RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The NADPH oxidase NOX4 plays a tumor-suppressor function in HCC. Silencing NOX4 confers higher proliferative and migratory capacity to HCC cells and increases their in vivo tumorigenic potential in xenografts in mice. NOX4 gene deletions are frequent in HCC, correlating with higher tumor grade and worse recurrence-free and overall survival rates. However, despite the accumulating evidence of a protective regulatory role in HCC, the cellular processes governed by NOX4 are not yet understood. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulated by NOX4 in HCC in order to explain its tumor-suppressor action. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Experimental models: cell-based loss or gain of NOX4 function experiments, in vivo hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in Nox4 -deficient mice, and analyses in human HCC samples. Methods include cellular and molecular biology analyses, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analyses in tissues. Results identified MYC as being negatively regulated by NOX4. MYC mediated mitochondrial dynamics and a transcriptional program leading to increased oxidative metabolism, enhanced use of both glucose and fatty acids, and an overall higher energetic capacity and ATP level. NOX4 deletion induced a redox imbalance that augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and was responsible for MYC up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of NOX4 in HCC tumor cells induces metabolic reprogramming in a Nrf2/MYC-dependent manner to promote HCC progression.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , NADPH Oxidasa 4/genética , NADPH Oxidasa 4/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Homeostasis , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-ß) pathway plays essential roles in liver development and homeostasis and become a relevant factor involved in different liver pathologies, particularly fibrosis and cancer. The family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) has emerged in recent years as targets of the TGF-ß pathway mediating many of its effects on hepatocytes, stellate cells and macrophages. This review focuses on how the axis TGF-ß/NOXs may regulate the biology of different liver cells and how this influences physiological situations, such as liver regeneration, and pathological circumstances, such as liver fibrosis and cancer. Finally, we discuss whether NOX inhibitors may be considered as potential therapeutic tools in liver diseases.