Incidental Prostate Cancer: A 23-Year Review Of A Tertiary Care Hospital.

Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide. The prevalence has been increasing with significant differences between regions. This study assesses the prevalence of incidental prostate cancer detected in specimens removed during bladder outlet obstruction operation. A retrospective analysis of the records of patients who had either endoscopic or open prostatectomy from January 1998 to December 2021 was conducted. The variables analysed were age, procedure, date of surgery, and Gleason score. A total of 2,842 patients underwent surgery on the prostate gland during the study period. Most of the patients, i.e. 2,733 (96.2%), were pathologically diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while only 110 (3.9%) had prostate cancer. The frequency of incidental prostate cancer following surgery for bladder outlet obstruction has decreased over the last two decades at our centre, possibly because of an increase in PSA testing.

E-learning in postgraduate urology training: A Covid-19 pandemic experience.

Since the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020, several teaching institutions started the process of adjusting to the new challenge. Medical education could not be imparted the way it used to be and some new methods had to be taken to adapt to the pandemic. At our institute, an online e-teaching approach was adopted to ensure the continuation of post-graduate medical training. Each week two lectures were recorded and uploaded on the YouTube Channel and shared with the students. This was followed by an MCQ based test using Google forms. Ten lectures were delivered in five weeks to 55 participants. The majority of residents agreed that this activity increased their knowledge of the subject and opted to continue it in future. With the help of short online lectures (< 30 minutes) and online tests (5 MCQs), the learning experience of residents can be enhanced. In future, more online resources can be used to incorporate this method of teaching.

Association of a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the VEGF gene with the risk of renal cell carcinoma.

AIMS: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein plays an important role in tumor development and progression. Polymorphisms in the VEGF gene may lead to over- or underexpression of the protein and may be associated with either risk or progression of malignancy. The aim of this case-control study is to identify and quantify the correlation between VEGF polymorphisms and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RESULTS: Restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used for the analysis of VEGF polymorphisms at -2578 and +936 positions in the promoter and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively. The VEGF -2578 A-allele was associated with an increased risk of RCC (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3) and A-carrier genotypes were strongly correlated (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-4.7) with higher risk. Comparison of VEGF +936 C/T polymorphism between patient and control groups revealed no association with renal carcinoma. Both VEGF -2578 C/A and VEGF +936 C/T polymorphisms showed no significant association with the histopathological parameters of RCC. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that VEGF -2578 A-allele and A-carrier genotypes are associated with an increased risk of RCC. In groups with higher incidence of RCC, a screening test for this polymorphism may be recommended in conjunction with other established markers.