Organ/Cell-Selective Intracellular Delivery of Biologics via N-Acetylated Galactosamine-Functionalized Polydisulfide Conjugates.

Biologics, including proteins and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), face significant challenges when it comes to achieving intracellular delivery within specific organs or cells through systemic administrations. In this study, we present a novel approach for delivering proteins and ASOs to liver cells, both in vitro and in vivo, using conjugates that tether N-acetylated galactosamine (GalNAc)-functionalized, cell-penetrating polydisulfides (PDSs). The method involves the thiol-bearing cargo-mediated ring-opening polymerization of GalNAc-functionalized lipoamide monomers through the so-called aggregation-induced polymerization, leading to the formation of site-specific protein/ASO-PDS conjugates with narrow dispersity. The hepatocyte-selective intracellular delivery of the conjugates arises from a combination of factors, including first GalNAc binding with ASGPR receptors on liver cells, leading to cell immobilization, and the subsequent thiol-disulfide exchange occurring on the cell surface, promoting internalization. Our findings emphasize the critical role of the close proximity of the PDS backbone to the cell surface, as it governs the success of thiol-disulfide exchange and, consequently, cell penetration. These conjugates hold tremendous potential in overcoming the various biological barriers encountered during systemic and cell-specific delivery of biomacromolecular cargos, opening up new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of a range of liver-targeting diseases.

CdSe/ZnS QDs embedded polyethersulfone fluorescence composite membrane for sensitive detection of copper ions in various drinks.

The copper ion was detected rapidly by a novel sensing membrane in this paper for its damage to health and the environment. CdSe/ZnS QDs modified polyethersulfone membrane (QDs@PESM) was made by phase-inversion method using a membrane separation technique and quantum dots (QDs). When the sample passed through the membrane, the copper ions in the sample caused the membrane's fluorescence to be quenched. The fluorescence quenching value of the membrane is used to calculate the concentration of copper ions. With R2= 0.9964, Cu2+could be quantitatively detected over a wide concentration range (10-1000 µg/L). The method's LOD and LOQ were 4.27 and 14.23 µg/L, respectively. When the CdSe/ZnS QDs@PESM was used to analyze Cu2+ in various real drinks, including well water, baijiu, orange juice, beer, and milk, the recovery ranged from 79.1 to 123.9%, indicating that the CdSe/ZnS QDs@PESM can be used as a rapid, simple and reliable method to determine Cu2+ in various matrices.

Dissipation pattern and residual levels of boscalid in cucumber and soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

To stipulate the rationale of spraying doses and to determine the safe interval period of boscalid suspension concentrate (SC), the degradation dynamics and residual levels were investigated in cucumber and soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Field trials were conducted according to Chinese Guideline on pesticide residue trials. Following application, the degradation kinetics was best ascribed to first-order kinetic models with half-life of 2.67-9.90 d in cucumber. Spraying boscalid SC at 1.5-fold the recommended dosage yield terminal residues, which are clearly lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by China (MRL =5 mg.kg-1) in cucumber. At variance, the dissipation dynamics in soil did not fit to first-order kinetics and the half-life was more than 17 days, the finding which denotes that the degradation behavior of boscalid in soil proceeds slowly. It has therefore been shown that boscalid is safe for use on cucumbers under the recommended dosage.

A disposable electrochemical sensor based on electrospinning of molecularly imprinted nanohybrid films for highly sensitive determination of the organotin acaricide cyhexatin.

Nanofibrous polyporous membranes imprinted with cyhexatin (CYT) were formed via the ordered distribution of the imprints in electrospun nanofibers. The MIPs have a high mass transfer rate and enhanced adsorption capacity. In addition, a printed carbon electrode with enhanced sensitivity was developed via electrochemical fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The molecularly imprinted sensor exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity for CYT. The structure and morphology of the nanohybrid films were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and chronoamperometry. The sensing performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy by using hexacyanoferrate(IV) as an electrochemical probe. The electrode, best operated at a working potential of around 0.16 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), has a linear response in the 1-800 ng mL-1 CYT concentration range and a detection limit of 0.17 ng mL-1 (at S/N = 3). The sensor demonstrated satisfactory recoveries when applied to the determination of CYT in spiked pear samples. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the electrochemical sensor for detection of CYT.

