Current progress in NK cell biology and NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

A better understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and tumour cells from different origins has opened the possibility to design novel procedures of antitumoral immunotherapy. One of these novel approaches is based on the use of autologous or allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells to treat cancer. In the last decade, different strategies to activate NK cells and their use in adoptive NK cell-based therapy have been established. Although NK cells are often considered as a uniform cell population, several phenotypic and functionally distinct NK cells subsets exist in healthy individuals, that are differentially affected by ageing or by apparently innocuous viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, further alterations in the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors are found in NK cells from cancer patients, likely because of their interaction with tumour cells. Thus, NK cells represent a promising strategy for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer already tested in phase 1/2 clinical trials. However, the existence of NK cell subpopulations expressing different patterns of activating and inhibitory receptors and different functional capacities, that can be found to be altered not only in cancer patients but also in healthy individuals stratified by age or CMV infection, makes necessary a personalized definition of the procedures used in the selection, expansion, and activation of the relevant NK cell subsets to be successfully used in NK cell-based immunotherapy.

Holocene life and microbiome profiling in ancient tropical Lake Chalco, Mexico.

Metagenomic and traditional paleolimnological approaches are suitable to infer past biological and environmental changes, however, they are often applied independently, especially in tropical regions. We combined both approaches to investigate Holocene Prokaryote and Eukaryote diversity and microbial metabolic pathways in ancient Lake Chalco, Mexico. Here, we report on diversity among a large number of lineages (36,722 OTUs) and functional diversity (27,636,243 non-clustered predicted proteins, and 6,144 annotated protein-family genes). The most abundant domain is Bacteria (81%), followed by Archaea (15%) and Eukarya (3%). We also determined the diversity of protein families and their relationship to metabolic pathways. The early Holocene (> 11,000 cal years BP) lake was characterized by cool, freshwater conditions, which later became warmer and hyposaline (11,000-6,000 cal years BP). We found high abundances of cyanobacteria, and fungi groups associated with mature forests in these sediments. Bacteria and Archaea include mainly anaerobes and extremophiles that are involved in the sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon cycles. We found evidence for early human impacts, including landscape modifications and lake eutrophication, which began ~ 6,000 cal years BP. Subsaline, temperate conditions were inferred for the past 5,000 years. Finally, we found nitrogen-fixing bacteria and protein-family genes that are linked to contaminated environments, as well as several fungal pathogens of crops in near-surface sediments.

XANES speciation of mercury in three mining districts - Almadén, Asturias (Spain), Idria (Slovenia).

The mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of mercury in the environment strongly depend on the chemical species in which it is present in soil, sediments, water or air. In mining districts, differences in mobility and bioavailability of mercury mainly arise from the different type of mineralization and ore processing. In this work, synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) has been taken advantage of to study the speciation of mercury in geological samples from three of the largest European mercury mining districts: Almadén (Spain), Idria (Slovenia) and Asturias (Spain). XANES has been complemented with a single extraction protocol for the determination of Hg mobility. Ore, calcines, dump material, soil, sediment and suspended particles from the three sites have been considered in the study. In the three sites, rather insoluble sulfide compounds (cinnabar and metacinnabar) were found to predominate. Minor amounts of more soluble mercury compounds (chlorides and sulfates) were also identified in some samples. Single extraction procedures have put forward a strong dependence of the mobility with the concentration of chlorides and sulfates. Differences in efficiency of roasting furnaces from the three sites have been found.

Natural killer cells in recurrent miscarriage: An overview.

Recurrent Miscarriage is an early pregnancy complication which affects about 1-3 % of child-bearing couples. The mechanisms involved in the occurrence of recurrent miscarriages are not clearly understood. In the last decade Natural Killer cells have been studied in peripheral blood and uterus in order to determine if there are specific characteristics of Natural Killer cells associated with miscarriage. Different authors have described an increased number of uterine and peripheral blood Natural Killer cells in women with recurrent miscarriages compared to control women. However, its relationship with miscarriage has not been confirmed. In patients with recurrent miscarriage a lack of inhibition of decidua Natural Killer cells can be observed, which leads to a more activated state characterized by higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In peripheral blood, it has been also reported a dysfunctional cytokine production by Natural Killer cells, with an increase of interferon-γ levels and a decrease of Interleukin-4. Significant progress has been made in the last decade in understanding the biology of Natural Killer cells, including the identification of new receptors that also contribute to the activation and regulation of Natural Killer cells. In this review, we summarize the current progress in the study of Natural Killer cells in recurrent miscarriage.

