Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to acutely reduce emotional vulnerability and improve emotional regulation in borderline personality disorder (tVNS-BPD): study protocol for a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is considered a disorder of emotion regulation resulting from the expression of a biologically determined emotional vulnerability (that is, heightened sensitivity to emotion, increased emotional intensity/reactivity, and a slow return to emotional baseline) combined with exposure to invalidating environments. Vagal tone has been associated with activity in cortical regions involved in emotion regulation and a lower resting state of vagal tone has been observed in BPD patients relative to healthy controls. Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been shown to reduce temper outbursts in adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome, to enhance recognition of emotions in healthy students, and to improve depressive and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, a single session of taVNS has been shown to acutely alter the recognition of facial expressions of negative valence in adolescents with MDD and increase emotion recognition in controls. However, the effect of taVNS on emotional vulnerability and regulation in individuals diagnosed with BPD has not been investigated. Our aims are to determine if taVNS is effective in acutely reducing emotional vulnerability and improve emotional regulation in BPD patients. METHODS: Forty-two patients will be randomized to a single session of taVNS or sham-taVNS while going through an affect induction procedure. It will consist of the presentation of one neutral and three negative affect-evoking 4-min-long videos in sequence, each of which is followed by a 4-min post-induction period during which participants will rate the quality and intensity of their current self-reported emotions (post-induction ratings) and the perceived effectiveness in managing their emotions during the video presentation. The rating of the current self-reported emotions will be repeated after every post-induction period (recovery ratings). Mixed models with individuals as random effect will be used to investigate the ratings at each stage of the study, taking into account the repeated measures of the same individuals at baseline, pre-induction, post-induction, and recovery. DISCUSSION: The study has potential to yield new insights into the role of vagal tone in emotion dysregulation in BPD and offer preliminary data on the effectiveness of taVNS as a possible non-invasive brain stimulation to treat a core symptom of BPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05892900. Retrospectively registered on Jun 07, 2023.

Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a comprehensive review and a proposal for treatment.

BACKGROUND: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by immunologic abnormalities, disseminated human papilloma virus infection, and early development of skin cancers. Acquired forms have been rarely reported and usually occur with immunosuppression. The therapeutic management of the acquired forms is not standardized, and several therapies have been tried, with variable outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To provide updated clinical and experimental information on the treatment of acquired EV. METHODS: A Medline literature search was performed for relevant Medical Subject Heading terms, reviewing publications on strategies for management of acquired EV. We also report a case successfully treated using a combination of photodynamic therapy and oral retinoids. CONCLUSION: Data from the literature show that a standardized approach to this condition is lacking; the combination treatment chosen in our case may be proposed because it led to an excellent clinical outcome and a long-lasting remission.

Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium as a steroid-sparing agent in pemphigus treatment: a retrospective study.

Several immunosuppressive drugs are used as steroid-sparing agents in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) treatment, with the aim of reducing the cumulative dose of steroids and minimizing the side effects of long-term steroid treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) as a steroid-sparing agent in PV patients. We performed a retrospective study on PV patients who had attended our dermatology department between October 2004 and December 2010 and who had been treated with a combined therapy of systemic corticosteroids and EC-MPS. In the 16 enrolled patients, the introduction of EC-MPS allowed the tapering of systemic corticosteroids, and in 12 of these patients, complete remission was achieved in the time of observation, on average in 4.3 months. Corticosteroid withdrawal was possible in two patients, and EC-MPS was very well tolerated. No serious adverse events were recorded. EC-MPS is a valid therapeutic opportunity as a steroid-sparing agent in PV patients.

Nonablative fractional photothermolysis for acne scars: clinical and in vivo microscopic documentation of treatment efficacy.

Fractional photothermolysis has been shown to improve various types of scarring, including atrophic acne scars. The aim of the present authors was to assess the efficacy and safety of the nonablative fractional photothermolysis in the treatment of moderate and severe acne scars. Eighty-seven patients with moderate or severe acne scarring were treated with six sessions with a 1540-nm Erbium glass fiber laser at 3-week intervals. Six months after the final session, 7/87 (8%) patients showed a moderate improvement, whereas 80/87 (92%) patients had a marked improvement. In a subset of patients, the present authors also applied in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy to highlight the relevant microscopic changes. Hence, early and late posttreatment findings, most importantly the replacement of a coarser collagen with a new one, similar to the collagen seen in healthy skin, were observed. In accordance to previous studies, the present authors conclude that nonablative fractional photothermolysis is a safe and effective treatment for moderate or severe acne scarring.