Investigation of dye regeneration kinetics in sensitized solar cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Sensitizers are responsible for the light harvesting and the charge injection in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A fast dye-regeneration process is necessary to obtain highly efficient DSSC devices. Herein, dye-regeneration rates of two DSSC device types, that is, the reduction of immediately formed photo-oxidized sensitizers (ruthenium complex C106TBA and porphyrin LD14, k(ox)') by iodide ions (I(-)) and [Co(bpy)3](2+), and the oxidation of formed photo-reduced sensitizers (organic dye P1, k(re)') by triiodide ions (I3(-)) and the disulfide dimer (T2) are investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). We provide a thorough experimental verification of the feedback mode to compare the kinetics for dye-regeneration by using the above mentioned mediators. The charge recombination at the dye/semiconductor/electrolyte interface is further investigated by SECM. A theoretical model is applied to interpret the current response at the tip under short-circuit conditions, providing important information on factors that govern the dynamics of dye-regeneration onto the dye-sensitized heterojunction.

Research on correlation between dynamic resilient modulus and CBR of coarse-grained chlorine saline soil.

A large area of coarse-grained saline soil is distributed in saline soil areas, and chlorine saline soil with a high salt content is a typical representative. The dynamic resilient modulus was accurately predicted using the California-bearing ratio (CBR) value to determine the relationship between the dynamic resilient modulus of coarse-grained chloride saline soil and its CBR value. Indoor dynamic triaxial tests and CBR tests were conducted to investigate the evolution of the dynamic resilient modulus (MR) and CBR of coarse-grained chlorine saline soil under the influence of the stress level, water content, and salt content. The test results showed that the dynamic resilient modulus increased with an increase in the confining pressure and bulk stress and decreased as the deviator stress increased; however, the CBR increased with an increase in the corresponding unit pressure. The higher the salt and water contents, the more obvious the influence of stress on the dynamic resilient modulus and CBR value. Under the same stress level, the decrease in the dynamic resilient modulus and CBR gradually increased with increasing salt and moisture content, and the effect of salt tended to be more significant than that of water. Based on the correlation between the dynamic resilient modulus and CBR revealed by the experiment, a more widely applicable model was selected from the existing theoretical models related to CBR for the regression analysis of the test data, and a prediction model of the dynamic resilient modulus based on the CBR value was proposed (MR = 21.06CBR0.52). This prediction model had a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.893) and could effectively predict the dynamic resilient modulus of coarse-grained chlorine saline soil using CBR values. The results provide a simple and reliable method for determining the design parameters of a coarse-grained saline soil subgrade.

Novel genes involved in vascular dysfunction of the middle temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease: transcriptomics combined with machine learning analysis.

Studies have shown that vascular dysfunction is closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The middle temporal gyrus region of the brain is susceptible to pronounced impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Identification of the molecules involved in vascular aberrance of the middle temporal gyrus would support elucidation of the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and discovery of novel targets for intervention. We carried out single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the middle temporal gyrus in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls, revealing obvious changes in vascular function. CellChat analysis of intercellular communication in the middle temporal gyrus showed that the number of cell interactions in this region was decreased in Alzheimer's disease patients, with altered intercellular communication of endothelial cells and pericytes being the most prominent. Differentially expressed genes were also identified. Using the CellChat results, AUCell evaluation of the pathway activity of specific cells showed that the obvious changes in vascular function in the middle temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease were directly related to changes in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)A-VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 pathway. AUCell analysis identified subtypes of endothelial cells and pericytes directly related to VEGFA-VEGFR2 pathway activity. Two subtypes of middle temporal gyrus cells showed significant alteration in AD: endothelial cells with high expression of Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4high) and pericytes with high expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4high). Finally, combining bulk RNA sequencing data and two machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and random forest), four characteristic Alzheimer's disease feature genes were identified: somatostatin (SST), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3), glutinase (GL3), and tropomyosin 3 (PTM3). These genes were downregulated in the middle temporal gyrus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and may be used to target the VEGF pathway. Alzheimer's disease mouse models demonstrated consistent altered expression of these genes in the middle temporal gyrus. In conclusion, this study detected changes in intercellular communication between endothelial cells and pericytes in the middle temporal gyrus and identified four novel feature genes related to middle temporal gyrus and vascular functioning in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and present novel treatment targets.

