repair.

Translation and Validation of the Boston Technical Performance Score in a Developing Country.

INTRODUCTION: The Technical Performance Score (TPS) was developed and subsequently refined at the Boston Children's Hospital. Our objective was to translate and validate its application in a developing country. METHODS: The score was translated into the Portuguese language and approved by the TPS authors. Subsequently, we studied 1,030 surgeries from June 2018 to October 2020. TPS could not be assigned in 58 surgeries, and these were excluded. Surgical risk score was evaluated using Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (or RACHS-1). The impact of TPS on outcomes was studied using multivariable linear and logistic regression adjusting for important perioperative covariates. RESULTS: Median age and weight were 2.2 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.5-13) years and 10.8 (IQR = 5.6-40) kilograms, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.58% (n=64), and postoperative complications occurred in 19.7% (n=192) of the cases. TPS was categorized as 1 in 359 cases (37%), 2 in 464 (47.7%), and 3 in 149 (15.3%). Multivariable analysis identified TPS class 3 as a predictor of longer hospital stay (coefficient: 6.6; standard error: 2.2; P=0.003), higher number of complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3; P=0.01), and higher mortality (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7; P=0.004). CONCLUSION: TPS translated into the Portuguese language was validated and showed to be able to predict higher mortality, complication rate, and prolonged postoperative hospital stay in a high-volume Latin-American congenital heart surgery program. TPS is generalizable and can be used as an outcome assessment tool in resource diverse settings.

Most deaths in low-risk cardiac surgery could be avoidable.

It is observed that death rates in cardiac surgery has decreased, however, root causes that behave like triggers of potentially avoidable deaths (AD), especially in low-risk patients (less bias) are often unknown and underexplored, Phase of Care Mortality Analysis (POCMA) can be a valuable tool to identify seminal events (SE), providing valuable information where it is possible to make improvements in the quality and safety of future procedures. Our results show that in São Paul State, only one third of AD in low-risk cardiac surgery was related to specific surgical problems. After a revisited analysis, 75% of deaths could have been avoided, which in the pre-operative phase, the SE was related judgment, patient evaluation and preparation. In the intra-operative phase, most occurrences could have been avoided if other surgical technique had been used. Sepsis was responsible for 75% of AD in the intensive care unit. In the ward phase, the recognition/management of clinical decompensations and sepsis were the contributing factors. Logistic regression model identified age, previous coronary stent implantation, coronary artery bypass grafting + heart valve surgery, ≥ 2 combined heart valve surgery and hospital-acquired infection as independent predictors of AD.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, in March 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 worldwide increases continuously. Brazil is being followed with great concern in the international media, as it can, very soon, be the epicenter of the pandemic. Initial surgical data suggest that patients who acquire COVID-19 in the perioperative period are prone to a higher morbidity and mortality, however, evidence in cardiac surgery is still scarce. This article aims to aggregate to the growing evidence suggesting that perioperative infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 contributes to a more morbid evolution of the case.

Atrioventricular Valve Repair in Single Ventricle Physiology: Timing Matters.