Emerging drugs for panic disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Panic disorder (PD) is a common anxiety disorder impairing strongly quality of life with high social costs. Effective anti-panic medications exist but a substantial proportion of patients do not fully respond, the available drugs have several side effects and most medications have a delayed onset of their therapeutic effect. Thus, further advances are needed. AREAS COVERED: We review available data on emerging drugs for the treatment of PD including those in development, such as metabotropic glutamate II receptor agonists, D-cycloserine and levetiracetam, and new compounds with potential efficacy that may be relevant for future developments, such as modulators of cholinergic and orexin systems. EXPERT OPINION: To date, the pharmacological research on PD appears to be relatively limited and probably still needs more time before making available new advances beyond the currently used medications. Many reasons may explain these difficulties, including the heterogeneity of the disorder, the incomplete understanding of its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and difficulties in the selection of appropriate animal models in preclinical studies. Defining biomarkers and endophenotypes in PD may offer advantages in both understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder and selecting appropriate targets and outcomes for planning future pharmacological research.

Cutaneous manifestations of breast carcinoma.

The incidence of breast carcinoma cutaneous manifestation in patients with breast carcinoma is 23.9%. The most common sites of breast carcinoma cutaneous manifestation are the chest wall and abdomen, but they can occur at the extremities and in the head/neck region. Due the high incidence of breast carcinoma, these cutaneous manifestations are the most common metastases seen by dermatologists. In clinical practice, cutaneous metastases show a wide range of clinical manifestations. Nodules are the most common presentation, but several other patterns are described below.

Recombinant interferon alpha-2b and coenzyme Q10 as a postsurgical adjuvant therapy for melanoma: a 3-year trial with recombinant interferon-alpha and 5-year follow-up.

Early surgical intervention remains the most successful therapy for melanoma. Despite better outcomes observed in soft tissue and lymph node metastases, the results of pharmacological therapies are still disappointing. Currently, there is no standard adjuvant therapy for melanoma. Low concentrations of coenzyme Q10 have been demonstrated in melanoma cell lines and in sera of melanoma patients. These data and the results of clinical trials of patients with other advanced cancers prompted this study of the long-term administration of an optimized dose of recombinant interferon alpha-2b and coenzyme Q10 to patients with stage I and II melanoma. A 3-year trial envisaging uninterrupted treatment with low-dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b (9 000 000 000 IU weekly) administered twice daily and coenzyme Q10 (400 mg/day) was conducted in patients with stage I and II melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria 2002) and surgically removed lesions. Treatment efficacy was evaluated as incidence of recurrences at 5 years. All patients completed the treatment and the follow-up. Significantly different rates of disease progression were observed in the interferon+coenzyme Q10 and the interferon group for both stages. No patient withdrew from the study owing to side effects. Long-term administration of an optimized dose of recombinant interferon alpha-2b in combination with coenzyme Q10 seemed to induce significantly decreased rates of recurrence and had negligible adverse effects. A survival study could not be undertaken owing to the small patient sample and the short duration of follow-up.

Panic and the brainstem: clues from neuroimaging studies.

One of the most influential theories has conceived unexpected panic attack (PA) as a primal defensive reaction to threat within the internal milieu of the body. This theory is based on findings suggesting the involvement of dysfunctional respiratory regulation and/or abnormally sensitive central neural network of carbon dioxide (CO2)/hydrogen ion (H+) chemoreception in PA. Thus, unexpected PA may be related to phylogenetically older brain structures, including the brainstem areas, which process basic functions related to the organism's internal milieu. The brainstem represents a crucial area for homeostatic regulation, including chemoreception and cardio-respiratory control. In addition, the midbrain dorsal periaqueductal gray may be involved in the unconditioned defense reactions to proximal threats, including internal physical stimuli. Our aim was to specifically consider the potential involvement of the brainstem in panic disorder (PD) by a comprehensive review of the available neuroimaging studies. Available data are limited and potentially affected by several limitations. However, preliminary evidence of a role of the brainstem in PD can be found and, secondly, the brainstem serotonergic system seems to be involved in panic modulation with indications of both altered serotonergic receptors and 5-HT transporter bindings. In conclusion, our review suggests that the brainstem may be involved in psychopathology of PD and supports the relevant role of subcortical serotonergic system in panic pathogenesis.