Optimization of the dosage of chopped basalt fibers in asphalt pavement surface course materials for semi-rigid base with functional requirements.

How to select suitable pavement materials for asphalt pavements according to the functional requirements of layers is still the focus of research by scholars in various countries. However, their effectiveness in combating high-temperature rutting and fatigue cracking in middle and lower layers is limited. To address this issue, a study optimized the incorporation of basalt fibers in different layers to improve road performance based on design specifications. Nine asphalt pavement structures with varying amounts of basalt fibers were assessed using an orthogonal test method. The optimal structure was determined considering factors such as fatigue life and overloading using the finite element method for modeling. Results showed that fiber dosage had a minimal impact on road surface bending subsidence and the location of tensile strain in the lower layer. Shear stresses were concentrated mainly at the outer edges of loads. Optimal dosages of basalt fiber were determined for different layers: 0.3% for the upper layer, 0.1% for the middle layer, and 0.3% for the lower layer. The optimal structure consists of a strong base with a thin-surfaced semi-rigid base layer, with 0.3% for the upper layer and 0.1% for the middle layer. This study provided valuable insights into designing basalt fiber asphalt pavement structures.

Monitoring Gene Sequences of Staphylococcus aureus Using a Love-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensor Coated with Cellulose Acetate/Polyethylenimine Nanofibers and Au Nanoparticles.

Love-mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors show great promise for biodetection applications owing to their low cost, digital output, and wireless passive capability, but their performance is often restricted by the availability of suitable sensitive membrane layers. Herein, a composite layer of electrospun fibers made from cellulose acetate and polyethylenimine, coated with gold nanoparticles, is proposed as a porous and sensitive membrane coated onto a love-mode SAW biosensor for monitoring gene sequences of Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the developed sensor exhibited an impressive sensitivity of 122.56 Hz/(nmol/L) for detecting gene sequences of S. aureus, surpassing the sensitivity of conventional SAW sensors employing a bare Au film as the sensitive layer by 5-fold. The analysis revealed a remarkably linear detection (R2 of 0.97827) of S. aureus gene sequences within the range of 0 to 100 nmol/L. The limit of detection was impressively low at 0.9116 nmol/L. The good stability and specificity of the biosensor in liquid environments were demonstrated for clinical diagnostics.

Study on the composition and properties of EME-SBS-Nano ZnO high modulus asphalt material.

