Surgical Outcomes among Focused versus Diversified Cataract Surgeons.

PURPOSE: Narrowly focused surgical practice has become increasingly common in ophthalmology and may have an effect on surgical outcomes. Previous research evaluating the influence of surgical focus on cataract surgical outcomes has been lacking. This study aimed to evaluate whether surgeons' exclusive surgical focus on cataract surgery influences the risk of cataract surgical adverse events. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: All patients 66 years of age or older undergoing cataract surgery in Ontario, Canada, between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2013. METHODS: Outcomes of isolated cataract surgery performed by exclusive cataract surgeons (no other types of surgery performed), moderately diversified cataract surgeons (1%-50% noncataract procedures), and highly diversified cataract surgeons (>50% noncataract procedures) were evaluated using linked healthcare databases and controlling for patient-, surgeon-, and institution-level covariates. Surgeon-level covariates included both surgeon experience and surgical volume. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Composite outcome incorporating 4 adverse events: posterior capsule rupture, dropped lens fragments, retinal detachment, and suspected endophthalmitis. RESULTS: The study included 1 101 864 cataract operations. Patients had a median age of 76 years, and 60.2% were female. Patients treated by the 3 groups of surgeons were similar at baseline. Adverse events occurred in 0.73%, 0.78%, and 2.31% of cases performed by exclusive cataract surgeons, moderately diversified surgeons, and highly diversified surgeons, respectively. The risk of cataract surgical adverse events for patients operated on by moderately diversified surgeons was not different than for patients operated on by exclusive cataract surgeons (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.18). Patients operated on by highly diversified surgeons had a higher risk of adverse events than patients operated on by exclusive cataract surgeons (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.09-2.14). This resulted in an absolute risk difference of 0.016 (95% CI, 0.012-0.020) and a number needed to harm of 64 (95% CI, 50-87). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive surgical focus did not affect the safety of cataract surgery when compared with moderate levels of surgical diversification. The risk of cataract surgical adverse events was higher among surgeons whose practice was dedicated mainly to noncataract surgery.

Heat therapy shows benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common health condition which prevalence increases with age. Besides lifestyle modifications, passive heating could be a promising intervention to improve glycemic control. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of passive heat therapy on glycemic and cardiovascular parameters, and body weight among patients with T2DM. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were reported according to PRISMA Statement. We conducted a systematic search in three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL) from inception to 19 August 2021. We included interventional studies reporting on T2DM patients treated with heat therapy. The main outcomes were the changes in pre-and post-treatment cardiometabolic parameters (fasting plasma glucose, glycated plasma hemoglobin, and triglyceride). For these continuous variables, weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Study protocol number: CRD42020221500. RESULTS: Five studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. The results showed a not significant difference in the hemoglobin A1c [WMD -0.549%, 95% CI (-1.262, 0.164), p = 0.131], fasting glucose [WMD -0.290 mmol/l, 95% CI (-0.903, 0.324), p = 0.355]. Triglyceride [WMD 0.035 mmol/l, 95% CI (-0.130, 0.200), p = 0.677] levels were comparable regarding the pre-, and post intervention values. CONCLUSION: Passive heating can be beneficial for patients with T2DM since the slight improvement in certain cardiometabolic parameters support that. However, further randomized controlled trials with longer intervention and follow-up periods are needed to confirm the beneficial effect of passive heat therapy.

Evolution in the Risk of Cataract Surgical Complications among Patients Exposed to Tamsulosin: A Population-Based Study.