Characterization of the DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE Axis on Circulating NK, NKT-Like and T Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a major clinical challenge due to poor overall survival, which is even more dramatic in elderly patients. TIGIT, an inhibitory receptor that interacts with CD155 and CD112 molecules, is considered as a checkpoint in T and NK cell activation. This receptor shares ligands with the co-stimulatory receptor DNAM-1 and with TACTILE. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE in NK cells and T cell subsets in AML patients. Methods: We have studied 36 patients at the time of diagnosis of AML and 20 healthy volunteers. The expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE in NK cells and T cells, according to the expression of CD3 and CD56, was performed by flow cytometry. Results: NK cells, CD56- T cells and CD56+ T (NKT-like) cells from AML patients presented a reduced expression of DNAM-1 compared with healthy volunteers. An increased expression of TIGIT was observed in mainstream CD56- T cells. No differences were observed in the expression of TACTILE. Simplified presentation of incredibly complex evaluations (SPICE) analysis of the co-expression of DNAM-1, TIGIT and TACTILE showed an increase in NK and T cells lacking DNAM-1 and co-expressing TIGIT and TACTILE. Low percentages of DNAM-1-TIGIT+TACTILE+ NK cells and DNAM-1- TIGIT+TACTILE+ CD56- T cells were associated with a better survival of AML patients. Conclusions: The expression of DNAM-1 is reduced in NK cells and in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from AML patients compared with those from healthy volunteers. An increased percentage of NK and T cells lacking DNAM-1 and co-expressing TIGIT and TACTILE is associated with patient survival, supporting the role of TIGIT as a novel candidate for checkpoint blockade.

Prototipo de alimento deshidratado con base en harina de auyama enriquecido con fuentes proteicas no convencionales / Prototype of dehydrated food based on butternut squash flour enriched with non-conventional protein sources

RESUMEN Debido al contenido de macronutrientes, micronutrientes y antioxidantes, la ingesta de hortalizas y de legumbres en la dieta puede reducir el riesgo de enfermedades, por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un prototipo de alimento deshidratado con base en harina de auyama (Cucurbita moschata Duchense), enriquecido con fuentes proteicas, provenientes de granos. Se establecieron seis tratamientos empleando nueve materias primas, variando el porcentaje de cada una de ellas, donde la mayor proporción correspondió a la harina de auyama, se realizó un análisis bromatológico para cada materia prima y tratamiento. Posteriormente, se adelantó el análisis de carotenos totales, carbohidratos y calorías; para las variables materia seca (MS), cenizas, grasa, proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente ácida (FDA) y fibra detergente neutra (FDN), se empleó un análisis de varianza y para la prueba sensorial, se aplicó la prueba Friedman, con 60 jueces. Al emplear los factores de conversión Atwater, los resultados indicaron que los materiales seleccionados para formular un prototipo de alimento deshidratado presentan bajo contenido de fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). La prueba de Friedman estableció que el mejor tratamiento para los 60 evaluadores fue el 6 seguido del 1, con la inclusión de harina de auyama del 15 y 20 %, respectivamente. Se concluye que, a partir de la inclusión de harina de hortaliza y de leguminosas es posible obtener un producto deshidratado con alto contenido de macronutrientes.