The objective of this research is to address the rut problems in asphalt pavements and to resist the permanent plastic deformation with the increasing heavy traffic loads. In this paper, a new type materials of high modulus asphalt was developed by incorporating styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano ZnO) with an (EME)-type high modulus modifier, guided by the synergistic effects and the preparation methods of High-speed shear. The basic road performance, mechanical response and thermal stability of the new high modulus asphalt materials were analysed through basic physical indicator tests, dynamic shear rheometer tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the time-temperature superposition principle, the Refutas model, and the Christensen-Andersen-Marasteanu model. The optimal results demonstrate that the optimal blend ratio of the developed asphalt is 12% EME/8% SBS/1.5% ZnO. Under this composition, the road performance indicator values of softening point, penetration and ductility of the modified asphalt met the standard requirements. The dynamic shear rheometer tests demonstrates that the inclusion of SBS and nano ZnO considerably enhanced the shear resistance and recovery deformation capacity of EME, effectively improving the high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt. Furthermore,the Refutas and the Christensen-Andersen-Marasteanu model fitting results showed that adding SBS and nano ZnO considerably improved the temperature sensitivity of the EME types high modulus modified asphalt and exhibiting low frequency sensitivity. Compared to PR Module-type high modulus modifier(PRM),TGA reveals that the maximum thermal weight loss of EME-SBS-ZnO decreased by 3.5441%, indicating better thermal stability and the major character of SBS,EME and asphalt is physical reaction. Moreover, EME-nano ZnO-SBS high modulus asphalt at 64 °C shows Jnr-diff = 9.5% and passes the "E" extreme traffic grade. Additionally, its cost is 4.67% lower than that of the PRM high modulus modified asphalt, presenting considerable economic benefits.

[Preliminary study of source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in three cities of China during spring].

OBJECTIVE: To study source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 (particle matter ≤ 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 (particle matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) in Beijing,Urumqi and Qingdao, China. METHODS: The atmospheric particle samples of PM10 and PM2.5 collected from Beijing between May 17th and June 18th, 2005, from Urumqi between April 20th and June 1st, 2006 and from Qingdao between April 4th and May 15th, 2005, were detected to trace the source apportionment by factor analysis and enrichment factor methods. RESULTS: In Beijing, the source apportionment results derived from factor analysis model for PM10 were construction dust and soil sand dust (contributing rate of variance at 45.35%), industry dust, coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions (contributing rate at 31.83%), and biomass burning dust (13.57%). The main pollution element was Pb, while the content (median (minimum value-maximum value)was 0.216 (0.040-0.795) µg/m(3)) . As for PM2.5, the sources were construction dust and soil sand dust (38.86%), industry dust, coal-combusted smoke and vehicle emissions (25.73%), biomass burning dust (13.10%) and burning oil dust (11.92%). The main pollution element was Zn (0.365(0.126-0.808) µg/m(3)).In Urumqi, source apportionment results for PM10 were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust(49.75%), industry dust, vehicle emissions and secondary particles dust (30.65%). The main characteristic pollution element was Cd (0.463(0.033-1.351) ng/m(3)). As for PM2.5, the sources were soil sand dust and coal-combusted dust (43.26%), secondary particles dust (22.29%), industry dust and vehicle emissions (20.50%). The main characteristic pollution element was As (14.599 (1.696-36.741) µg/m(3)).In Qingdao, source apportionment results for PM10 were construction dust (30.91%), vehicle emissions and industry dust (29.65%) and secondary particles dust (28.99%). The main characteristic pollution element was Pb (64.071 (5.846-346.831) µg/m(3)). As for PM2.5, the sources were secondary particles dust, industry dust and vehicle emissions (49.82%) and construction dust (33.71%). The main characteristic pollution element was Pb(57.340 (5.004-241.559) µg/m(3)).Enrichment factors of Zn, Pb, As and Cd in PM2.5 were higher than those in PM10 both in Beijing and Urumqi. CONCLUSION: The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing were cement dust from construction sites and sand dust from soil; while the major sources of those in Urumqi were pollution by smoke and sand dust from burning coal. The major sources of the atmospheric particles PM10 in Qingdao were cement dust from construction sites; however, the major sources of PM2.5 there were secondary particles dust, industry dust and vehicle emissions. According to our study, the heavy metal elements were likely to gather in PM2.5.

Experimental Study on the Strength and Hydration Products of Cement Mortar with Hybrid Recycled Powders Based Industrial-Construction Residue Cement Stabilization of Crushed Aggregate.

