Phytoaccumulation of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn) by Nicotiana glauca and Euphorbia segetalis growing in a Technosol developed on legacy mine wastes (Domingo Rubio wetland, SW Spain).

Sulfidic mine wastes have the potential to generate acid mine drainage (AMD) and release acid leachates containing high levels of iron, sulfate and potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Soils receiving AMD discharges are generally devoid of vegetation. Only a few metal-tolerant plant species can survive under such adverse soil conditions. This work investigates two plant species, Nicotiana glauca and Euphorbia segetalis, that have successfully colonized an AMD-impacted wetland area in south-western Spain. The uptake of PTEs from the soil by roots and their transfer and accumulation in the above-ground biomass were quantified. Results showed that these pioneer plants grew in patches of neutral soil within the wasteland despite the high concentrations of PTEs in the rhizosphere soil (up to: 613 mg kg-1 As, 18.7 mg kg-1 Cd, 6370 mg kg-1 Cu, 2210 mg kg-1 Pb and 5250 mg kg-1 Zn). The target organs of As, Cu and Pb accumulation were: root > leaf > stem in N. glauca, and root > stem > leaf in E. segetalis. Zinc and Cd showed a significant decrease in roots relative to aerial parts of N. glauca, and Co was preferentially partitioned in stems of N. glauca and leaves of E. segetalis. The soil-plant transfer coefficient values of PTEs in all parts of both plants were well below unity with the only exception of Cd in leaves of N. glauca (1.254), suggesting that roots acted as a barrier limiting the uptake of PTEs by plants. Interestingly, under the same soil conditions, N. glauca absorbed Cd in considerable proportions from soil and accumulated it in its leaves, while E. segetalis was not effective in transferring PTEs from roots shoots except for Co. In conclusion, soil pH and plant-related factors greatly influence the stabilization of PTE in the rhizospheric soil and produce inconsistencies in PTE phytoavailability. The findings of this study provide criteria to assist in natural remediation in other legacy contaminated sites worldwide.

Classification of dependence-related skin lesions: a new proposal.

A new theoretical framework on the development of pressure ulcers and other dependence-related lesions requires continued in-depth analysis of their conceptual bases. This study reports the historical background, definitions, and production mechanisms of these lesions, describing the differential pathognomonic features of pressure and/or shear ulcers, moisture-associated skin damage, and lesions from rubbing or friction. It also discusses the combined/multifactorial lesions that can be found in the clinical setting. Finally, it presents the new classification of these lesions proposed by the Spanish Pressure Ulcers and Chronic Wounds Advisory Panel.

Study of mechanical resonances of Sb2O3 micro- and nanorods.

Sb2O3 microrods with orthorhombic phase were grown by an evaporation-deposition method from a pure antimony source and substrate. The incorporation of Cr into the substrate has been found to enhance the growth of thinner rods with high crystalline quality, as is revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Electric field-induced mechanical resonances of Sb2O3 nanorods were studied by in situ measurements in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Young's modulus of rods with different lengths and cross-sectional dimensions was calculated from the resonance frequency. The E values for the different rods were in the range of 16-48 GPa. For comparison, Young's moduli of several rods were also measured from the force-displacement curve recorded in an atomic force microscope (AFM). The slight difference between the E values obtained by the resonance and by the AFM techniques is within the accepted experimental error.

COPD patient profiles in primary care. Referral criteria.

COPD is a disease with a high prevalence that diminishes the quality of life of many patients. Despite this, there are still high rates of under-diagnosis in Spain, partly due to a lack of recognition of the pathology by patients. In this context, the role played by primary care teams becomes fundamental, as they are one of the first lines of entry into the health system. In this paper we explain the different COPD profiles that may be present, and update the tools for diagnosis and treatment, which, together with an attitude of active suspicion of the disease, can help in the correct management of patients, whether they are undiagnosed or have subsequent complications.

Cathodoluminescence of rare earth implanted Ga2O3 and GeO2 nanostructures.

