RESUMEN
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC., a plant native to the Amazon region, is used widely in popular medicine and by the pharmaceutical industry because of its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the survival of this species is endangered by deforestation and indiscriminate collection, and a preservation plan is urgently required. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic and chemical variability between and within eight populations of U. tomentosa from the Brazilian states of Acre, Pará and Amapá, and to investigate possible correlations between genetic and geographical distances, and between geographical distances or altitude and the accumulation of bioactive oxindole alkaloids. Three sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were employed to fingerprint genomic DNA, and the amounts of mitraphylline and isomitraphylline in leaf samples were established by high-performance liquid chromatography. Although significant divergence existed between the tested populations (FST = 0.246), the largest genetic diversity and the highest percentage of polymorphism (95.68%) was found within the population from Mâncio Lima, Acre. Gene flow was considered rather limited (Nm = 1.57), and no correlations between genetic and geographical distances were detected, suggesting that population structure followed an island model. Accumulations of mitraphylline and isomitraphylline varied in the range 32.94 to 0.57 and 3.75 to 0.36 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively. The concentration of isomitraphylline was positively influenced by altitude, such that the population collected at the site with the highest elevation (Tarauacá, Acre) exhibited the greatest alkaloid content. SRAP markers were very efficient in fingerprinting genomic DNA from U. tomentosa populations and clearly showed that genetic variability within populations was greater than between populations. A conservation and management plan should prioritize the creation of germplasm banks to prevent the loss of existing genetic variability, particularly within alkaloid-rich populations such as those of Tarauacá.
Asunto(s)
Uña de Gato/química , Uña de Gato/genética , Variación Genética , Alcaloides Indólicos/análisis , Brasil , Oxindoles , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Bosque LluviosoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: The Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis species, which are endemic plants in the Amazonian region, are highlighted as medicinal plants mainly because of their anti-inflammatory activity. The vegetal drug and various types of extracts have been commercialized by pharmaceutical industries and distributed in several countries, thus configuring the economic potential of both species. The objective of the present research was to collect agronomical data published in PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus databases and analyze the main subjects that were either investigated or not investigated to enable the production chain of these species. The conclusion is that U. guianensis has been less studied than U. tomentosa under all aspects evaluated. Both species have been exploited in an extractivistic way. However, no report was found on either sustainable management or conservation or domestication strategies or yet large scale production that can continuously attend the global demand of the pharmaceutic industry. Furthermore, the amount currently produced is insufficient to supply the program of the Ministry of Health, which intends to provide herbal drugs from Uncaria to all Brazilian cities.
RESUMO: As espécies Uncaria tomentosa e Uncaria guianensis , plantas endêmicas da Amazônia, destacam-se como plantas medicinais por apresentarem principalmente atividade anti-inflamatória. A droga vegetal e diversos tipos de extratos são comercializadas por indústrias farmacêuticas distribuídas em vários países, configurando o potencial econômico de ambas as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reunir dados agronômicos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Scopus para analisar os principais temas que já foram investigados ou que ainda precisam ser abordados para viabilizar a cadeia produtiva dessas espécies. A conclusão é que U. guianensis é menos estudada do que U. tomentosa sob todos os aspectos avaliados. Ambas as espécies são exploradas de forma extrativista. Entretanto, não foram encontrados relatos de manejo sustentável, nem estratégias de conservação ou domesticação, ou ainda plantios em larga escala que possam atender de modo contínuo a demanda mundial da indústria farmacêutica. Além disso, não há quantidade suficiente para abastecer o programa nacional do Ministério da Saúde, que pretende disponibilizar fitoterápicos produzidos a partir de Uncaria a todos os municípios brasileiros.