ABSTRACT Due to the content of macronutrients, micronutrients, and antioxidants, the intake of vegetables and legumes in the diet can reduce the risk of diseases, therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a prototype of dehydrated food based on butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchense) enriched with protein sources from grains. six treatments were established using nine raw materials, varying the percentage of each of them, where the highest proportion corresponded to butternut squash, a bromatological analysis was carried out for each raw material and treatment. Subsequently, the analysis of total carotenoids, carbohydrates, and calories was carried out; for the variables dry matter (DM), ashes, fat, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), an analysis of variance was used and for the sensory test the Friedman test was performed with 60 judges. When using the Atwater conversion factors, the results indicated that the materials selected to formulate a dehydrated food prototype have a low content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The Friedman test established that the best treatment for the 60 evaluators was 6 followed by 1, with the inclusion of butternut squash at 15 and 20 %, respectively. It is concluded that, from the inclusion of vegetable and legume flour, it is possible to obtain a dehydrated product with a high content of macronutrients.

Nutritional status in women aged 60 and older, living in a private asylum in the City of Guadalajara, Jalisco. México / Estado nutricional en mujeres de 60 años o más, que viven en un asilo privado en la ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco. México

Aim: To determine the nutritional status of women 60 years and older, private nursing home residents in the city of Guadalajara issued under different diagnostic methods and risk indicators and nutritional assessment and propose the most suitable for prevalence of use in future research. Material and Methods: An Study Descriptive, transversal, In 52 women 60 years and more residents of a private asylum in Guadalajara Jalisco Nutritional assessment: 1) indirect and subjective status and nutritional risk by the questionnaire "Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). direct and objective anthropometric and Tables by percentiles. Results: Nutritional status, according to the MNA, is distributed: satisfactory nutritional status in 7.7%, at risk of malnutrition at 71.2% and malnutrition in 21.2%. By Body Mass Index (BMI) in women> 60 years and more; 25.3 ± 6.8, 42.3% prevalence associated with malnutrition problems in old age. Conclusions: Nutritional status is not encouraging, as the trend is towards malnutrition in the short and medium term if not done timely nutritional intervention. The most useful indicators of prevalence in the diagnosis of nutritional status were kg/m2 BMI, % CB and percentiles (P) for the current weight kg, and MNA for nutritional risk.(AU)

Objetivo: Determinar el estado nutricional de mujeres de 60 años y más, residentes de un asilo de ancianos privado de la ciudad de Guadalajara bajo diferentes métodos de diagnóstico e indicadores de riesgo y valoración nutricional y proponer los más adecuados para la prevalencia de uso en futuras investigaciones. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 52 mujeres de 60 años y más residentes de un asilo privado en Guadalajara Jalisco Evaluación nutricional: 1) estado indirecto y subjetivo y riesgo nutricional mediante el cuestionario "Mini Evaluación Nutricional (MNA). directo y objetivo antropométrico y tablas por percentiles. Resultados: El estado nutricional, según el MNA, se distribuye: estado nutricional satisfactorio en 7,7%, a riesgo de desnutrición en 71,2% y desnutrición en 21,2%. Por índice de masa corporal (IMC) en mujeres> 60 años y más; 25,3 ± 6,8, 42,3% de prevalencia asociada a problemas de desnutrición en la vejez. riesgo nutricional mediante el cuestionario "Mini Evaluación Nutricional (MNA). directo y objetivo antropométrico y tablas por percentiles. Conclusiones: El estado nutricional no es alentador, ya que la tendencia es a la desnutrición a corto y mediano plazo si no se realiza una intervención nutricional oportuna. Los indicadores de prevalencia más útiles en el diagnóstico del estado nutricional fueron kg / m2 de IMC, % CB y percentiles (P) para el peso actual kg, y MNA para riesgo nutricional.(AU)

Contaminación del Río Santiago: Un problema epidemiológico ambiental persistente de Salud Pública en Jalisco, México / River pollution in Santiago: A persistent epidemiologic environmental problem of Public Health in Jalisco, Mexico