Rare earth (RE) doped gallium oxide and germanium oxide micro- and nanostructures, mostly nanowires, have been obtained and their morphological and optical properties have been characterized. Undoped oxide micro- and nanostructures were grown by a thermal evaporation method and were subsequently doped with gadolinium or europium ions by ion implantation. No significant changes in the morphologies of the nanostructures were observed after ion implantation and thermal annealing. The luminescence emission properties have been studied with cathodoluminescence (CL) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both ß-Ga(2)O(3) and GeO(2) structures implanted with Eu show the characteristic red luminescence peak centered at around 610 nm, due to the (5)D(0)-(7)F(2) Eu(3+) intraionic transition. Sharpening of the luminescence peaks after thermal annealing is observed in Eu implanted ß-Ga(2)O(3), which is assigned to the lattice recovery. Gd(3+) as-implanted samples do not show rare earth related luminescence. After annealing, optical activation of Gd(3+) is obtained in both matrices and a sharp ultraviolet peak centered at around 315 nm, associated with the Gd(3+) (6)P(7/2)-(8)S(7/2) intraionic transition, is observed. The influence of the Gd ion implantation and the annealing temperature on the gallium oxide broad intrinsic defect band has been analyzed.

Mitochondrial DNA in Basque descendants from the city of Trinidad, Uruguay: Uruguayan- or Basque-like population?

Like other countries in the Americas, during its colonization Uruguay was the recipient of immigrants from several ethnic groups from Europe, as well as of enslaved Africans. After its independence in 1830, Basques were the first group of Europeans to arrive in the country. In this paper, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the process of integration of these migratory waves into the Uruguayan society. For that purpose, individuals of Basque origin from the city of Trinidad, Uruguay, were chosen to participate in this study. Particularly, we wanted to determine if Basque descendants in Uruguay remained relatively isolated or if they mixed with other ethnic groups. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 60 self-identified Basque descendants, taken from a larger sample of subjects with Basque ancestors, was analyzed. The origin of mtDNA haplogroups was 77.8% European, 20.4% Amerindian, and 1.8% African, showing similar frequencies to other Uruguayan regions. Very few sequences showed a clear Basque origin, although other sources such as the Canary Islands are likely. Moreover, genetic distances clearly show that Basque descendants are genetically closer to other Uruguayan groups than to European populations, including Basques. It is possible to conclude that Basques and their descendants in the region of Trinidad did not remain isolated and that their marriage behavior was similar to that of other Uruguayan populations. However, to have a more accurate picture of the way Basques intermarried with other populations in Uruguay, new analyses are needed that take into account paternal lineages as well as biparental genetic markers.

Effects of density, climate, and supplementary forage on body mass and pregnancy rates of female red deer in Spain.

The influence of short- and long-term (cohort) effects of climate and density on the life-histories of ungulates in temperate regions may vary with latitude, habitat, and management practices, but the life-histories of ungulates in the Mediterranean region are less well known. This study examined the short- and long-term effects of rainfall and absolute density on hinds in two of the southernmost populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in Europe. One population received supplementary forage. Unlike more northerly latitudes, where red deer hinds lose body mass in winter as a result of adverse weather, in the Spanish populations, hinds did not lose body mass. Hinds in the population that received supplementary forage were heavier and more likely to become pregnant than were the hinds in the unsupplemented population. The likelihood of pregnancy occurring was strongly influenced by hind body mass; the proportion of yearlings that became pregnant was consequently lower in the unsupplemented population than in the population that received supplementary forage. Cohort effects on hind body mass (negative for density and positive for rainfall at birth) and on the probability of pregnancy (negative for density at birth) were apparent only in the unsupplemented population, which implies that supplemental feeding may partially compensate for negative density-dependent factors during early growth, and that supplemented deer hinds may experience reduced selection pressures. These results reflect the particular seasonal variation in the abundance and quality of food in Mediterranean habitats. The delayed effects of climate and density at birth on adult hind body mass and the prevalence of pregnancy probably affects population dynamics and constitutes a mechanism by which cohort effects affect the population dynamics in Iberian red deer. The management of Iberian red deer populations should take into account cohort effects and supplemental feeding practices, which can buffer density- and climate-dependent effects and reduce natural selection pressures.

Influence of an external electric field on the rapid synthesis of MoO3 micro- and nanostructures by Joule heating of Mo wires.

The growth mechanism of layered α-MoO3 nano- and microplates on the surface of Mo wires during Joule heating has been investigated by application of an external electric field to the current carrying wire. The observed rapid growth of the structures, involving enhanced diffusion processes associated to the intense electric current, is further enhanced by the external field leading to a near instantaneous formation of MoO3 plates. Thermally assisted electromigration in the Mo wire with the additional effect of the electric field appears as a very time effective method to grow MoO3 layered low dimensional structures. Other molybdenum oxide nanostructures, such as nanospheres and nanocrystallites with different shapes, have been found to grow by deposition from the Mo wire on the electrodes used to apply the external electric field. The growth on the electrodes takes place by a thermally assisted electric-field-driven process.