PURPOSE: Tamsulosin is associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS), an important risk factor for complications during cataract surgery. Significant efforts have been made to increase awareness of the risks associated with tamsulosin, and educational initiatives have fostered the uptake of technical adjustments to decrease adverse event rates among tamsulosin-exposed patients. However, the effectiveness of these efforts at the population level has not been studied. DESIGN: Population-based study to evaluate cataract surgical adverse event rates over time among patients exposed to tamsulosin and those not exposed to this drug. PARTICIPANTS: All male patients 66 years of age and older undergoing cataract surgery in Ontario, Canada, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013, were included in the study. METHODS: Linked healthcare databases were used to study the evolution in the risk of cataract surgical adverse events over time among tamsulosin-exposed and non-tamsulosin-exposed patients adjusting for patient-, surgeon-, and institution-level covariates. The study timeframe incorporated periods before and after the first reports of tamsulosin-associated IFIS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four important cataract surgical adverse events were evaluated: posterior capsule rupture, dropped lens fragments, retinal detachment, and suspected endophthalmitis. RESULTS: Among patients exposed to tamsulosin, the risk of surgical adverse events decreased over time (odds ratio, 0.95 per year; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.99 per year). This trend was observed across patient age strata. Among patients not recently exposed to tamsulosin, the risk of surgical adverse events also decreased over time (odds ratio, 0.96 per year; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-0.98 per year). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of cataract surgical complications among both tamsulosin-exposed and non-tamsulosin-exposed patients declined between 2003 and 2013. Tamsulosin remains an important risk factor for cataract surgical adverse events, and ongoing efforts will be needed to develop and disseminate surgical approaches that mitigate the risks posed by tamsulosin.

Cataract Surgery Quality and Capacity.

Cataract surgery is the most common operation performed in most developed countries, including Canada. Nuanced, evidence-driven policies are needed to ensure appropriate access to this sight-saving operation while maintaining the highest standards in quality of care. The Vision Health Services Research Program at Queen's University, in partnership with members of the Ontario Provincial Vision Task Force, has developed evidence to inform policies aimed at optimizing both access and quality across the eye care spectrum.

New Surgeon Outcomes and the Effectiveness of Surgical Training: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Reports have questioned the technical proficiency of newly graduating surgeons. However, objective data supporting these concerns are limited. Surgical outcomes among recent graduates are an important indicator of residency programs' ability to graduate surgeons who are ready to meet the needs of their patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between a surgeon's number of years of independent practice and the risk of surgical adverse events. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: All patients 66 years of age or older undergoing isolated cataract operations in Ontario, Canada, between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2013. METHODS: Cataract surgical outcomes for all operations performed by surgeons commencing practice in the study period were evaluated using linked health care databases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four serious complications were evaluated: posterior capsule rupture, dropped lens fragments, retinal detachment, and suspected endophthalmitis. Analyses controlled for patient-, surgeon-, and institution-level covariates. RESULTS: The study evaluated 1 431 320 cataract operations. Surgeons in their first year of independent practice were more than 9 times more likely to have high complication rates (≥2%) than surgeons in their tenth year (odds ratio [OR], 9.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-31.9). Each additional year of independent practice was associated with a 10% decrease in the risk of patients experiencing an adverse surgical event (OR, 0.90 per year of surgeon independent practice; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, surgical complications were significantly more likely early in surgeons' careers. Interventions may be needed in postgraduate surgical training and early independent career monitoring and mentoring processes to ensure patient safety while continually renewing the surgical workforce.

Effect of cataract surgery volume constraints on recently graduated ophthalmologists: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Across Canada, graduates from several medical and surgical specialties have recently had difficulty securing practice opportunities, especially in specialties dependent on limited resources such as ophthalmology. We aimed to investigate whether resource constraints in the health care system have a greater impact on the volume of cataract surgery performed by recent graduates than on established physicians. METHODS: We used population-based administrative data from Ontario for the period Jan. 1, 1994, to June 30, 2013, to compare health services provided by recent graduates and established ophthalmologists. The primary outcome was volume of cataract surgery, a resource-intensive service for which volume is controlled by the province. RESULTS: When cataract surgery volume in Ontario entered a period of government-mandated zero growth in 2007, the mean number of cataract operations performed by recent graduates dropped significantly (-46.37 operations/quarter, 95% confidence interval [CI] -62.73 to -30.00 operations/quarter), whereas the mean rate for established ophthalmologists remained stable (+5.89 operations/quarter, 95% CI 95% CI -1.47 to +13.24 operations/quarter). Decreases in service provision among recent graduates did not occur for services without volume control. The proportion of recent graduates providing exclusively cataract surgery increased over the study period, and recent graduates in this group were 5.24 times (95% CI 2.15 to 12.76 times) more likely to fall within the lowest quartile for cataract surgical volume during the period of zero growth in provincial cataract volume (2007-2013) than in the preceding period (1996-2006). INTERPRETATION: Recent ophthalmology graduates performed many fewer cataract surgery procedures after volume controls were implemented in Ontario. Integrated initiatives involving multiple stakeholders are needed to address the issues facing recently graduated physicians in Canada.