The strength-formation mechanism for industrial-construction residue cement stabilization of crushed aggregate (IRCSCA) is not clear. To expand the application range for recycled micro-powders in road engineering, the dosages of eco-friendly hybrid recycled powders (HRPs) with different proportions of RBP and RCP affecting the strengths of cement-fly ash mortar at different ages, and the strength-formation mechanism, were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the early strength of the mortar was 2.62 times higher than that of the reference specimen when a 3/2 mass ratio of brick powder and concrete powder was mixed to form the HRP and replace some of the cement. With increasing HRP content substituted for fly ash, the strength of the cement mortar first increased and then decreased. When the HRP content was 35%, the compressive strength of the mortar was 1.56 times higher than that of the reference specimen, and the flexural strength was 1.51 times higher; XRD and SEM studies of the hydrated cement mixed with HRP showed that the amount of CH in the cement paste was reduced by the pozzolanic reaction of HRP at later hydration ages, and it was very useful in improving the compactness of the mortar. The XRD spectrum of the cement paste made with HRP indicated that the CH crystal plane orientation index R, with a diffraction angle peak of approximately 34.0, was consistent with the cement slurry strength evolution law, and this research provides a reference for the application of HRP to produce IRCSCA.

Molecular simulation on compatibility and mechanisms of SBS and PTW polymer modifiers in asphalt binder.

CONTEXT: Ultrathin overlays are preventive maintenance measures; the tensile and shear stresses generated inside a structural layer under vehicle load are greater than those of conventional thickness asphalt pavement. Therefore, asphalt binders must use high-viscosity and elasticity unique cementing materials to ensure stability. To investigate the modification mechanism of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (PTW) high-viscosity modified asphalt binder suitable for ultrathin overlays, the compatibility and molecular behavior of SBS/PTW high-viscosity modified asphalt binder were analyzed by the molecular dynamics (MD) method. These research results provide a reference for preparing ultrathin overlay high-performance composite modified asphalt binder. METHODS: SBS molecular models, PTW molecular models, asphalt binder molecular models, SBS/asphalt binder blend systems, and SBS/PTW/asphalt binder blend systems were sequentially constructed using Materials Studio (MS) software. The compatibility of SBS, PTW, and SBS/PTW with asphalt binder and the diffusion coefficients of SBS, PTW, and SBS/PTW in the asphalt binder were investigated separately using the MD method. The mechanical properties and molecular behavior of SBS, PTW, and SBS/PTW blended with asphalt binder were studied. The research results indicate that the compatibility of PTW with asphalt binder is better than that of SBS with asphalt binder. PTW can effectively decrease the solubility parameter of asphalt binder and improve the compatibility between SBS and asphalt binder. PTW effectively improves the diffusion coefficient and interaction energy of SBS in asphalt binder by up to 29% and 83%. In addition, SBS/PTW had a significant positive effect on the mechanical properties of the asphalt binders, increasing the elastic modulus (E), bulk modulus (K), and shear modulus (G) of the asphalt binder by 4.6%, 9.5%, and 3.5%, respectively, compared to SBS. The results indicate that the SBS/PTW modified asphalt binder composite can significantly improve the high-temperature shear resistance of asphalt binder. Meanwhile, SBS and PTW improve the self-aggregation behavior between asphalt binder component molecules. The distance between the center of mass of asphalt binder and resin system molecules is increased. PTW enhances the extensibility of the branched chains of asphalt binder component molecules and improves the interaction between asphalt binder components and the chains. This further enhances the density and stability of the asphalt binder molecular structure system, improving the physical properties of the asphalt binder.