Revealing the architecture of a K+ channel pore through mutant cycles with a peptide inhibitor.

Thermodynamic mutant cycles provide a formalism for studying energetic coupling between amino acids on the interaction surface in a protein-protein complex. This approach was applied to the Shaker potassium channel and to a high-affinity peptide inhibitor (scorpion toxin) that binds to its pore entryway. The assignment of pairwise interactions defined the spatial arrangement of channel amino acids with respect to the known inhibitor structure. A strong constraint was placed on the Shaker channel pore-forming region by requiring its amino-terminal border to be 12 to 15 angstroms from the central axis. This method is directly applicable to sodium, calcium, and other ion channels where inhibitor or modulatory proteins bind with high affinity.

Quantum nanoconstrictions fabricated by cryo-etching in encapsulated graphene.

We report on a novel implementation of the cryo-etching method, which enabled us to fabricate low-roughness hBN-encapsulated graphene nanoconstrictions with unprecedented control of the structure edges; the typical edge roughness is on the order of a few nanometers. We characterized the system by atomic force microscopy and used the measured parameters of the edge geometry in numerical simulations of the system conductance, which agree quantitatively with our low temperature transport measurements. The quality of our devices is confirmed by the observation of well defined quantized 2e2/h conductance steps at zero magnetic field. To the best of our knowledge, such an observation reports the clearest conductance quantization in physically etched graphene nanoconstrictions. The fabrication of such high quality systems and the scalability of the cryo-etching method opens a novel promising possibility of producing more complex truly-ballistic devices based on graphene.

Study of the exceptional meteorological conditions, trace gases and particulate matter measured during the 2017 forest fire in Doñana Natural Park, Spain.

In late June 2017, a forest fire occurred in Doñana Natural Park, which is located in southwestern Europe. Many animal and plant species, some of which are threatened, suffered from the impact of this fire, and important ecosystems in the European Union were seriously affected. This forest fire occurred under exceptional weather conditions. The meteorological situation was studied at both the synoptic scale and the local scale using meteorological fields in the ERA-Interim global model from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts), the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) mesoscale model and ground observations collected at El Arenosillo observatory. Anomalies were obtained using records (observations and simulations) over the last two decades (1996-2016). An anticyclonic system dominated the synoptic meteorological conditions, but a strong pressure gradient was present; positive high pressure anomalies and negative low pressure anomalies resulted in intense NW flows. At the surface, wind gusts of 80 km h-1, temperatures up to 35 °C and relative humidity values <20% were observed. In terms of anomalies, these observations corresponded to positive temperature anomalies (differences of 12 °C), positive wind speed anomalies (>29 km h-1) and negative relative humidity anomalies (differences of 40%). The forest fire reached El Arenosillo observatory approximately 8 h after it began. When the fire started, record-setting maximum values were measured for all gases monitored at this site (specifically, peaks of 99,995 µg m-3 for CO, 951 µg m-3 for O3, 478 µg m-3 for NO2, 116 µg m-3 for SO2 and 1000 µg m-3 for PM10). According to the temporal evolution patterns of these species, the atmosphere over a burnt area can recover to initial atmospheric levels between 48 and 96 h after an event. The impact of the Doñana plume was studied using hourly forward trajectories computed with the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model to analyse the emission source for the burnt area. The Doñana fire plume affected large metropolitan areas near the Mediterranean coast. Air quality stations located in the cities of Seville and Cadiz registered the arrival of the plume based on increases in CO and PM10. Using CO as a tracer, measurements from the AIRS and MOPITT instruments allowed us to observe the transport of the Doñana plume from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Mediterranean. Finally, after two days, the Doñana forest fire plume reached the western Mediterranean basin.