An acute bout of whole body passive hyperthermia increases plasma leptin, but does not alter glucose or insulin responses in obese type 2 diabetics and healthy adults.

Acute and chronic hyperthermic treatments in diabetic animal models repeatedly improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an acute 1h bout of hyperthermic treatment improves glucose, insulin, and leptin responses to an oral glucose challenge (OGTT) in obese type 2 diabetics and healthy humans. Nine obese (45±7.1% fat mass) type 2 diabetics (T2DM: 50.1±12y, 7.5±1.8% HbA1c) absent of insulin therapy and nine similar aged (41.1±13.7y) healthy non-obese controls (HC: 33.4±7.8% fat mass, P<0.01; 5.3±0.4% HbA1c, P<0.01) participated. Using a randomized design, subjects underwent either a whole body passive hyperthermia treatment via head-out hot water immersion (1h resting in 39.4±0.4°C water) that increased internal temperature above baseline by ∆1.6±0.4°C or a control resting condition. Twenty-four hours post treatments, a 75g OGTT was administered to evaluate changes in plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and leptin concentrations. Hyperthermia itself did not alter area under the curve for plasma glucose, insulin, or C-peptide during the OGTT in either group. Fasting absolute and normalized (kg·fat mass) plasma leptin was significantly increased (P<0.01) only after the hyperthermic exposure by 17% in T2DM and 24% in HC groups (P<0.001) when compared to the control condition. These data indicate that an acute hyperthermic treatment does not improve glucose tolerance 24h post treatment in moderate metabolic controlled obese T2DM or HC individuals.

HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Patients with type 2 diabetes have reduced gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72, which correlates with reduced insulin sensitivity. Heat therapy, which activates HSP72, improves clinical parameters in these patients. Activation of several inflammatory signaling proteins such as c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), inhibitor of kappaB kinase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, can induce insulin resistance, but HSP 72 can block the induction of these molecules in vitro. Accordingly, we examined whether activation of HSP72 can protect against the development of insulin resistance. First, we show that obese, insulin resistant humans have reduced HSP72 protein expression and increased JNK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. We next used heat shock therapy, transgenic overexpression, and pharmacologic means to overexpress HSP72 either specifically in skeletal muscle or globally in mice. Herein, we show that regardless of the means used to achieve an elevation in HSP72 protein, protection against diet- or obesity-induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance was observed. This protection was tightly associated with the prevention of JNK phosphorylation. These findings identify an essential role for HSP72 in blocking inflammation and preventing insulin resistance in the context of genetic obesity or high-fat feeding.