El Río Santiago es hoy en día uno de los contextos ambientales más contaminados como resultado de la actividad antropogénica e industrial, representa a simple vista la exposición a múltiples sustancias químicas y a agentes biológicos que ahí concurren y que impactan en la salud de los pobladores del Salto y Juanacatlán Jalisco. Objetivo. Establecer el estado del arte en cuanto a la contaminación ambiental y los riesgos asociados por exposición a residuos peligrosos y agentes biológicos con los que convive la población humana en este contexto socio-ambiental. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la información presente en la red y se realizó un análisis crítico de la realidad objetiva presente actualmente en este contexto. Resultados. De un total de 15 referencias detectadas, 2 corresponden a videos de Instituto Mexicano de Desarrollo Comunitario [IMDEC], parte 1 y parte 2, además se detectaron fotografías que denotan un contexto socio-ambiental contaminado y una referencia con la manifestación de GREENSPACE. Conclusión. Los títulos de los artículos en su incidente expresión “Veneno” y los casos de cáncer visibles en los videos de IMDEC, los riesgos asociados en la salud humana, subrayan la intervención necesaria ya de las autoridades en búsqueda del control en cuanto a calidad ambiental y una revisión emergente en cuanto a legislación ambiental.(AU)

The Santiago River is today one of the most contaminated environmental contexts as a result of anthropogenic activity and industrial, represents a simple view of the exposure to multiple chemicals and biological agents that there exist and that impact on the health of the inhabitants of the leap and Juanacatlán Jalisco. Objective. Set the state of the art in terms of the environmental pollution and the risks associated with exposure to hazardous waste and biological agents with the living human population in this social and environmental context. Material and methods. We conducted a systematic review of the information present in the network and made a critical analysis of the objective reality currently present in this context. Results. Of a total of 15 references detected, 2 correspond to video of the Mexican Institute for Community Development (IMDEC], part 1 and Part 2, Furthermore it detected photographs that denote a socio-environmental contaminated and a reference to the expression of GREENSPACE. Conclusion. The titles of the items in your incident expression "poison" and cases of cancer visible in videos of IMDEC, the associated risks to human health, underline the intervention necessary because of the authorities in search of control in terms of environmental quality and a pop-up review in regard to environmental legislation.(AU)

Influencia de la educación en el seguimiento de las medidas sanitarias ante la pandemia por Covid-19 / Influence of education in the monitoring of health measures in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic

La educación es un factor importante en la formación de conductas y posturas sociales que adopta un individuo día a día y en su participación en eventos de consideración. Existe un severo problema de educación en México, según datos de INEGI (2015) el 93% de la población de 15 años es analfabeta. lo que lleva a pensar que el nivel educativo de la población influye en las actitudes y posturas frente a los lineamientos preventivos de la pandemia. Objetivo: Describir cómo influye la educación de la sociedad para poder llevar acabo correctamente las medidas sanitarias y evitar que la enfermedad Covid-19 se propague y no afecte más de lo que ya ha afectado a todo el mundo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de carácter transversal mediante la aplicación de una encuesta en google en los estados de Hidalgo, Chiapas y Estado de México, a un total de 128 personas. Resultados:Se contó con la participación de 128 individuos en la presente investigación, 63 mujeres y 61 hombres. Del total de personas, el 46% refiere haber cursado algún grado de licenciatura, mientras que el 54% no refirió haberlo hecho. El 100% de los participantes refirieron creer en la pandemia y el 99,2% considera que existe COVID 19 en México. Conclusión: En México se ha demostrado que la educación si influye respecto a los lineamientos de sanidad, por eso es importante invertir en educación, esto permite mayor conocimiento para evitar contagios y al mismo tiempo prevenir para enfermedades futuras o nuevos rebrotes. De no hacerlo así, continuaremos con resultados negativos.(AU)

Education is an important factor in the formation of behaviors and social postures that an individual adopts every day and in their participation in important events. There is a severe education problem in Mexico, according to data from INEGI (2015) 93% of the 15-year-old population is illiterate. which leads to think that the educational level of the population influences attitudes and postures regarding the preventive guidelines of the pandemic. Aim: Describe how the education of society influences to be able to correctly carry out sanitary measures and prevent the Covod-19 disease from spreading and not affecting more than it has already affected the whole world. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was conducted by applying a google survey in the states of Hidalgo, Chiapas and Estado de México to a total of 128 people. Results: A total of 128 individuals participated in this research: 63 women and 61 men. Of the total number of individuals, 46% reported having completed some degree, while 54% did not report having done so. 100% of the participants reported belief in the pandemic and 99.2% consider that there is COVID 19 in Mexico. Conclusion: In Mexico, it has been shown that education does influence health guidelines, so it is important to invest in education, this allows greater knowledge to avoid contagions and at the same time prevent future diseases or new outbreaks. Otherwise, we will continue with negative results.(AU)

El SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 y sus consecuencias nutricio-psicológicas en niños / SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 and its nutritional-psychological consequences in children

La actual pandemia, fue iniciada por la aparición de brotes de neumonía atípica en los alrededores de la ciudad de Wuhan, provincia de Hubei en China, ocasionadas por un coronavirus, el SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. La enfermedad de este virus es una entidad desconocida, que actualmente genera una serie de incógnitas y misterios a su alrededor, una de ellas es su origen, lo que ha ocasionado que no haya aun información concreta sobre su patogenia y sobre todo su mecanismo de transmisión en ciertos grupos de edad, como lo son los niños. Objetivo: Describir la Incidencia, mecanismo de transmisión y consecuencias a nivel nutricio y psicológico del SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 en niños. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de información acerca de la trasmisión y mecanismo patógeno de SARS-CoV-2 en niños de 7 y 14 años, en buscadores como Crossref, PubMed, y revistas indexadas en SciELO, empleando palabras clave como: niños, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, transmisión, incidencia. Dado que las consecuencias son muy diversas en la salud de los niños, se hace más hincapié en aspectos como el impacto negativo a nivel nutricional y psicológico. Resultados: Los casos de SARS-CoV-2 y/o COVID-19 solo han llegado a alcanzar el 2.02% de los casos confirmados en México, en su mayoría sintomáticos, sin necesidad de hospitalización. Quizá se pueda deber a que en los niños se presenta una expresión menor de receptores de ACE2, respuesta innata inmunológica, mayor presencia de IGM, escasas comorbilidades, nutricionalmente el impacto mayor es en niños con obesidad y a nivel psicológico muy probablemente por el confinamiento y el impacto de no poder contar con educación escolar.(AU)

The current pandemic was started by the appearance of outbreaks of atypical pneumonia in the surroundings of the city of Wuhan, Hubei province in China, caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, The disease of this virus is an unknown entity, which currently generates a series of unknowns and mysteries around it, one of them is its origin, which has caused that there is still no concrete information about its pathogenesis and especially its transmission mechanism in certain age groups, such as children. Aim: Describe the incidence, transmission mechanism, and nutritional and psychological consequences of SARS-CoV2 / COVID-19 in children. Methodology: A systematic review of information about the transmission and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 in children aged 7 and 14 years was carried out, in search engines such as Crosref, PubMed, and journals indexed in SciELO, using keywords such as: children, SARS- CoV-2, COVID-19, transmission, incidence. Given that the consequences are very diverse in the health of children, more emphasis is placed on aspects such as the negative impact on a nutritional and psychological level. Results: Cases of SARS-CoV-2 and / or COVID-19 have only reached 2.02% of confirmed cases in Mexico, mostly symptomatic, without the need for hospitalization. It may be due to the fact that children have a lower expression of ACE2 receptors, an inatural immune response, a greater presence of IGM, few comorbidities, nutritionally the greatest impact is in children with obesity and on a psychological level, most likely due to confinement and impact of not being able to have a school education.(AU)