Modelo teórico y marcos conceptuales de las lesiones por presión y otras heridas crónicas. Historia y desarrollo / Theoretical model and conceptual frameworks of pressure injuries and other chronic wounds. History and development

El presente artículo hace un repaso histórico por los marcos conceptuales sobre las lesiones por presión y otros tipos de heridas crónicas. En esta revisión se presentan 4 de los modelos más influyentes y representativos de las últimas décadas: a) el modelo conceptual de Braden-Bergstrom, que se desarrolló en 1987 como base teórica para el desarrollo de la escala de Braden y que identifica los factores etiológicos definidos, el aumento de la presión y la disminución de la tolerancia de los tejidos; b) el modelo teórico de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, que analiza el principal marco teórico de estas lesiones crónicas, desde su origen en 2011, su difusión en 2014 y las últimas modificaciones realizadas en 2021, en las que ya se incluyen hasta 10 tipos de lesiones distintas; c) el modelo conceptual de la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, este modelo hace referencia a la más frecuente de todas las lesiones cutáneas asociadas a la humedad, la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, de la que se analizan sus dos grandes factores etiológicos, la sobrehidratación y el aumento del pH, y d) el modelo conceptual de las lesiones por compromiso vital grave, finalmente se analiza el último y más reciente de los modelos, el de las lesiones inevitables y que se dan en las personas cuya situación vital es extremadamente grave, e incluso son el anuncio de una muerte inminente, distinguiendo entre las lesiones por fracaso multiorgánico y las lesiones por vasoconstricción extrema (AU)

This article takes a historical review through the theoretical frameworks of pressure injuries and other chronic wounds. In this review, 4 of the most influential and representative models of the last decades are presented: a) the Braden-Bergstrom conceptual framework, developed in 1987 is presented as the theoretical basis for the development of the Braden scale and the defined etiological factors are identified: increased pressure and decreased tissue tolerance; b) the theoretical model of dependence-related skin lesions, the main theoretical model of these chronic lesions is also analyzed, from its origin in 2011, its dissemination in 2014 and the latest modifications made in 2021 in which up to ten different types of lesions are already included; c) the conceptual model of incontinence-associated dermatitis, this model analyzed refers to the most important of all moisture-associated skin lesions: incontinence-associated dermatitis, analyzing the two major etiological factors: overhydration and increased pH; and d) the conceptual model of severe life-threatening injuries, finally, the last and most recent model is analyzed, that of unavoidable injuries that occurin people whose life situation is extremely serious, and even heralds imminent death, distinguishing between multiorgan dysfunction syndrome skin injuries and skin injuries by extreme vasoconstriction (AU)

Asignatura sobre el cuidado de las personas con lesiones cutáneas en el grado de enfermería: competencias y propuesta de contenidos / A course on care for people with skin lesions for the undergraduate nursing programme: competencies and proposed contents

El presente artículo pretende desarrollar una propuesta marco sobre una asignatura sobre el cuidado de las personas con lesiones cutáneas en el grado de enfermería. Esta ha sido realizada por consenso de expertos, profesores con experiencia en el cuidado de heridas y fue sometida a modificaciones en el marco del Segundo Encuentro Iberolatinoamericano de Facultades y Escuelas Universitarias con Programas Formativos en Heridas. Con ello se presenta una propuesta de competencias sobre el cuidado de las personas con lesiones cutáneas para la enfermera graduada, así como la propuesta curricular, con su estructura pedagógica basada en unidades didácticas y la propuesta de carga docente y ubicación de la asignatura de cuidados de las personas con lesiones cutáneas en el grado en enfermería. Finalmente se presentan documentos de apoyo al profesorado y estudiantado para la creación de la asignatura de cuidados de las personas con lesiones cutáneas para el grado en enfermería (AU)

This article aims to develop a framework proposal for a course on the care of people with skin lesions in the nursing degree. It has been developed by consensus of experts, professors with experience in wound care and was subject to modifications in the framework of the Segundo Encuentro Iberolatinoamericano de Facultades y Escuelas Universitarias con Programas Formativos en Heridas. This includes a proposal of competencies on the care of people with skin lesions for the graduate nurse, as well as the Curricular proposal, with its pedagogical structure based on didactic units and the proposed teaching load and location of the subject of care for people with skin lesions in the nursing degree. Finally, support documents are presented for the teaching staff and students for the creation of the subject of care of people with skin lesions for the degree in nursing (AU)

[Sociodemographic characteristics and geographic variability associated with patient satisfaction in Primary Care]. / Características sociodemográficas y variabilidad geográfica relacionada con la satisfacción del paciente en Atención Primaria.

BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction with health services plays an important role in programs to improve the quality of care from the point of view of users. The objectives of this study were: To identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with patient satisfaction in the care provided by family doctors in Primary Health Care (PHC) centres, and describe the geographical variability of this phenomenon in the Spanish National Health Service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data come from the European Health Survey (2009). Prevalence ratios (crude and adjusted) of the characteristics associated with both excellent satisfaction and dissatisfaction using Poisson regression, and their geographical variability are discussed. RESULTS: About one in every 3 users of the PHC believes that the care provided was excellent, while 6.7% were dissatisfied. There is a wide variability in the perception of satisfaction among the various regional health services, with prevalence ranging between 10.9% and 55.2%. Moreover, this assessment is closely related to age, level of self-perceived health, mental health, previous hospitalisation, chronic disease status, and limitations in daily activities. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with the care provided by the PHC physician is relatively high. However, the distribution between regions and socio-demographic characteristics and health status of the user is heterogeneous.

[Introduction of an accreditation system for hospital informed consent forms]. / Introducción de un sistema de acreditación para los documentos de consentimiento informado hospitalario.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an accreditation system for informed consent forms (ICF) in a tertiary hospital, as an intervention to improve their quality, and to check the improvements achieved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Following an external evaluation of the ICF quality in a public hospital in Murcia (Spain), an accreditation committee set the ICF requirements and associated procedures. Effectiveness is assessed by comparing two external evaluations carried out by the EMCA Program (2011 and 2013) and based on 19 criteria and a sample of 60 ICF for every public hospital in Murcia Region. RESULTS: To be accredited, every ICF must meet the 19 external criteria plus 5 based on legibility, readability and scientific and technical validity. A form to fill in the contents of every ICF was agreed, which would be reviewed, approved and validated for five years. Before the implementation, 8.2 defects/ICF were detected. The accreditation system obtained an 89% improvement (0.9 defects/ICF) and achieved significant improvements in 18 criteria, 16 of which are benchmarked. DISCUSSION: The accreditation system achieved a substantial improvement in the ICF (obtaining a better result in external evaluations) and guarantees their contents, legibility and readability. This system needs to be extended to other hospitals, since it is not clear whether common ICFs would be suitable. However, this improvement is structural and does not guarantee that the overall information/consent procedure is done properly, thus complementary strategies for measurement and improvement are required.

Identificación de Helicobacter pylori por medio de la coloración especial de Warthin-Starry en biopsias de pacientes con gastritis crónica folicular, previamente negativas en la tinción de hematoxilina-eosina / Warthin-Starry stain identification of Helicobacter pylori in biopsies of patients who previously tested negative in hematoxylin-eosin staining for follicular gastritis

Resumen Las técnicas empleadas para la detección del Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) son no invasivas e invasivas. En estas últimas, la presencia del H. pylori se determina a partir de la tinción de hematoxilina-eosina (HE), prueba rutinaria, mientras que en pocas ocasiones se aplica la tinción de Warthin-Starry (WS) como coloración especial. Objetivo: identificar la presencia de H. pylori por medio de la coloración especial de la WS en biopsias de pacientes con gastritis crónica folicular, previamente negativas en la tinción HE. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló un estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal, en un período de 12 meses. Se tomaron los bloques de parafina de las muestras de la mucosa gástrica de pacientes con diagnóstico de gastritis crónica e hiperplasia folicular. Además, se extrajo un corte histológico del mismo bloque, al cual se le aplicó HE y se determinó la presencia o ausencia de H. pylori. Así, de estar ausente, se tomó del mismo bloque un corte adicional y se aplicó WS. Esto se evaluó con el fin de identificar la existencia o no del bacilo. Resultados: se recolectaron 314 muestras; 209 fueron negativas y 105 fueron positivas para HE. El 45 % (94) de estas muestras fueron positivas respecto a la presencia del bacilo, al aplicar la segunda coloración, y el 55 % (115) de las muestras persistieron negativas. Conclusión: el hallazgo de H. pylori es significativamente alto al aplicar la coloración de WS a muestras cuyo estudio histológico evidenció la ausencia del bacilo en biopsias de la mucosa gástrica, especialmente en muestras con escasa cantidad de bacterias.

