Potent reversible inhibition of myeloperoxidase by aromatic hydroxamates.

The neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) promotes oxidative stress in numerous inflammatory pathologies by producing hypohalous acids. Its inadvertent activity is a prime target for pharmacological control. Previously, salicylhydroxamic acid was reported to be a weak reversible inhibitor of MPO. We aimed to identify related hydroxamates that are good inhibitors of the enzyme. We report on three hydroxamates as the first potent reversible inhibitors of MPO. The chlorination activity of purified MPO was inhibited by 50% by a 5 nm concentration of a trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, HX1. The hydroxamates were specific for MPO in neutrophils and more potent toward MPO compared with a broad range of redox enzymes and alternative targets. Surface plasmon resonance measurements showed that the strength of binding of hydroxamates to MPO correlated with the degree of enzyme inhibition. The crystal structure of MPO-HX1 revealed that the inhibitor was bound within the active site cavity above the heme and blocked the substrate channel. HX1 was a mixed-type inhibitor of the halogenation activity of MPO with respect to both hydrogen peroxide and halide. Spectral analyses demonstrated that hydroxamates can act variably as substrates for MPO and convert the enzyme to a nitrosyl ferrous intermediate. This property was unrelated to their ability to inhibit MPO. We propose that aromatic hydroxamates bind tightly to the active site of MPO and prevent it from producing hypohalous acids. This mode of reversible inhibition has potential for blocking the activity of MPO and limiting oxidative stress during inflammation.

Ligand Discovery: High-Throughput Binding: Fluorescence Polarization (Anisotropy).

High-throughput assays based on fluorescence polarization (or fluorescence anisotropy) technology have often been employed for primary hit-finding in drug discovery. These binding assays provide a homogeneous format and consistent performance and offer advantages over some other optical methods. Developments in assay design and improvements in fluorescent probes have enabled the application of the technique to even complex biological systems. Here we describe the practical considerations for development of FP assays applied in high-throughput screening, including fluorophore selection, assay design, data analysis, and approaches for detecting compound interference.

Discovery of 5-{4-[(7-Ethyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1,5-naphthyridin-3-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide (AZD5305): A PARP1-DNA Trapper with High Selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2 and Other PARPs.

Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have achieved regulatory approval in oncology for homologous recombination repair deficient tumors including BRCA mutation. However, some have failed in combination with first-line chemotherapies, usually due to overlapping hematological toxicities. Currently approved PARP inhibitors lack selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2 and some other 16 PARP family members, and we hypothesized that this could contribute to toxicity. Recent literature has demonstrated that PARP1 inhibition and PARP1-DNA trapping are key for driving efficacy in a BRCA mutant background. Herein, we describe the structure- and property-based design of 25 (AZD5305), a potent and selective PARP1 inhibitor and PARP1-DNA trapper with excellent in vivo efficacy in a BRCA mutant HBCx-17 PDX model. Compound 25 is highly selective for PARP1 over other PARP family members, with good secondary pharmacology and physicochemical properties and excellent pharmacokinetics in preclinical species, with reduced effects on human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro.

Structure-Guided Design and In-Cell Target Profiling of a Cell-Active Target Engagement Probe for PARP Inhibitors.

Inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes has become an attractive therapeutic strategy in oncology and beyond; however, chemical tools to profile PARP engagement in live cells are lacking. Herein, we report the design and application of PARPYnD, the first photoaffinity probe (AfBP) for PARP enzymes based on triple PARP1/2/6 inhibitor AZ9482, which induces multipolar spindle (MPS) formation in breast cancer cells. PARPYnD is a robust tool for profiling PARP1/2 and is used to profile clinical PARP inhibitor olaparib, identifying several novel off-target proteins. Surprisingly, while PARPYnD can enrich recombinant PARP6 spiked into cellular lysates and inhibits PARP6 in cell-free assays, it does not label PARP6 in intact cells. These data highlight an intriguing biomolecular disparity between recombinant and endogenous PARP6. PARPYnD provides a new approach to expand our knowledge of the targets of this class of compounds and the mechanisms of action of PARP inhibitors in cancer.

Positioning High-Throughput CETSA in Early Drug Discovery through Screening against B-Raf and PARP1.

Methods to measure cellular target engagement are increasingly being used in early drug discovery. The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) is one such method. CETSA can investigate target engagement by measuring changes in protein thermal stability upon compound binding within the intracellular environment. It can be performed in high-throughput, microplate-based formats to enable broader application to early drug discovery campaigns, though high-throughput forms of CETSA have only been reported for a limited number of targets. CETSA offers the advantage of investigating the target of interest in its physiological environment and native state, but it is not clear yet how well this technology correlates to more established and conventional cellular and biochemical approaches widely used in drug discovery. We report two novel high-throughput CETSA (CETSA HT) assays for B-Raf and PARP1, demonstrating the application of this technology to additional targets. By performing comparative analyses with other assays, we show that CETSA HT correlates well with other screening technologies and can be applied throughout various stages of hit identification and lead optimization. Our results support the use of CETSA HT as a broadly applicable and valuable methodology to help drive drug discovery campaigns to molecules that engage the intended target in cells.

Discovery of AZD-2098 and AZD-1678, Two Potent and Bioavailable CCR4 Receptor Antagonists.

N-(5-Bromo-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)-5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide 1 was identified as a hit in a CCR4 receptor antagonist high-throughput screen (HTS) of a subset of the AstraZeneca compound bank. As a hit with a lead-like profile, it was an excellent starting point for a CCR4 receptor antagonist program and enabled the rapid progression through the Lead Identification and Lead Optimization phases resulting in the discovery of two bioavailable CCR4 receptor antagonist candidate drugs.

An evaluation of fluorescence polarization and lifetime discriminated polarization for high throughput screening of serine/threonine kinases.

We used two kinases, c-jun N terminal kinase (JNK-1) and protein kinase C (PKC), as model enzymes to evaluate the potential of fluorescence polarization (FP) for high-throughput screening and the susceptibility of these assays to compound interference. For JNK-1 the enzyme kinetics in the FP assay were consistent with those found in a [gamma-33P]ATP filter wash assay. Determined pIC(50)s for nonfluorescent JNK-1 inhibitors were also consistent with those found in the filter wash assay. In contrast, fluorescent compounds were found to interfere with the JNK-1 FP assay, appearing as false positives, defined by their lack of activity in the filter wash assay. We also developed a second assay using a different kinase, protein kinase C, which was used to test a 5000 compound diversity set. As for JNK-1, interference from fluorescent compounds caused a high false positive rate. The Molecular Devices Corporation 'FLARe' instrument is capable of discriminating between fluorophores on the basis of their fluorescence (excited state) lifetime, and may assist in reducing compound interference in fluorescent assays. In both model FP kinase assays described here some, although not complete, reduction in interference from fluorescent compounds was achieved by the use of FLARe.