Multilevel Factors Affecting Healthcare Workers' Perceived Stress and Risk of Infection During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify key factors affecting Healthcare workers (HCWs) perceived stress and risk of contracting COVID-19 among themselves and their family members during the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional online questionnaire study was conducted between 19 March and April 5, 2020 in Hong Kong. HCWs from public hospitals and private dentists, and their family members participated. Results: A total of 747 HCWs and 245 family members participated. Higher perceived stress in HCWs was associated with more negative changes in family relationship (p = 0.025). The HCWs' perceived stress, however, was positively associated with family cohesion (p = 0.033) and stress levels of family members (p < 0.001). The level of HCWs' satisfaction toward the hospital policies in response to the COVID-19 outbreak was associated with lower levels of perceived stress and risk of themselves or their family members contracting COVID-19. HCWs' previous frontline experience of SARS was significantly associated with less perceived risk of themselves or their family members contracting COVID-19. Conclusion: Hospital policies addressing HCWs' needs, frontline experience of SARS, and family relationship influenced psychological wellbeing of HCWs during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Economic evaluation of universal infant vaccination with 7vPCV in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic benefits of routine infant vaccination with seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) in Hong Kong. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was populated with local age-specific incidence data to simulate the expected health outcomes resulting from 7vPCV vaccination of a birth cohort of 57,100 children compared with an unvaccinated cohort over a 10-year horizon. Primary analyses were conducted from a payer perspective, using local inpatient and outpatient costs associated with the treatment of pneumococcal disease. Vaccine efficacy rates were consistent with results from pivotal clinical trials. The reduction in adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and associated cost avoidance due to the indirect effect of vaccination were estimated in line with published overseas rates. RESULTS: Universal 7vPCV vaccination was estimated to prevent 524 cases of IPD and more than 2580 cases of otitis media in the birth cohort over a 10-year period, leading to a reduction of HK$28.7 million (US$3.7 million) in direct medical costs. Additional cost savings from the indirect prevention of 919 adult cases of IPD during this time period also resulted. Overall, 7vPCV vaccination was estimated to have an incremental cost per life-year gained of HK$50,456 (US$6460) from a payer perspective or HK$46,308 (US$5929) when both direct and indirect costs were included. CONCLUSION: With reference to the World Health Organization's threshold for cost-effectiveness, results from this study indicate that routine infant vaccination with 7vPCV is a cost-effective intervention because of the added cost savings resulting from the indirect effect of vaccination on adult disease.

Clinical, virologic and immunologic profiles of a young infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

The clinical findings, plasma viral load, cytokines and chemokines of a 4-month-old infant with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were assessed at different phases of the disease. Ribavirin failed to inhibit SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication. One-step real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for plasma SARS-CoV RNA quantification was useful for early diagnosis and monitoring viremia.

PHF11 is not a major candidate gene for asthma or eczema in Chinese children.

SUMMARY: Positional cloning and candidate gene studies in different Caucasian populations identified the gene encoding plant homeodomain zinc finger protein 11 (PHF11) to be associated with asthma and eczema. Microarray analysis also confirmed increased PHF11 expression in type 1 T-helper lymphocytes. However, such disease associations are unclear in Asian subjects. This case-control genetic association study investigated the relationship between asthma and eczema phenotypes and tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PHF11 in Hong Kong Chinese children. Three hundred and nineteen asthmatic children and 236 children with eczema were recruited from hospital clinics and 445 children without any history of allergic disease were recruited as controls from local schools and hospitals. Atopy was defined by the presence of allergen-specific IgE in plasma or positive skin prick tests with wheal >or=3 mm larger than negative control. Lung function of asthmatics was evaluated by pre-bronchodilator spirometry. Ten PHF11 SNPs were genotyped by multiplex SNaPshot assay. Genotyping call rates were 100% for all SNPs, which also followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These SNPs were tightly linked in one haplotype block (D' >or= 0.95 for nearly all SNP pairs). Physician-diagnosed asthma was weakly associated with PHF11 +20860 and +22818 (P = 0.032 for both). Atopy was also associated with PHF11 +22398 (P = 0.029). However, none of the PHF11 SNPs was associated with eczema diagnosis and plasma total IgE and spirometric parameters in our patients. Our findings do not support PHF11 to be a major candidate gene for asthma, eczema and aeroallergen sensitization in Chinese children.