The ophthalmic surgical backlog associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based and microsimulation modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Jurisdictions worldwide ramped down ophthalmic surgeries to mitigate the effects of COVID-19, creating a global surgical backlog. We sought to predict the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the timely delivery of non-emergent ophthalmology sub-specialty surgical care in Ontario. METHODS: This is a microsimulation modelling study. We used provincial population-based administrative data from the Wait Time Information System database in Ontario for January 2019 to May 2021 and facility-level data for March 2018 to May 2021 to estimate the backlog size and wait times associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. For the postpandemic recovery phase, we estimated the resources required to clear the backlog of patients accumulated on the wait-list during the pandemic. Outcomes were accrued over a time horizon of 3 years. RESULTS: A total of 56 923 patients were on the wait-list in the province of Ontario awaiting non-emergency ophthalmic surgery as of Mar. 15, 2020. The number of non-emergency surgeries performed in the province decreased by 97% in May 2020 and by 80% in May 2021 compared with the same months in 2019. By 2 years and 3 years since the start of the pandemic, the overall estimated number of patients awaiting surgery grew by 129% and 150%, respectively. The estimated mean wait time for patients for all subspecialty surgeries increased to 282 (standard deviation [SD] 91) days in March 2023 compared with 94 (SD 97) days in 2019. The provincial monthly additional resources required to clear the backlog by March 2023 was estimated to be a 34% escalation from the prepandemic volumes (4626 additional surgeries). INTERPRETATION: The estimates from this microsimulation modelling study suggest that the magnitude of the ophthalmic surgical backlog from the COVID-19 pandemic has important implications for the recovery phase. This model can be adapted to other jurisdictions to assist with recovery planning for vision-saving surgeries.

Correction to: COVID-19 and heme oxygenase: novel insight into the disease and potential therapies.

In the original publication, one of the last paragraphs should have read as follows.

COVID-19 and heme oxygenase: novel insight into the disease and potential therapies.

The COVID-19 pandemic needs therapies that are presently available and safe. We propose that subjects with metabolic syndrome, old age, and male gender have the greatest morbidity and mortality and have low stress proteins, in particular, low intracellular heme oxygenase (HO-1), making them particularly vulnerable to the disease. Additionally, COVID-19's heme reduction may contribute to even lower HO-1. Low-grade inflammation associated with these risk factors contributes to triggering a cytokine storm that spreads to multi-organ failure and near death. The high mortality of those treated with ventilator assistance may partially be explained by ventilator-induced inflammation. The cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of HO-1 can limit the infection's damage. A paradox of COVID-19 hospital admissions data suggests that fewer cigarette-smokers are admitted compared with non-smokers in the general population. This unexpected observation may result from smoke induction of HO-1. Therapies with anti-viral properties that raise HO-1 include certain anesthetics (sevoflurane or isoflurane), hemin, estrogen, statins, curcumin, resveratrol, and melatonin. Controlled trials of these HO-1 inducers should be done in order to prevent or treat COVID-19 disease.

Diabetes-induced eye disease among First Nations people in Ontario: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In Canada, First Nations populations experience a higher incidence of diabetes and diabetes-related complications than other people. Given the paucity of information on use of preventive eye examinations and the need for interventional care for severe retinopathy among First Nations people, we carried out a population-based study to compare rates of eye examinations and interventional therapies to treat vision-threatening stages of diabetic retinopathy among First Nations people and other people with diabetes in Ontario. METHODS: In collaboration with the Chiefs of Ontario, we carried out a population-based study to identify cohorts of First Nations people and other people with diabetes in Ontario from 1995/96 to 2014/15. We used linked health administrative databases to evaluate rates of eye examination (2005/06-2014/15) and severe diabetic retinopathy treatment and compared them between the 2 populations, and between First Nations people living in and outside of First Nations communities. RESULTS: We identified 23 013 First Nations people and 1 364 222 other people diagnosed with diabetes from 1995/96 to 2014/15, of whom 49.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.9%-50.7%) and 53.8% (95% CI 53.7%-54.0%), respectively, received an eye examination in 2014/15. Eye examination rates were similar for First Nations people regardless of whether they lived in or outside a First Nations community. First Nations people developed severe diabetic retinopathy at a faster rate than other people (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.02-1.38). The gap between First Nations people and other people in the proportion requiring therapy for severe diabetic retinopathy was especially prominent among younger people. There were no significant differences in rates of diabetic retinopathy treatment in First Nations people stratified by place of residence. INTERPRETATION: Eye examination rates remain suboptimal among people with diabetes in Ontario and were lower among First Nations people. This is particularly concerning in light of our other findings showing an increased risk of requiring treatment for advanced diabetic retinopathy and the accelerated rate of diabetic retinopathy progression among First Nations people with diabetes.

