The impurity profiling of simvastatin and its tablets by UPLC-MS/MS / 药学学报

Investigation of simvastatin and its related substances was carried out using a reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The identification of impurities in simvastatin was performed with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the negative/positive ion mode. A total of 12 compounds were characterized in commercial samples, among which 2 impurities had never been reported. All the impurities were deduced based on the MS fragment pathways of simvastatin and the biosynthetic pathway of lovastatin. This work provides very useful information for quality control of simvastatin.

Expression changes of VEGF and GFAP in cultured rat astrocytes after irradiation by X-ray and their significances / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the time-and dose-related expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in cultured rat astrocytes after irradiation by X-ray,and discuss the possible relationship between astrocytes and radiation brain injury (RBI).Methods Rat astrocytes primarily cultured in vitro were exposed to X-ray at various doses (5,10,15 and 20 Gy) and kept culturing for 48 h,and some other rat astrocytes primarily cultured in vitro were exposed to 20 Gy and kept culturing for 4,12,24 and 48 h,respectively; normal control groups (without radiation) were used in all the above experiments.Immunofluorescence staining was employed to detect the level of GFAP and observe the cell morphology changes in each group; DAPI staining was used to observe the apoptosis of astrocytes; VEGF and GFAP expressions were detected by Western blotting.Results As compared with astrocytes in the normal control group,astrocytes in the radiation group showed increased number,hyperplasia,deformation,swelling of the cell body,thickening processus and deepened GFAP staining; and these changes became obvious following the increment of time and radiation doses.No significant differences on the astrocyte apoptosis rate were noted between the normal control groups and the radiation groups of different doses (P＞0.05).Western blotting indicated that the irradiation groups of different doses and the 20 Gy radiation groups of different exposing times had significantly different GFAP and VEGF protein expressions (P＜0.05).The expressions of GFAP and VEGF were up-regulated gradually with the increment of radiation doses in astrocytes and times of radiation (P＜0.05); as compared with the control group,20 Gy radiation groups of different exposing times showed time dependent VEGF expression from 4 to 24 h and time dependent GFAP expression from 4 to 48 h (P＜0.05).Conclusion X-ray irradiation can induce the activation of cultured rat astrocytes; VEGF and GFAP expressions in the reactive astrocytes increased in time and dose-dependent manners after X-ray irradiation; VEGF over-expression in reactive astrocytes after irradiation may play an important role in RBI.

Polymorphs of clopidogrel bisulfate / 药学学报

This paper is to report the polymorphism of raw materials of clopidogrel bisulfate at home and abroad. By the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), samples are roughly classified into two groups, except one patent material. And the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) examination showed more detailed information for these materials. The results of the study could provide comprehensive basis for the quality evaluation of clopidogrel bisulfate.

Risk factors of carotid artery plaque formation in radiation-induced late brain injury patients received irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the rates and risk factors of carotid artery plaques formation in radiation-induced late brain injury (RILBI) patients who have received irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods Eighty-two patients with RILBI,admitted to our hospital from January 2008 to September 2011, and 40 healthy controls were recruited in this study; in these 82 patients,we chose 50 patients who did not have such risk factors of main carotid artery plaque formation as stroke,ischemic heart disease,hypertension,diabetes mellitus and smoking as our RILBI group.Their medical histories were obtained,and the levels of fasting blood glucose,triglyceride,total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were examined. Carotid intima-media thicknesses (CIMT) in these 82 patients were measured by Doppler ultrasound; according to the CIMT, RILBI patients were divided into plaque formation sub-group and non-plaque formation sub-group; unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the risk factors of carotid artery plaque formation. Results Relevance ratio of plaque formation in RILBI group (32.0％) was significantly higher than that of controls (12.5％,P＜0.05).Significant differences of age,post-radiation interval without plaque, history of stroke were noted between the RILBI patients of plaque formation sub-group and non-plaque formation sub-group (P＜0.05).Logistic regression demonstrated that age was an independent risk factor for plaque formation in RILBI patients (OR=1.103,95％CI:1.046-1.163,P=0.000). Conclusion The incidence rate of plaque formation in RILBI patients received irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is high,and age is an important risk factor.Focused screening of carotid artery injury in RILBI patients may be medically beneficial.

Prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis in middle-aged and elderly population in the community of Foshan city, Guangdong province: a cross-sectional study / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis in middle-aged and elderly population in the community of Foshan city,Guangdong province. Methods Subjects from residential communities were chosen through Cluster sampling method. Physical data and history were collected. Serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were tested with venous blood samples. Intracranial artery stenosis was diagnosed by transcranial Doppler(TCD). Data was analyzed by the software SPSS 18.0.Results 1405 subjects met the inclusive criteria, among which 163(11.6%)were found one(7.4%)or more(4.2%)stenotic arteries, and the standardized rate was 10.3%. 9.89% of the SICA, and 3.05%, 2.29%, 1.59%, 1.38%, 0.89% of basilar artery, middle cerebral artery, anterior lerebral artery,vertebral artery, posterior cerebral artery were found stenotic respectively. Data from the age-stratified analysis showed that the prevalence in these above 70(27.8%)was significantly higher than that under age 70(7.5%)(P=0.000). Single factor and logistic regression analysis demonstrated the history of diabetes mellitus and elevated systolic pressure present were significantly different between stenofic group and the non-stenotic group(P=0.000, P=0.000), which were the independent risk factors of asymptomatic stenosis of intracranial arteries(OR= 2.362,95%CI:1.194-4.674; OR= 1.024,95%CI:1.016-1.031). Conclusion Comparatively high prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis in middle-aged and aged community population was found in the Southern part of China,especially among the age group above 70. History of diabetes and elevated systolic pressure seemed to be the independent risk factors of asymptomatic stenosis of intracranial arteries.