Rapid control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an acute paediatric ward.

AIM: To provide a practical action plan for effective infection control of norovirus outbreak in acute paediatric wards. METHODS: We report the infection control measures that were implemented to terminate and to prevent nosocomial spread of norovirus gastroenteritis in an open-designed paediatric ward. RESULTS: Nine children, one visitor, and one medical student were affected in a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in an acute paediatric ward. Vomiting was the main presenting symptom. The outbreak was rapidly terminated three days after implementation of stringent infection control measures and there was no second wave of attack. These measures included strict contact precautions, prompt isolation and cohorting of symptomatic patients, vigorous environmental cleansing with concentrated disinfectant (hypochlorite solution 1000 ppm), meticulous handling of waste products, and efficient contact tracing of exposed patients, family members, and medical students. CONCLUSION: Prompt implementation of stringent infection control measures and contact tracing can rapidly terminate the norovirus outbreak and prevent a second wave of infection. Children with unexplained vomiting and those with contact history of gastroenteritis should be properly triaged, isolated, and investigated for possible infective causes, including norovirus-induced gastroenteritis.

Hepatic failure in a child with anti-epileptic hypersensitivity syndrome.

An 11-year-old boy developed severe hypersensitivity reaction to phenobarbitone resulted in fulminant hepatic failure. During the course of illness, he developed clinical features compatible with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that may have complicated the recovery of his underlying hypersensitivity reaction, which was subsequently controlled with intravenous immune globulin and corticosteroids.

SARS in newborns and children.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly contagious infection caused by a newly discovered strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Infants born to pregnant women with SARS did not appear to acquire the infection through vertical transmission. Some newborn infants, however, developed severe intrauterine growth retardation and life-threatening gastrointestinal complications. It is now known that the clinical course and prognosis are different between paediatric and adult SARS patients. Young children (< 12 years), in general, run a less aggressive clinical course than do teenage and adult patients. Thus far, no fatalities have been reported in the paediatric age group (< or =18 years). This review describes the current understanding of the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, immunological profiles, patient management and outcomes of SARS-CoV infection in the paediatric population.

A randomized, single-blind and crossover study of an amino acid-based milk formula in treating young children with atopic dermatitis.

Cow's milk and soy protein allergies are commonly associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) in young children. Amino acid (AA)-based elemental milk formula may improve AD control in these patients. This study investigates the efficacy of AA-based formula in treating young AD patients irrespective of their food allergy status. AD patients younger than 3 yr old were eligible. Sensitization to food allergens was ascertained by skin prick tests and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) assay. Patients were then randomly allocated to take either active treatment or pre-existing formulae (placebo) for 6 wk. They were allowed a 6-wk washout period before crossed over to the other intervention for another 6 wk. Fifteen AD patients, with median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 1.4 (0.6-2.6) yr, were recruited. Their median (IQR) SCORAD score was 23.9 (10.5-29.7). Seven of them were sensitized to cow's milk or soybean. Among 11 patients who completed the study, the median changes for all scores and urinary eosinophil protein X (EPX) concentration were not statistically significant. There was also no evidence of carry-over effects for SCORAD and its various components and global health score, except for urinary EPX concentration (p = 0.05). Our results do not support the use of AA-based elemental milk formula in treating young children with AD irrespective of their food allergy status.

Infants born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly discovered infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. During the community outbreak in Hong Kong, 5 liveborn infants were born to pregnant women with SARS. A systematic search for perinatal transmission of the SARS-associated coronavirus, including serial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays, viral cultures, and paired serologic titers, failed to detect the virus in any of the infants. In addition, none of the infants developed clinical, radiologic, hematologic, or biochemical evidence suggestive of SARS. One preterm infant developed jejunal perforation and another developed necrotizing enterocolitis with ileal perforation shortly after birth. This case series is the first report to describe the clinical course of the first cohort of liveborn infants born to pregnant women with SARS.

Inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To study the inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and to investigate whether monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) could be considered for treatment of these patients. METHODS: Plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-alpha) were monitored longitudinally on admission, immediately before corticosteroids, and 1 to 2 days and 7 to 10 days after the drug treatment in a cohort of pediatric patients (n = 8) with virologic confirmed SARS-associated coronavirus infection. None of the patients required mechanical ventilation or intensive care treatment. All children except 1 (patient 3) received corticosteroids. RESULTS: Plasma IL-1beta levels (excluding patient 3) were substantially elevated immediately before (range: 7-721 ng/L) and 7 to 10 days after (range: 7-664 ng/L) corticosteroid treatment. In contrast, the plasma concentrations of other key proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha, were not overtly increased in any of the patients throughout the course of illness. In addition, plasma IL-10 concentration was significantly lower 1 to 2 days and 7 to 10 days after corticosteroid treatment, compared with the immediate pretreatment level. Similarly, plasma IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were significantly decreased 7 to 10 days after the drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric SARS patients have markedly elevated circulating IL-1beta levels, which suggests selective activation of the caspase-1-dependent pathway. Other key proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, showed only mildly elevated levels at the initial phase of the illness. The current evidence does not support the use of TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody in this group of children.

Laboratory diagnosis of SARS.

The virologic test results of 415 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were examined. The peak detection rate for SARS-associated coronavirus occurred at week 2 after illness onset for respiratory specimens, at weeks 2 to 3 for stool or rectal swab specimens, and at week 4 for urine specimens. The latest stool sample that was positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was collected on day 75 while the patient was receiving intensive care. Tracheal aspirate and stool samples had a higher diagnostic yield (RT-PCR average positive rate for first 2 weeks: 66.7% and 56.5%, respectively). Pooled throat and nasal swabs, rectal swab, nasal swab, throat swab, and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens provided a moderate yield (29.7%-40.0%), whereas throat washing and urine specimens showed a lower yield (17.3% and 4.5%). The collection procedures for stool and pooled nasal and throat swab specimens were the least likely to transmit infection, and the combination gave the highest yield for coronavirus detection by RT-PCR. Positive virologic test results in patient groups were associated with mechanical ventilation or death (p < 0.001), suggesting a correlation between viral load and disease severity.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): chest radiographic features in children.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently recognized condition of viral origin associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates in adults. Little information is available on its radiologic manifestations in children. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to characterize the radiographic presentation of children with SARS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We abstracted data (n=62) on the radiologic appearance and course of SARS in pediatric patients with suspect (n=25) or probable (n=37) SARS, diagnosed in five hospital sites located in three cities: Toronto, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Available chest radiographs and thoracic CTs were reviewed for the presence of the following radiographic findings: airspace disease, air bronchograms, airways inflammation and peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, and hilar adenopathy. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients (suspect=25, probable=37) were evaluated for SARS. Patient ages ranged from 5.5 months to 17 years and 11.5 months (average, 6 years and 10 months) with a female-to-male ratio of 32:30. Forty-one patients (66.1%) were in close contact with other probable, suspect, or quarantined cases; 10 patients (16.1%) had recently traveled to WHO-designated affected areas within 10 days; and 7 patients (11.2%) were transferred from other hospitals that had SARS patients. Three patients, who did not have close/hospital contact or travel history to affected areas, were classified as SARS cases based on their clinical signs and symptoms and on the fact that they were living in an endemic area. The most prominent clinical presentations were fever, with a temperature over 38 degrees C (100%), cough (62.9%), rhinorrhea (22.6%), myalgia (17.7%), chills (14.5%), and headache (11.3%). Other findings included sore throat (9.7%), gastrointestinal symptoms (9.7%), rigor (8.1%), and lethargy (6.5%). In general, fever and cough were the most common clinical presentations amongst younger pediatric SARS cases (age<10 years), whereas, in addition to these symptoms, headache, myalgia, sore throat, chills, and/or rigor were common in older patients (age>/=10 years). The chest radiographs of 35.5% of patients were normal. The most prominent radiological findings that were observed in the remaining patients were areas of consolidation (45.2%), often peripheral with multifocal lesions in 22.6%. Peribronchial thickening was noted on chest radiographs of 14.5% of patients. Pleural effusion was observed only in one patient (age 17 years and 11.5 months), whereas interstitial disease was not observed in any patient. CONCLUSION: In pediatric cases, SARS manifests with nonspecific radiographic features making radiological differentiation difficult, especially from other commonly encountered childhood respiratory viral illnesses causing airspace disease. The radiographic presentation of suspected SARS cases ranged from normal to mild perihilar peribronchial thickening. The radiographic presentations, as expected, were relatively more pronounced in the SARS probable cases.