Exclusive cataract surgical focus among ophthalmologists: a population-based analysis.

OBJECTIVE: An important potential unintended consequence of the growth of surgical subspecialization is the narrowing of surgical practice among comprehensive ophthalmologists. We investigated trends in the narrowing of surgical practice and the exclusive provision of cataract surgery. DESIGN: Population-based, retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: All ophthalmologists and all ophthalmologic surgical patients in Ontario from 1994 to 2016. METHODS: We linked several health care databases to evaluate the proportion of ophthalmologists who exclusively provided cataract surgery (and no other ophthalmologic surgery) and the proportion who provided other types of ophthalmologic surgical care. To further investigate surgical focus, we evaluated the proportion of surgical cases within each surgical area for each ophthalmologist. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2016, the proportion of ophthalmologists who exclusively provided cataract surgery rose from 10.0% to 34.9% (p < 0.0001). In contrast, the proportions of ophthalmologists providing other types of subspecialized surgical care were stable over the study period. Cataract surgeons showed high degrees of focus with a median percentage of surgical cases approaching 100% in all years. Among exclusive cataract surgeons, the median annual cataract case volume increased from 138 (interquartile range: 87-214) to 529 (interquartile range: 346-643) between 1994 and 2009 (p < 0.0001) and then plateaued. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1994 and 2016, exclusive cataract surgical focus among ophthalmologists in Ontario rose dramatically from 1 in 10 to 1 in 3 surgeons. This evolution was similar among recent graduates and established ophthalmologists. Our data may have important implications for policies regarding surgeon human resources as well as residency and fellowship training programs.

Inflammation, heat shock proteins, and type 2 diabetes.

We propose that type 2 diabetes results from a vicious cycle of metabolically induced inflammation, impaired insulin responsiveness, and subsequent loss of homeostatic signaling. A crucial and previously under-recognized event contributing to this loss of homeostasis is a reduction in heat shock proteins (HSPs, or stress proteins). The central causal pathways of this cycle are the following: (a) obesity-driven inflammation promotes insulin resistance; (b) impaired insulin signaling in turn reduces the expression of HSPs, leaving tissues vulnerable to damage and allowing the accumulation of harmful proteins aggregates; and (c) resulting damage to the pancreatic beta-cell leads to further losses in insulin signaling, while a decline in anti-inflammatory HSPs allows inflammation to expand unhindered. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle perpetuate this cycle, while dieting and exercise forestall it by raising HSPs, reducing inflammation, and improving insulin signaling. Because HSP expression carries substantial metabolic costs, it is likely that an evolutionary history of high activity levels and resource scarcity selected for more conservative HSP expression than is appropriate for our current environment of caloric abundance.