Abstract Non-invasive and invasive techniques can be used for detection of Helicobacter pylori. An invasive technique identifies the bacteria through routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. Warthin-Starry stain is rarely used. Objective: Our objective was to identify H. pylori by Warthin-Starry staining of patient's biopsies with chronic follicular gastritis who had previously tested negative in hematoxylin-eosin staining. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out over a period of 12 months. The study examined paraffin blocks of samples taken from the gastric mucosa of patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis and follicular hyperplasia. A histological section was extracted from a block and tested with hematoxylin-eosin staining for the presence or absence of H. pylori. If absent, an additional cut was taken from the same block and Warthin-Starry staining was used to retest for the presence of the bacteria. Results: Of the 314 samples collected, 209 tested negative, and 105 tested positive for H. pylori when hematoxylin-eosin staining was used. Of the 209 negative samples, 45% (94) tested positive when Warthin Starry stain was used, and 55% (115) still tested negative. Conclusion: Findings of H. pylori are significantly higher when Warthin Starry stain was used to test samples whose previous histological study had evidenced an absence of the bacillus, especially in samples with a small amount of bacteria.

Solution structure of the potassium channel inhibitor agitoxin 2: caliper for probing channel geometry.

The structure of the potassium channel blocker agitoxin 2 was solved by solution NMR methods. The structure consists of a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and a single helix covering one face of the beta-sheet. The cysteine side chains connecting the beta-sheet and the helix form the core of the molecule. One edge of the beta-sheet and the adjacent face of the helix form the interface with the Shaker K+ channel. The fold of agitoxin is homologous to the previously determined folds of scorpion venom toxins. However, agitoxin 2 differs significantly from the other channel blockers in the specificity of its interactions. This study was thus focused on a precise characterization of the surface residues at the face of the protein interacting with the Shaker K+ channel. The rigid toxin molecule can be used to estimate dimensions of the potassium channel. Surface-exposed residues, Arg24, Lys27, and Arg31 of the beta-sheet, have been identified from mutagenesis studies as functionally important for blocking the Shaker K+ channel. The sequential and spatial locations of Arg24 and Arg31 are not conserved among the homologous toxins. Knowledge on the details of the channel-binding sites of agitoxin 2 formed a basis for site-directed mutagenesis studies of the toxin and the K+ channel sequences. Observed interactions between mutated toxin and channel are being used to elucidate the channel structure and mechanisms of channel-toxin interactions.

Evaluation of molecular techniques for the genetic characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.

The applicability of different PCR-based techniques, random amplified polymorphic DNA, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence and SSRs (simple sequence repeats) to genetically identify, typify and discriminate among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, was investigated. The analysis and comparison of the genetic profiles obtained for each of the techniques allowed determination of the degree of polymorphism, genetic diversity and relationships among the strains. Consequently, the discriminatory power and usefulness of the molecular techniques assayed was established. SSR analysis was the most effective method due to its high level of polymorphism, the ease of interpretation of the genetic profiles obtained, and the speed of use.

Non-neuronal endogenous GABA efflux from the rat oviduct.

The subcellular distribution of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied in the rat oviduct. The highest content of GABA was found in the soluble fraction. The effect of chemical stimulation of the endogenous GABA efflux from the rat oviduct was examined. High K+ concentrations could not induce elevation of the GABA efflux. Instead, a continuous spontaneous GABA efflux without change for long periods of time was observed. The total GABA content and GABA concentration were determined in the rat oviduct on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 35 and 40 of the postnatal period and also during the estrous cycle. During postnatal development the GABA levels increase gradually with time reaching at prepuberal age a concentration similar to that found in diestrous rats. In the estrous cycle both GABA content and GABA concentration reached the highest value in the proestrous and the lowest value in the estrous phase. These findings support the hypothesis that GABA efflux may be modulated by the changes in oviductal fluid volume during the estrous cycle.

Sensory and analytical study of rose sparkling wines manufactured by second fermentation in the bottle.

The sensory and analytical characteristics of five rose sparkling wines manufactured by the traditional method have been determined. Moreover, the changes that take place in the nitrogen and volatile fraction of the wines during the second fermentation and the aging with the yeasts have been studied. Each of these wines was made from a single industrial rose base wine of the Garnacha Tinta variety, with five selected yeasts strains. The base wine had a low content in free amino acids, 16 mg/L, and the yeast consumed more peptides than free amino acids during second fermentation. From the application of the two-way analysis of variance, yeast strain, and aging time factors to the data of volatile compounds, it has been found that most of the differences between these sparkling wines are due to the aging time. It has been verified that these rose sparkling wines have foam of good quality and that the grape variety Garnacha Tinta is suitable for the production of rose sparkling wines.