La atención en casa: el apoyo familiar en el control glicémico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Home care: family support in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad en la que el sujeto presenta alteraciones metabólicas de los carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas, de origen genético, por una deficiencia de la secreción de insulina o por la incapacidad para utilizarla, con grados variables de resistencia a ésta. Un individuo con diabetes debe de cambiar su estilo de vida, para lo cual es importante que reciba ayuda, generalmente de su familia. OBJETIVO: Describir la trascendencia entre la atención en casa y/o apoyo familiar de la persona que vive con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en lo que respecta al control glucémico. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal en pacientes DM Tipo 2. Se aplicó 100 encuestas para la recolección de información que midió el apoyo familiar percibido por el paciente diabético. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 45 años, el 55 % de la muestra correspondió al sexo masculino. El 57% de la población presenta niveles glucémicos superiores a 200 mg/dl. 27% presentan apoyo familiar y este es menor en las mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el apoyo familiar es uno de los factores que influyen directamente con el cumplimiento del tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a disease in which the subject presents metabolic alterations of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, of genetic origin, due to a deficiency in insulin secretion or due to the inability to use it, with variable degrees of insulin resistance to it. An individual with diabetes should change their lifestyle, for which it is important that they receive help, usually from their family. OBJECTIVE: Describe the importance of home care and / or family support for the person living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in regard to glycemic control. METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional study in DM Type 2 patients. 100 surveys were applied to collect information that measured the family support perceived by the diabetic patient. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 45 years, 55% of the sample corresponded to the male sex. 57% of the population have glycemic levels higher than 200 mg / dl. 27% have family support and this is lower in women. CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained, it is concluded that family support is one of the factors that directly influence the compliance of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment

Long-term behavioral consequences of stress exposure in adolescent versus young adult rats.

Adolescence is a developmental time period marked by rapid changes in behavior and brain structure. Stress during adolescence has been shown to cause long-lasting behavioral changes, including increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior, in both rats and humans. These findings have led to the hypothesis that adolescence may be a particularly vulnerable or sensitive period for stress exposure. To investigate this hypothesis, we directly compared the effects of a 3-day stress exposure during either an adolescent (post natal day (PND) 27-29) or adult (PND 72-74) time window on exploratory behavior in male rats, measured 6 weeks post-stress (PND 72 or PND 117). Exploratory behavior was tested in both 'anxiogenic' and 'anxiolytic' environments, using the open field and novel object tests, respectively. We hypothesized that rats stressed as adolescents would show greater behavioral changes than rats stressed as adults. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found a decrease in exploratory behavior in the open-field test in both age groups. Furthermore, the magnitude of difference between stress and age-matched control animals was similar between age groups. In contrast, stress had no effect at either age in the novel object test, a more anxiolytic environment. Older adults showed decreased exploration in the novel object test compared to the younger adults, regardless of stress experience. These results suggest that adolescence is not a sensitive period for the effects of repeated variable stress on exploratory behavior in an anxiogenic environment.

Factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento de anemia ferropénica en niños menores de 3 años del Centro de Salud Ex Fundo Naranjal 2013 / Factors that influence in adherence to the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children less than 3 years at the Health Center of Ex Fundo Naranjal 2013

El objetivo fue determinar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento de anemia ferropénica en los niños menores de 3 años del C.S. Ex Fundo Naranjal 2013. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 55 niños. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario, aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (55), 58 por ciento (32) madres expresaron que los factores relacionados con el cuidador del paciente está ausente y 42 por ciento (23) presente. En la dimensión relacionado con el tratamiento 67 por ciento (37) refieren que está ausente y 33 por ciento (18) presente; en la dimensión relacionado con la prestación de los servicios de salud 56 por ciento (31) está presente y 44 por ciento (24) ausente. Conclusiones: Los factores que afectan la adherencia en mayor porcentaje son los factores relacionados con el tratamiento los cuales están dados por el incumplimiento de los regímenes dietéticos ya que el niño no consume vísceras, carnes rojas y pescado de 3 a más veces por semana, no consume menestras, y alimentos ricos en hierro para prevenir y tratar la anemia. Seguido por los factores relacionados con el cuidador del paciente referido a que el niño no consume alimentos ricos en hierro para prevenir la anemia y no termina el tratamiento de 6 meses. Mientras que los factores relacionados con la prestación de los servicios de salud se encuentran presente ya que el personal de salud brindo orientación sobre el tratamiento y cuidados de la anemia, disponibilidad del medicamento en la farmacia del establecimiento...

