Biosecurity system reforms and the development of a risk-based surveillance and pathway analysis system for ornamental fish imported into Australia.

The ornamental fish trade in Australia has an estimated value of AUD$350 million and involves importation of up to 20 million fish from 26 approved countries each year. Critical reviews indicated that the biosecurity system did not fully manage the risks associated with fish that were sub-clinically infected with diseases such as megalocytiviruses, or the threats posed by emerging diseases. Subsequent reforms have placed a greater emphasis on managing biosecurity risks off-shore at the source, coupled with an on-arrival surveillance system to assess compliance with biosecurity regulation. This presentation at the first global Conference in Aquatic Animal Epidemiology in Oslo, Norway in September 2016, describes the Department of Agriculture Water Resources' current initiatives to address increased risks in real-time while facilitating safe trade. The department is developing an innovative real-time, responsive risk-based surveillance capability to detect systemic failures on the part of the animal health authorities. The program involves a risk-based sampling algorithm on ornamental fish imported into Australia and testing for megalocytiviruses, spring viraemia of carp virus and Aeromonas salmonicida. We present the system and the results from several trials. The information generated by the verification surveillance system will be quantitative and semi-quantitative in nature and will form the basis of the department's response to detect systematic non-compliances by overseas authorities. Evidence collected through the ongoing analysis of surveillance data will become the basis of real-time feedback to overseas authorities for remedial action at source. Delays in resolving non-compliance issues could result in the suspension of off-shore equivalent measures from particular sources.

OKT-3/cyclophosphamide up-regulation of peripheral blood killer-lymphocyte subsets in human cancer patients.

We have initiated a clinical trial in 7 patients using low-dose OKT-3 monoclonal antibody, 50 mcg, followed 24 hours later by low-dose cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2. Complete data in 5 patients indicate a significant up-regulation of the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Before treatment, the mean (+/- standard deviation) total lymphocyte count was 524 (+/- 364)/mm3. After 4 weeks the value rose 64% to 860 (+/- 243)/mm3, (P less than .025, Student's t test). Similar changes were observed for the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+ (NK) lymphocyte subsets. The mean CD3+ population rose from 372 (+/- 325)/mm3 to 593 (+/- 300)/mm3 (P less than .025), the mean CD4+ group rose from 209 (+/- 142)/mm3 to 321 (+/- 104)/mm3 (P less than .05), the CD8+ cells rose from 218 (+/- 205)/mm3 to 341 (+/- 197)/mm3 (P less than .05), and the CD16+ (NK cells) rose from 80 (+/- 37)/mm3 to 157 (+/- 63)/mm3 (P less than .025). Statistically significant up-regulation occurred for all patients. The fraction of each lymphocyte subset and the T4/T8 ratio did not change. OKT-3/cyclophosphamide appears to modulate the number of circulating lymphocytes in human cancer patients.