Association of Cataract Surgical Outcomes With Late Surgeon Career Stages: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Importance: Evidence suggests that the quality of some aspects of care provided by physicians may decrease during their late career stage. However, to our knowledge, data regarding the association of advancing surgeon career phase with cataract surgical outcomes have been lacking. Objective: To investigate whether an increase in cataract surgical adverse events occurs during later surgeon career stages. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based study of 499 650 cataract operations performed in Ontario, Canada, between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, investigated the association between late surgeon career stage and the risk of surgical adverse events. Linked health care databases were used to study cataract surgical complications while controlling for patient-, surgeon-, and institution-level covariates. All ophthalmologists who performed cataract surgery in Ontario within the study period were included in the analysis. Exposures: Isolated cataract surgery performed by surgeons at early, mid, and late career stages. Main Outcomes and Measures: Four serious adverse events were evaluated: dropped lens fragments, posterior capsule rupture, suspected endophthalmitis, and retinal detachment. Results: Of 416 502 participants, 244 670 (58.7%) were women, 90 429 (21.7%) were age 66 to 70 years, 111 530 (26.8%) were age 71 to 75 years, 90 809 (21.8%) were age 76 to 80 years, and 123 734 (29.7%) were 81 years or older. Late-career surgeons performed 143 108 of 499 650 cataract operations (28.6%) during the study period. Late surgeon career stage was not associated with an increased overall risk of surgical adverse events (odds ratio [OR] vs midcareer, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.85-1.32). In a sensitivity analysis with surgeon volume removed from the model, late career stage was still not associated with overall adverse surgical events (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.88-1.38). Among individual complications, late surgeon career stage was associated with an increased risk of dropped lens fragment (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.50-3.54) and suspected endophthalmitis (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.98). These corresponded with small absolute risk differences of 0.11% (95% CI, 0.085%-0.130%) and 0.045% (95% CI, 0.028%-0.063%) for dropped lens fragment and suspected endophthalmitis, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that later-career surgeons are performing a substantial proportion of cataract operations with overall low surgical adverse event rates. Future studies might extend evaluations to the frequency of secondary surgical interventions as additional measures of surgical care quality.

Triamcinolone acetonide as adjunctive treatment to verteporfin in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a prospective randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To examine the use of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) as adjunctive therapy to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of occult and minimally classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Single-center prospective randomized pilot clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with occult or minimally classic CNV secondary to AMD. METHODS: Patients were randomized prospectively to receive either PDT alone or combined PDT plus IVTA treatment for CNV secondary to AMD. Standard verteporfin PDT was performed in all patients. In the PDT plus IVTA group, a 12-mg intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide was given 30 minutes after PDT. Active lesions were retreated every 3 months for 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in visual acuity and retreatment rate. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity remained stable in the PDT plus IVTA group (-1.9 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] letters; P = 0.58), but declined significantly in the PDT alone group (-13.3 ETDRS letters; P = 0.02). The treatment rate was 1.13 in the PDT plus IVTA group and 3.6 in the PDT alone group (P<0.0001). Mean contrast sensitivity increased by 3.6 letters (P = 0.09) in the PDT plus IVTA group and decreased by -1.84 letters (P = 0.07) in the PDT alone group. Cataract progression was noted in 4 of 7 phakic eyes in the PDT plus IVTA group. Six patients (40%) in the combined PDT plus IVTA group required topical glaucoma therapy for control of elevated intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrated effective stabilization of visual acuity and reduced treatment frequency at 12 months with combination PDT plus IVTA therapy versus PDT alone. Larger randomized trials are ongoing to determine the efficacy and risks of PDT with IVTA.

Adequacy of the ophthalmology workforce under Ontario's Local Health Integration Networks.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current distribution of ophthalmologists across Ontario's Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs) and the influence on LHIN-specific cataract surgery wait times. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Ophthalmologists listed in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (CPSO) database and the Canadian population. METHODS: A list of ophthalmologists and their practice locations were obtained from the CPSO website. The total population count for Ontario was obtained from the Statistics Canada census. The population counts for the population aged 65 years and older were generated using the Canadian Socioeconomic Information Management System (CANSIM) table 109-5425. Cataract surgery wait times were obtained from the Ontario Ministry of Health. Statistical analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel using StatPlus software. RESULTS: There are currently 3.28 ophthalmologists per 100 000 total population in Ontario. LHIN-specific ratios ranged from 8.87 (Toronto Central) to 1.67 (Central West), with 3 out of 14 LHINs having met the previously recommended ratio of 3.37. Median cataract surgery wait times ranged from 30 to 72 days. Although the number of cataract surgeries performed was positively correlated with the population aged 65 years and older (p < 0.001), there was no statistically significant association between wait times and number of cataract cases per 1000 population (p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Although Ontario appears to have a sufficient number of ophthalmologists overall, there is significant variation in the distribution of the ophthalmology workforce at the LHIN level. This variation did not appear to significantly influence LHIN-specific cataract surgery wait times.