RESUMEN
This study sought to evaluate the influence of dilutions of the homeopathic preparation Arnica montana on the rooting of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and white Lippia (Lippia alba). Cuttings of R. officinalis and Lippia alba were place for rooting in trays of commercial substrate plantmax-like and soon after, subjected to daily applications of Arnica montana 3cH, 6cH, 9cH and 12cH and two controls distilled water and ethanol 70%. Statistical design was entirely casualized delineation, with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions, each experimental unit was composed by 10 stakes. Applications were made via pulverization, 10 drops of the treatment in 400 ml of water. 45 days later the number of roots, the number of shoots, the length of the largest root, the percentage of sets and the quality of stakes were assessed. Data were analyzed through variance analysis, mean were compared by Tukeys test at 5% level of statistical significance. Arnica montana 3cH, 6cH and 12cH had a stimulatory effect on all variables regarding the issuance of roots in both species studied, showing the similarity of this homeopathic preparation to the physiological picture arising from the process of cutting, promoting an increase in the percentage and quality of roots.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do preparado homeopático Arnica montana na formação de raízes de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e cidreira (Lippia alba). Mudas de Rosmarinus officinalis e Lippia alba, cultivadas no horto medicinal de NCA/UFMG foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas contendo substrato comercial de tipo "plantamax" e imediatamente após, submetidas a aplicações diárias de preparados homeopáticos de Arnica montana nas diluições 3cH, 6cH, 9cH e 12cH, com dois controles, água destilada e etanol 70%. O desenho estatístico foi completamente randomizado (DIC), com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, cada unidade experimental esteve composta de 10 estacas. Depois de 45 dias, foram avaliados o número de raízes, o número de brotos, a longitude da raiz mais longa, porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e qualidade das estacas. Arnica montana nas diluições 3cH, 6cH e 12cH promoveu todas as variáveis relacionadas com a formação de raízes sob estudo, acentuando a semelhança entre Arnica montana e o quadro induzido pelo processo fisiológico do estacamento, promovendo aumento na porcentagem e qualidade das raízes.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Homeopatía , Estructuras de las Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Rosmarinus , LippiaRESUMEN
This study sought to evaluate the influence of dilutions of the homeopathic preparation Arnica montana on the rooting of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and white Lippia (Lippia alba). Cuttings of R. officinalis and Lippia alba were place for rooting in trays of commercial substrate plantmax-like and soon after, subjected to daily applications of Arnica montana 3cH, 6cH, 9cH and 12cH and two controls distilled water and ethanol 70%. Statistical design was entirely casualized delineation, with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions, each experimental unit was composed by 10 stakes. Applications were made via pulverization, 10 drops of the treatment in 400 ml of water. 45 days later the number of roots, the number of shoots, the length of the largest root, the percentage of sets and the quality of stakes were assessed. Data were analyzed through variance analysis, mean were compared by Tukeys test at 5% level of statistical significance. Arnica montana 3cH, 6cH and 12cH had a stimulatory effect on all variables regarding the issuance of roots in both species studied, showing the similarity of this homeopathic preparation to the physiological picture arising from the process of cutting, promoting an increase in the percentage and quality of roots.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do preparado homeopático Arnica montana na formação de raízes de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e cidreira (Lippia alba). Mudas de Rosmarinus officinalis e Lippia alba, cultivadas no horto medicinal de NCA/UFMG foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas contendo substrato comercial de tipo "plantamax" e imediatamente após, submetidas a aplicações diárias de preparados homeopáticos de Arnica montana nas diluições 3cH, 6cH, 9cH e 12cH, com dois controles, água destilada e etanol 70%. O desenho estatístico foi completamente randomizado (DIC), com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições, cada unidade experimental esteve composta de 10 estacas. Depois de 45 dias, foram avaliados o número de raízes, o número de brotos, a longitude da raiz mais longa, porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e qualidade das estacas. Arnica montana nas diluições 3cH, 6cH e 12cH promoveu todas as variáveis relacionadas com a formação de raízes sob estudo, acentuando a semelhança entre Arnica montana e o quadro induzido pelo processo fisiológico do estacamento, promovendo aumento na porcentagem e qualidade das raízes.