RESUMEN
The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100µg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies.
Asunto(s)
Artrópodos , Insecticidas , Pleurotus , Hongos Shiitake , Gorgojos , Animales , Metanol , ArtemiaRESUMEN
Resumen: OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia del síndrome metabólico en una cohorte de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico y su relación con la actividad de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional en el que de junio de 2015 a junio de 206 se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico según los criterios SLICC 2012, la actividad de la enfermedad se evaluó mediante el índice SLEDAI 2K. Se estableció la existencia de síndrome metabólico de acuerdo con los criterios NECP ATP III. Las variables categóricas se compararon con χ2 y las continuas con U de Mann-Whitney o t de Student. Finalmente se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariante para determinar la asociación de las variables estudiadas y el síndrome metabólico. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 102 pacientes de los que 41% tenía síndrome metabólico (60% de los hombres y 39% de las mujeres). Las principales alteraciones fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia (75.5%), perímetro abdominal aumentado (63%) e hipertrigliceridemia (60%). Se observó que a mayor número de componentes del síndrome metabólico existía mayor actividad de la enfermedad. Un índice SLEDAI 2K ≥ 4 se asoció independientemente con síndrome metabólico (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). La administración de hidroxicloroquina se asoció de manera independiente con la ausencia de síndrome metabólico (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Se encontró significación entre la actividad de la enfermedad y la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) y la hipertrigliceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONES: existe frecuencia alta de síndrome metabólico en las pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico, la cual se asocia con la actividad de la enfermedad.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematous and its relationship with disease activity and cardiovascular risks factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study including patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematous according to the SLICC 2012 criteria, disease activity was evaluated through SLEDAI 2K from June 2015 to June 2016. The presence of metabolic syndrome was established according to the NECP ATP III criteria. Categorical variables were compared with χ2 and the continuous ones with Mann-Withney U or Student t. Finally, a logistic regression multivariate model was used to determine the association of the studied variables and the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were included; from which 41 % of the patients presented with metabolic syndrome (60% of men and 39% of women). The main alterations were hypoalphalipoproteinemia (75.5%), elevated abdominal circumference (63%) and hypertriglyceridemia (60%). It was observed that with a higher number of components of the metabolic syndrome a major disease activity existed. An SLEDAI 2K index ≥ 4 was associated independently with the presence of metabolic syndrome (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). Hydroxicloroquine use was associated in an independent manner with the absence of the metabolic syndrome (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Statistic significance was found between disease activity and hypoalphalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) and hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematous, which is associated with disease activity.