Sex-specific associations of adolescent motherhood with cognitive function, behavioral problems, and autistic-like traits in offspring and the mediating roles of family conflict and altered brain structure.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have linked adolescent motherhood to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring, yet the sex-specific effect and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: This study included 6952 children aged 9-11 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. The exposed group consisted of children of mothers < 20 years at the time of birth, while the unexposed group was composed of children of mothers aged 20-35 at birth. We employed a generalized linear mixed model to investigate the associations of adolescent motherhood with cognitive, behavioral, and autistic-like traits in offspring. We applied an inverse-probability-weighted marginal structural model to examine the potential mediating factors including adverse perinatal outcomes, family conflict, and brain structure alterations. RESULTS: Our results revealed that children of adolescent mothers had significantly lower cognitive scores (ß, - 2.11, 95% CI, - 2.90 to - 1.31), increased externalizing problems in male offspring (mean ratio, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.52), and elevated internalizing problems (mean ratio, 1.14, 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.33) and autistic-like traits (mean ratio, 1.22, 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.47) in female. A stressful family environment mediated ~ 70% of the association with internalizing problems in females, ~ 30% with autistic-like traits in females, and ~ 20% with externalizing problems in males. Despite observable brain morphometric changes related to adolescent motherhood, these did not act as mediating factors in our analysis, after adjusting for family environment. No elevated rate of adverse perinatal outcomes was observed in the offspring of adolescent mothers in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal distinct sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes impacts of being born to adolescent mothers, with a substantial mediating effect of family environment on behavioral outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of developing sex-tailored interventions and support the hypothesis that family environment significantly impacts the neurodevelopmental consequences of adolescent motherhood.

Identification the Role of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Photovoltaics via Advanced Atomic Force Microscope.

Atomicforce microscopy (AFM)-based scanning probing techniques, including Kelvinprobe force microscopy (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), have been widely applied to investigate thelocal electromagnetic, physical, or molecular characteristics of functional materials on a microscopic scale. The microscopic inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials can be examined by these advanced AFM techniques, which bridge the local properties of materials to overall device performance and guide the optimization of the photovoltaic devices. In this review, the critical roles of local optoelectronic heterogeneities, especially at grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials, including versatile polycrystalline silicon, inorganic compound materials, and emerging halide perovskites, studied by KPFM and C-AFM, are systematically identified. How the band alignment and electrical properties of GIs and GBs affect the carrier transport behavior are discussed from the respective of photovoltaic research. Further exploiting the potential of such AFM-based techniques upon a summary of their up-to-date applications in polycrystalline photovoltaic materials is beneficial to acomprehensive understanding of the design and manipulation principles of thenovel solar cells and facilitating the development of the next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

Tin-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells with Preferred Crystal Orientation by Buried Interface Approach.

Mixed tin-lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered much attention for their ideal bandgap and high environmental research value. However, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), widely used as a hole transport layer (HTL) for Sn-Pb PSCs, results in unsatisfactory power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability of PSCs due to its acidity and moisture absorption. A synergistic strategy by incorporating histidine (HIS) into the PEDOT: PSS HTL is applied to simultaneously regulate the nucleation and crystallization of perovskite (PVK). HIS neutralizes the acidity of PEDOT: PSS and enhances conductivity. Especially, the coordination of the C═N and -COO- functional groups in the HIS molecule with Sn2+ and Pb2+ induces vertical growth of PVK film, resulting in the release of residual surface stress. Additionally, this strategy also optimizes the energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the HTL, which improves charge extraction and transport. With these cooperative effects, the PCE of Sn-Pb PSCs reaches 21.46% (1 sun, AM1.5), maintaining excellent stability under a nitrogen atmosphere. Hence, the buried interface approach exhibits the potential for achieving high-performance and stable Sn-Pb PSCs.

Ternary-Metal Sn-Pb-Zn Perovskite to Reconstruct Top Surface for Efficient and Stable Less-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells.

Though Sn-Pb alloyed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved great progress, there is a dilemma to further increase Sn for less-Pb requirement. High Sn ratio (>70%) perovskite exhibits nonstoichiometric Sn:Pb:I at film surface to aggravate Sn2+ oxidation and interface energy mismatch. Here, ternary metal alloyed (FASnI3 )0.7 (MAPb1- x Znx I3 )0.3 (x = 0-3%) is constructed for Pb% < 30% perovskite. Zn with smaller ionic size and stronger ionic interaction than Sn/Pb assists forming high-quality perovskite film with ZnI6 4- enriched at surface to balance Sn:Pb:I ratio. Differing from uniform bulk doping, surface-rich Zn with lower lying orbits pushes down the energy band of perovskite and adjusts the interface energy for efficient charge transfer. The alloyed PSC realizes efficiency of 19.4% at AM1.5 (one of the highest values reported for Pb% < 30% PSCs). Moreover, stronger bonding of Zn─I and Sn─I contributes to better durability of ternary perovskite than binary perovskite. This work highlights a novel alloy method for efficient and stable less-Pb PSCs.