Baseline respiratory parameters in panic disorder: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The presence of abnormalities in baseline respiratory function of subjects with panic disorder (PD) is expected according to PD respiratory theories. We aimed to meta-analyze results from studies comparing baseline respiratory and hematic parameters related to respiration between subjects with PD and controls. METHODS: A literature research in bibliographic databases was performed. Fixed-effects models were applied for all parameters while random-effects models only when suitable (at least 10 independent studies). Several moderator analyses and publication bias diagnostics were performed. RESULTS: We found significantly higher mean minute ventilation and lower et-pCO(2) in subjects with PD than controls. Moreover we also found evidences of reduced HCO(3)(-) and PO(4)(-) hematic concentrations, higher indexes of respiratory variability/irregularity and higher rate of sighs and apneas. Evidence of heterogeneity was partly explained by moderator analyses. No relevant publication bias was found. LIMITATIONS: Several shortcomings affected the included studies, such as over-inclusive recruitment criteria, samples unbalanced for socio-demographic characteristics, lack of statistical details and small number of studies available for several parameters. DISCUSSION: Our results support the idea of abnormalities in respiratory function of subjects with PD. Compared to controls, they showed baseline hyperventilation; the results from hematic parameters suggest that hyperventilation may be chronic and not simply caused by their high anxiety levels during respiratory assessment. Evidences of higher variability and irregularity in respiratory patterns of subjects with PD were also found. It is unclear to what extent the higher rate of sighs and apneas may explain the other baseline respiratory abnormalities found in PD.

Alteration of cholinergic system in keratinocytes cells produces acantholysis: a possible use of cholinergic drugs in pemphigus vulgaris.

Human epidermis shows a non-neuronal cholinergic system including keratinocyte (kc) acetylcholine (Ach) axis which is composed by enzymes and two families of Ach receptors (muscarinic and nicotinic receptors). The activity of these two receptors can regulate the interkeratinocytes and kcs-extracellular matrix adhesion modifying the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecules like cadherins and integrins. Some authors demonstrate that acantholysis in pemphigus depends not only on anti desmogleins antibodies (abs) (mostly IgG) but even on other abs directed against kc membrane antigens (e.g. anti Ach receptors Abs). In the early phase of pemphigus pathogenesis, anti Ach receptors Abs block Ach signaling essential for cell shape and intercellular adhesion and increase the phosphorylation of adhesion molecules. Combined with the action of abs antidesmogleins, anti Ach receptors Abs cause the acantholytic phenomenon. In vitro experiments show that high doses of Ach in acantholytic kcs can rapidly reverse this pathologic event. In vivo experiments using neonatal mice model of Pemphigus have demonstrated that cholinergic agonists reduce these lesions. Therapy with pyridostigmine bromide and Nicotinamide per os or pilocarpine used topically, drugs that present cholinomimetic effects, has lead to encouraging results in patients affected by Pemphigus disease. Cholinergic agents could have a strategic role in the therapy of pemphigus since they could be responsible for the early stage of acantholytic diseases.

Flupirtine inhibits calcitonin-gene related peptide release from rat brainstem in vitro.

We have previously shown that the nonopioid analgesic flupirtine possesses analgesic activity in the orofacial formalin test in vivo in the rat. However, this paradigm does not allow to distinguish between central and peripheral site of action of the drug. In this study we used a recently characterized in vitro model, consisting in acute rat brainstem explants, to investigate whether flupirtine analgesia may be, at least in part, attributed to interference with neurotransmission between the first and the second order neurons of the trigeminal system, occurring within the brainstem. We used acute rat brainstem explants; CGRP released into the incubation medium was taken as a marker of CGRP release from central terminals of trigeminal ganglion afferent neurons within the brainstem. CGRP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions or in the presence of flupirtine, alone or with putative antagonist XE-991. We found that flupirtine inhibits in a concentration-dependent manner both basal and capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release from rat brainstem. This effect is mimicked by the flupirtine analogue retigabine, and is counteracted by the Kv7 blocker XE-991. These findings provide in vitro evidence that the analgesic activity of flupirtine may be related to interference with pain neurotransmission at the brainstem level. Pharmacological data suggests that such effect is related to opening of Kv7 channels on first-order neuronal nerve ending, and the subsequent inhibition of neurotransmitter release, since the effect is mimicked by the Kv7 opener retigabine and is counteracted by the Kv7 blocker XE-991.