ACE I/D with MTHFR 677CC genotype is an independent genetic factor that protects against middle cerebral artery stenosis:a community study in Foshan of China / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To explore the genetic interactions between angiotensin-convertingenzyme (ACE) I/D and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotypes in middlecerebral artery stenosis (MCAS) among the asymptomatic residents in Foshan area of China. MethodsUsing a cluster sampling method, 2500 subjects were randomly selected from the residential communitiesof Rongqi town of Foshan area, Guangdong Province. By means of epidemiological questionnaire survey,physical examination, examination of the biochemical markers and transcraniai color Doppler (TCD), 897eligible subjects (306 males and 591 females) were selected from this population and subsequentlydivided into MCAS group and control group according to the TCD results. ACE and METHFR genepolymorphism analyses were conducted using amplified fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chainreaction (AFLP-PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Chi-square test, t test, Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. ResultsGender, age, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and Ⅱ+CC genotype distribution in the subjects with MCAS weresignificantly different from those in the control subjects. Logistic regression analysis identified age andACE Ⅱ+ MTHFR CC genotype as the independent factors that affected MCAS. Conclusion There aregenetic interactions between ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T genotypes, and the ACE Ⅱ+MTHFR CCgenotype is an independent genetic factor for protection against MCAS in the asymptomatic residents inFoshan area of China.

Study on the correlation between hypertension and the indexes of vascular endothelial function among people living in the community / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the features of hypertension and vessel endothelium functional parameter in people living at the community level as well as the risk factors of hypertension. Differences of angiotensin II (Ang II ), prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO) among normal group and three hypertension groups were also studied.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By cluster sampling, 1134 adult Han people were selected from the residential communities. Medical history was documented and measurements of body height, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were performed. Serum NO levels were determined by cadmium reduction method while plasma Ang II and PGI2 concentration were determined by radioimmunoassay. SPSS 13.0 was used for data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total ratio of hypertension from people living at the community was 44.5%, with the standardized prevalence of hypertension as 15.3%. With the increase of age, the prevalence of hypertension also increased. Overweight and obesity seemed to be independent risk factors for hypertension. History of smoking and drinking and gender did not enter the logistic equation for hypertension. The amount of plasma Ang II concentration of the three hypertension groups was significantly lower than that in the normal group while the lowest group appeared to from the one that hypertension was under control. The NO and PGI2 levels of the two groups whose hypertension had been known were significantly higher than in the normal group while the difference between the group whose hypertension had not been measured and the normal group was not found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of hypertension had been increasing. Control of body weight seemed to be a useful way for prevention of hypertension. We assumed that the negative feedback regulation of renin-angiotonin-aldosterone system in hypertension patient still existed which called for the research on the mechanism of hypertension.</p>

Analysis on data gathered from transcranial Doppler among 1500 normal adults community / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the rates of receiving doppler signal, flow velocity of cerebral artery and the relationship between flow velocity,age and gender in normal adults in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1500 normal residents at the community level in Guangdong province were examined, using transcranial doppler. Data was gathered and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the increase of age, the rate of receiving signal in cerebral artery gradually decreased. Difference between males and females was noticed. Mean velocity of cerebral artery decreased in both genders but the velocity was faster in females than in males and the pulsate index increased without difference.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rates of receiving signal and the flow velocity of cerebral artery were related to age and gender and the findings from this study offered criterion for clinical transcranial doppler.</p>

Study on effect of electrical stimulus on repairing of astrocytes and neurons in rehabilitation after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the mechanism of rehabilitation after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MCAO model was reproduced with two-kidney, two clip renovascular hypertensive rats stroke-prone (RHRSP), which were divided into two groups, the treated group (treated with electric stimulus) and the control group (untreated model) randomly. The rehabilitation of rats was evaluated by balance beam walking test. The ultrastructural changes of neurons and astrocytes, expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells, neurofilament (NF) protein, and cerebral capillary dilatation M-associated protein-2 (MAP2), as well as the neurons apoptosis and the number of dilatation of cerebral capillary in the margin of infarcted area were observed by the end of 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th week after modeling.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The motor function of paralysed limbs recovered better in the treated group than that in the control group by the end of 3-9th week after MCAO, the expression of GFAP-positive cells in astrocytes and NF, MAP2 in neurons as well as the number of cerebral capillary dilatation at the margin of infarcted area were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Electric stimulation treatment could improve the recovery of motor function of paralyzed limbs. It might be due to the effect of electric stimulus in increasing astrocytes proliferation, reinforcing activity of neurons and evoking the dilatation of cerebral capillary.</p>