Association between gut microbiota and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2011 to 2022: Bibliometric analysis and global trends.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignant tumor responsible for approximately 90% of all liver cancers in humans, making it one of the leading public health problems worldwide. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem that can influence tumor formation, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Therefore, understanding the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota pathogenesis is critical for the prevention and treatment of HCC. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for English literature studies on the relationship between gut microbiota and HCC from 2011 to 2022. Bibliometric analysis tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R Studio were used to analyze global trends and research hotspots in this field. Results: A total of 739 eligible publications, comprising of 383 articles and 356 reviews, were analyzed. Over the past 11 years, there has been a rapid increase in the annual number of publications and average citation levels, especially in the last five years. The majority of published articles on this topic originated from China (n=257, 34.78%), followed by the United States of America (n=203, 27.47%), and Italy (n=85, 11.50%). American scholars demonstrated high productivity, prominence, and academic environment influence in the research of this subject. Furthermore, the University of California, San Diego published the most papers (n=24) and had the highest average citation value (value=152.17) in the study of the relationship between gut microbiota and HCC. Schnabl B from the USA and Ohtani N from Japan were the authors with the highest number of publications and average citation value, respectively. Conclusion: In recent years, research on the gut microbiota's role in HCC has made rapid progress. Through a review of published literature, it has been found that the gut microbiota is crucial in the pathogenesis of HCC and in oncotherapy.

Safety and Efficacy Analysis of PD-1 Inhibitors in Combination with Gemcitabine Plus Nab-Paclitaxel for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Real-World, Single-Center Study.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with a low five years survival rate, and chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for advanced cases. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy alone is limited, and there is a need for new treatment options. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, have shown promising results in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. In this study, we explore the safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 27 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who were administered a combination of anti-PD-1 antibody and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) regimen. The study evaluated the safety of the treatment as well as the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: In this study, treatment with a combination of anti-PD-1 antibody and GnP regimen for pancreatic cancer resulted in partial response (PR) for 10 out of 27 (37.04%) patients, stable disease (SD) for 10 (37.04%) patients, and progressive disease (PD) for 7 (25.92%) patients. The study found that the median OS (mOS) for these patients was 16.4 months [standard error (SE) = 1.117, 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.211-18.589], while the median PFS (mPFS) was 6.4 months (SE = 1.217, 95% CI 3.981-8.752). Subgroup analysis revealed that pancreatic cancer patients' Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) (0 vs 1) and treatment cycles (≤6 cycles vs >6 cycles) significantly affected OS and PFS. Patients experienced mostly grade 1-2 adverse events (AEs), which were relieved through clinical treatment. Conclusion: The combination of GnP with anti-PD-1 antibodies shows promise as a potential treatment option for advanced pancreatic cancer.

In-depth insight into the effects of intrinsic calcium compounds on the pyrolysis of hazardous petrochemical sludge.

To understand the potential effects of intrinsic calcium compounds on sludge pyrolysis, the pyrolysis behavior of petrochemical sludge (PS), calcium carbonate blend PS (CaPS), and decalcified PS (DePS) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and in-situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The TGA results indicated that decalcification increased and decreased the energy barriers of PS decomposition in ranges 200-350 °C and 350-600 °C, respectively. In contrast, copyrolysis with CaCO3 decreased the activation energy (E) of the pseudoreaction phase 2 (PH2) and altered the mechanism model. Meanwhile, during copyrolysis, char deposition and interaction hindered CaCO3 decomposition. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results, on the other hand, showed that the reaction priority of O-containing groups and CH- vibration of methyl groups were affected by both decalcification and CaCO3 copyrolysis. The Py-GC/MS results indicated that the three sludges mainly released hydrocarbons, N-containing organics, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. During pyrolysis, CaCO3 also played a neutralization role, which reduced the release of pyrolytic acidic products. In addition, the increase of the pyrolysis temperature increased the hydrocarbon content. This research will guide the industrial application of sludge pyrolysis.