OBJECTIVES: Atrioventricular valve (AVV) regurgitation in patients with single ventricle (SV) physiology severely impacts prognosis; the appropriate timing for surgical treatment is unknown. We sought to study the results of surgical treatment of AVV regurgitation in SV patients and evaluate risk factors for mortality. METHODS: Medical records of 81 consecutive patients with moderate or severe AAV regurgitation who were submitted to AVV repair or replacement during any stage of univentricular palliation between January 2013 and May 2017 were examined. We studied demographic data and perioperative factors looking for predictors that might have influenced the results. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the impact on postoperative ventricular dysfunction and mortality. RESULTS: Median age and weight were seven months (interquartile range [IQR]: 3-24) and 5.2 kg (IQR: 3.7-11.2), respectively. Seventy (86.4%) patients underwent AVV repair, and 11 (13.6%) patients underwent AVV replacement. There was an association between AVV repair effectiveness and timing of intervention (P = .004). Atrioventricular valve intervention at the time of initial surgical palliation was associated with more ineffective repairs (P = .001), while AVV replacement was more common between Glenn and Fontan procedures (P = .004). Overall 30-day mortality was 30.5% (25 patients). In-hospital mortality was 49.4%, and it was higher when AVV repair was performed concomitant with initial (stage 1) palliation (64.1% vs 35.7%; P = .01) and when an effective repair was not achieved (75% vs 41%; P = .008). Multivariable analysis identified timing concomitant with stage 1 palliation as an independent risk factor for mortality (P = .01); meanwhile, an effective repair was a protective factor against in-hospital mortality (P = .05). CONCLUSION: Univentricular physiology with AVV regurgitation is a high-risk group of patients. Surgery for AVV regurgitation at stage 1 palliation was associated with less effective repair and higher mortality in this initial experience. On the other hand, effective repair determined better outcomes, highlighting the importance of experience and the learning curve in the management of such patients.

Preoperative Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Can Predict Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Tetralogy of Fallot Repair

Abstract Introduction: Elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poorer outcomes in cyanotic patients undergoing single ventricle palliation. Little is known about this biomarker on patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Our objective is to study the impact of preoperative NLR on outcomes of TOF patients undergoing total repair. Methods: This retrospective study included 116 consecutive patients between January 2014 and December 2018. Preoperative NLR was measured from the last complete blood count test before the surgery. Using the cutoff value of 0.80, according to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sample was divided into two groups (NLR < 0.80 and ≥ 0.80). The primary endpoint was hospital length of stay (LOS). Results: ROC curves showed that higher preoperative NLR was associated with longer hospital LOS, with an area under the curve of 0.801±0.040 (95% confidence interval 0.722 - 0.879; P<0.001). High preoperative NLR was also associated with long intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (P=0.035). Preoperative NLR predicted longer hospital LOS with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 81.4%. Conclusion: Higher preoperative NLR was associated with long ICU and hospital LOS in patients undergoing TOF repair.

Translation and Validation of the Boston Technical Performance Score in a Developing Country

Abstract Introduction: The Technical Performance Score (TPS) was developed and subsequently refined at the Boston Children's Hospital. Our objective was to translate and validate its application in a developing country. Methods: The score was translated into the Portuguese language and approved by the TPS authors. Subsequently, we studied 1,030 surgeries from June 2018 to October 2020. TPS could not be assigned in 58 surgeries, and these were excluded. Surgical risk score was evaluated using Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (or RACHS-1). The impact of TPS on outcomes was studied using multivariable linear and logistic regression adjusting for important perioperative covariates. Results: Median age and weight were 2.2 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.5-13) years and 10.8 (IQR = 5.6-40) kilograms, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.58% (n=64), and postoperative complications occurred in 19.7% (n=192) of the cases. TPS was categorized as 1 in 359 cases (37%), 2 in 464 (47.7%), and 3 in 149 (15.3%). Multivariable analysis identified TPS class 3 as a predictor of longer hospital stay (coefficient: 6.6; standard error: 2.2; P=0.003), higher number of complications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3; P=0.01), and higher mortality (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7; P=0.004). Conclusion: TPS translated into the Portuguese language was validated and showed to be able to predict higher mortality, complication rate, and prolonged postoperative hospital stay in a high-volume Latin-American congenital heart surgery program. TPS is generalizable and can be used as an outcome assessment tool in resource diverse settings.

Coronary artery bypass graft during the covid-19 pandemic

Abstract Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, in March 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 worldwide increases continuously. Brazil is being followed with great concern in the international media, as it can, very soon, be the epicenter of the pandemic. Initial surgical data suggest that patients who acquire COVID-19 in the perioperative period are prone to a higher morbidity and mortality, however, evidence in cardiac surgery is still scarce. This article aims to aggregate to the growing evidence suggesting that perioperative infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 contributes to a more morbid evolution of the case.