The aim was to determine the factors that influence the adherence of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in children under 3 years of H.C. Ex Fundo Naranjal 2013. Material and Method: The study was applicative level, quantitative type, cross-sectional descriptive method. The sampling consisted of 55 children. The technique was the survey and the instrument a questionnaire, which was applied after prior informed consent. Results: Out of 100 per cent (55), 58 per cent (32) of the mothers expressed that the related factors to the patient's caregiver is missing and 42 per cent (23) said that it is present. In the dimension related to the treatment 67 per cent (37) comment that it is absent and 33 per cent (18) think it is present; in the dimension related to the provision of health services 56 per cent (31) consider it present and 44 per cent (24) consider it absent. Conclusions: The factors affecting adherence to a greater percentage are the factors related to treatment, which is due to the failure of dietary regimes since the child does not consume organ meats, red meat and fish 3 or more times a week, does not consume legumes and iron-rich food to prevent and treat anemia. This is followed by factors related to the patient's caregiver referred to the fact that the child does not consume foods rich in iron to prevent anemia and does not finish the 6-month treatment. While factors related to the provision of health services are present since I am health personnel I offer guidance on the treatment and care of anemia, availability of medication in the pharmacy of this place...

Crecimiento y evolución del Helicobacter pylori / Growth and evolution of Helicobacter pylori

El género Helicobacter tiene una historia relativamente reciente. Su protagonismo data del año 1982, fecha en la que el Helicobacter Pylori se aisló por primera vez de paciente humanos. Esta bacteria, inicialmente, se incluyó en el género Campylobacter y se la denominó Campylobacter Pylori o Piloridis. Posteriormente en el año 1989, se separo de este género y se creó uno nuevo el género Helycobacter, al que actualmente pertenecen varias especies. Los expertos en microbiología le asignaron este término por su forma de hélice in vivo y sus caracteres de bacteria in vitro, ya que encontraron que la denominación Campylobacter era errónea en vista del contenido de ácidos grasos de su pared y por el análisis del ADN se dieron cuenta que la bacteria no pertenecía a los Campylobacter.

Desarrollo de pruebas de campo de la vacuna sintética contra la malaria SPf 66 / Field study of synthetic vaccine for malaria

Se efectúa una ligera rememoración de lo que significa este mal llamado "Paludismo", "Malaria", la utilización de esta nominación en los diferentes idiomas, destacando al plasmodium sus clases y la correspondiente forma clínica que determinan. Se efectúa una descripción del desarrollo y pruebas de control de la vacuna SPf 66

Retinoplastia de aumento con malla de Mersilene / Augmentation rhinoplasty with mersilene mesh

A ocho conejos se colocó malla de Mersilene por debajo del periostio del dorso nasal. Se sacrificaron para estudio histológico de la zona de implante, dos animales a los 20 días y dos a los 60, 120 y 180 días. En primeros tejidos se observaron datos de inflamación con abundantes polimorfonucleares y linfocitos, además de monicitos y fibroblastos a través de la malla; en los intermedios apareció tejido fibroso y células gigantes, que disminuyeron en el último par. Ninguno presentó hematoma, seroma o infección y ninguno extruyó el implante En 10 pacientes se efectuó rinoplastía de aumento colocando malla de Mersilene bajo el periostio del dorso nasal. Solo un paciente presentó infección al vigésimo día postoperatorio, cediendo con antibioterapia, sin necesidad de retirar el implante. El aspecto de la piel se normalizóa los 45 días y hasta el momento actual no ha recurrido el problema. Consideramos que la malla de mersilene es una excelente alternativa para el manejo de la rinoplastía de aumento

Morbilidad atendida y derivada por médicos generales en atención primaria: consultorio Bellavista, servicio sur-oriente, 1985 / Morbidity assisted and refered by general practitioners in primary health care level

En 1985 en un consultorio de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana, se efectuaron 48.536 consultas, de las cuales el 50.1% correspondió a morbilidad infantil y el restante a adultos. De 46.214 consultas solicitadas, los médicos generales atendieron el 93.9% de estas, derivando las restantes mediante interconsultas al nivel secundario. De todas las atenciones ambulatorias, las enfermedades del aparato respiratorio tuvieron una importancia relativa de un 26.3%. Las enfermedades del oído ocuparon en su grupo el mayor porcentaje de derivación con un 47.9%, mientras que desde el punto de vista de todas las interconsultas, las enfermedades del sistema nervioso y órganos de los sentidos tuvieron una importancia relativa de un 20.6% de derivación