Primary Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Lung: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) of the lung (HAL) is a rare and aggressive extrahepatic adenocarcinoma with an unknown etiology and unfavorable prognosis, which is similar to the pathophysiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: We first presented a 67-year-old patient diagnosed with HAC in the right middle lobe of the lung. Then, a systematic literature search was performed for HAL cases recorded between 1990 and 2020 based on three databases. The clinicopathological features, therapeutic method, and prognosis of this rare disease were reviewed, and corresponding prognostic factors were explored using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Additionally, the potential biological mechanisms of HAL were further explored and compared with HCC and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on online databases. Results: In the present study, we reported an HAL patient who underwent surgical resection combined with chemotherapy and succumbed to disease 13 months after surgery. Additionally, a total of 43 experimental studies with 49 HAL patients, including the present case, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. We found that HAL is characterized by a male-dominated incidence and is more common in the right lung. Patients in the surgical subgroup have a better prognosis than those in the non-surgical subgroup (p = 0.034). Moreover, the Cox proportional hazards regression model demonstrated that surgical resection can significantly improve the prognosis of HAL patients (p = 0.016). HAL is a rare disease associated with gene mutations that has a distinctive cause and unique pathogenesis. Additionally, Afatinib and Gefitinib may be new effective agents to better combat HAL. Conclusion: In conclusion, males may exhibit an increased risk of developing HAL and poorer prognosis than females. Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy may prolong the survival of patients with HAL. HAL has its unique clinicopathological characteristics and biological mechanisms.

An antibacterial ε-poly-L-lysine-derived bioink for 3D bioprinting applications.

The limited availability of bioinks has hindered the application of 3D bioprinting to tissue engineering, and bacterial infection is a serious threat to these applications. Aiming to solve this problem, a novel ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL)-derived antibacterial bioink has been developed for 3D bioprinting and tissue-engineering applications. Three glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-modified EPL products, EPLGMA-1, EPLGMA-2, and EPLGMA-3, were prepared by reacting 3, 4, and 5 mL GMA with 5 g EPL, respectively. EPLGMA-1, EPLGMA-2, and EPLGMA-3 were photocurable and their corresponding photo-crosslinked hydrogels, EPLGMA-1H, EPLGMA-2H, and EPLGMA-3H, all exhibited very high antibacterial rates, good biocompatibility, good degradability, and promising mechanical properties. After EPLGMA-1H, EPLGMA-2H, and EPLGMA-3H with encapsulated chondrocytes were incubated for 4 weeks, EPLGMA-3H was the best one among them for tissue-engineering applications due to its most efficient tissue regeneration. Carrying chondrocytes, the EPLGMA-3 solution was printed into hydrogel products with high-fidelity shapes and high cell viability using a projection-based 3D bioprinter. Following the implantation of chondrocyte-loaded EPLGMA-3H samples into nude mice for 4 weeks, cartilage-like tissue was regenerated, suggesting that EPLGMA-3 is a promising antibacterial bioink for 3D bioprinting and tissue-engineering applications.

A naringin-derived bioink enhances the shape fidelity of 3D bioprinting and efficiency of cartilage defect repair.

3D bioprinting is a major area of interest in health sciences for customized manufacturing, but lacks specific bioinks to enhance the shape fidelity of 3D bioprinting and efficiency of tissue repair for particular clinical purposes. A naringin derived bioink, which contains 1.5 mM methylacryloyl naringin and 0.15 mM methylacryloyl gelatin, improves the fidelity of 3D bioprinting due to 405 nm light absorption of methylacryloyl naringin. The naringin derived bioink promotes the growth of chondrocytes due to preserving bioactivities of naringin and functions as a medical ingredient from which it has been described as a medical bioink in this study. It facilitates cartilage regeneration by upregulating the transcription of chondrogenesis-related genes like SOX9 and genes against oxidative stress like SOD1 and SOD2 and maintains chondrocytes active resulting from the significantly enhanced COL II/COL I ratio. According to a rabbit cartilage defect model, the proposed naringin derived medical bioink significantly improves the efficiency and quality of cartilage defect repair, suggesting that the bioink is suitable for cartilage defect repair applications and a feasible strategy is provided for the formulation of medical bioinks for specific clinical purposes.