Protective factors for children with autism spectrum disorder during COVID-19-related strict lockdowns: a Shanghai autism early developmental cohort study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 lockdowns increased the risk of mental health problems, especially for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, despite its importance, little is known about the protective factors for ASD children during the lockdowns. METHODS: Based on the Shanghai Autism Early Developmental Cohort, 188 ASD children with two visits before and after the strict Omicron lockdown were included; 85 children were lockdown-free, while 52 and 51 children were under the longer and the shorter durations of strict lockdown, respectively. We tested the association of the lockdown group with the clinical improvement and also the modulation effects of parent/family-related factors on this association by linear regression/mixed-effect models. Within the social brain structures, we examined the voxel-wise interaction between the grey matter volume and the identified modulation effects. RESULTS: Compared with the lockdown-free group, the ASD children experienced the longer duration of strict lockdown had less clinical improvement (ß = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.19-0.79], p = 0.001) and this difference was greatest for social cognition (2.62 [0.94-4.30], p = 0.002). We found that this association was modulated by parental agreeableness in a protective way (-0.11 [-0.17 to -0.05], p = 0.002). This protective effect was enhanced in the ASD children with larger grey matter volumes in the brain's mentalizing network, including the temporal pole, the medial superior frontal gyrus, and the superior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal neuroimaging cohort study identified that the parental agreeableness interacting with the ASD children's social brain development reduced the negative impact on clinical symptoms during the strict lockdown.

Multifunctional dual-interface layer enables efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells.

Considering that the hydrophobicity of PTAA as the surface of an inverted perovskite solar cell (PSC) substrate directly influences the crystallization and top surface properties of perovskite films, dual-interface engineering is a significant strategy to obtain excellent PSCs. PFN-Br was inserted into the PTAA/perovskite interface to ensure close interfacial contact and achieve exceptional crystallization, and then the perovskite top surface was covered with 3-PyAI to further improve its interface property. The mechanism of interaction of PFN-Br and 3-PyAI with perovskites was analyzed through various characterization methods. The results showed that the introduction of a hydrophilic interface layer reduces voids and defects at the bottom of the film. Additionally, the existence of 3-PyAI reduces surface defects, optimizes energy level alignment, and decreases non-radiative recombination, which is beneficial for charge transfer. Consequently, the open circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) of the optimized device were greatly enhanced, and the champion device showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.07%. The unencapsulated device with PFN-Br&3-PyAI can retain 80% of its initial performance after aging in the air atmosphere (25 °C at a relative humidity (RH) of 25%) for 27 days. Moreover, the reverse bias stability of the device was improved, with the reverse breakdown voltage (VRB) reaching -2 V. This work recommends a dual-interface strategy for efficient and reliable PTAA-based PSCs.

Relating band edge DOS occupancy statistics associated excited state electron entropy generation to free energy loss and intrinsic Voc deficit of solar cells.

Ever since the invention of solar cells, thermodynamics has been used to assess their performance limits and investigate advances in materials science and photovoltaic technology to reduce the gap between practical efficiencies and thermodynamic limits to photovoltaic energy conversion. By systematically addressing thermodynamic efficiency losses in current photovoltaics, ultrahigh efficiency photovoltaic can be expected. Currently, the non-radiative recombination of some ultrahigh efficient solar cells is almost completely suppressed, and the radiative recombination loss is the key to restricting the further improvement of device performance. This work relates the energy band edge electronic density of states (DOS) of semiconductor absorber and transport layer, excited/transfer state electronic entropy to thermodynamically inevitable energy loss during photoelectric conversion in solar cells. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis and device simulation, it is revealed why solar cells based on semiconductor material with a low DOS have higher Voc. On account of the basic limitations of thermodynamic laws on the energy conversion process, this work reveals a hidden variable that affects the photovoltaic performance and puts forward the band edge DOS engineering as a new dimension in performance optimization of solar cells apart from the traditional material and defect passivation engineering, etc. This work highlights the great importance of DOS engineering for further improving the performance of solar cell devices.

Rational design of formamidine tin-based perovskite solar cell with 30% potential efficiency via 1-D device simulation.

As a promising photovoltaic technology, halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently attracted wide attention. This work presents a systematic simulation of low bandgap formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3)-based p-n heterojunction PSCs to investigate the effects of multiple optoelectronic variations on the photovoltaic performance. The structures of the simulated devices are n-i-p, electron transport layer-free (ETL-free), hole transport layer-free (HTL-free), and inverted HTL-free. The simulation is conducted with the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D). The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) dramatically decrease when the acceptor doping density (NA) of the absorber layer exceeds 1016 cm-3. For all devices, the photovoltaic parameters dramatically decrease when the absorber defect density (Nt) is over 1015 cm-3, and the best absorber layer thickness is 1000 nm. It should be pointed out that the Nt and the interface defect layer (IDL) are the primary culprits that seriously affect the device performance. When the interfacial defect density (Nit) exceeds 1012 cm-3, PCEs begin to decline significantly. Therefore, paying attention to these defect layers is necessary to improve the PCE. Furthermore, the proper conduction band offset (CBO) between the electron transport layer (ETL) and absorber layer positively affects PSCs' performance. These simulation results help fabricate highly efficient and environment-friendly narrow bandgap PSCs.

Dependence of the Heterogeneity of Grain Boundaries on Adjacent Grains in Perovskites and Its Impact on Photovoltage.

In polycrystalline perovskites, grain boundaries (GBs) that isolate grains determine the optoelectronic properties of a semiconductor, and hence affect the photovoltaic performance of a solar cell. Photocurrent and photovoltage are affected by the microscopic structure of perovskites but are difficult to quantify on the intragrain length scale and are often treated as homogeneous within the photoactive layer. Here, the nanoscale through-film and lateral photoresponse of large-grained perovskite are studied by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. Photocurrent collection along GBs relies on the formation of adjacent grains, exhibiting GB to GB heterogeneity. Regarding to the spatially correlated heterogeneity, the photovoltage of grains deduced from the photoresponse curves at specific positions is larger than that of GBs by up to 0.4 V, suggesting that the photovoltage loss mainly originates from the shunting of GBs through the whole perovskite layer. These spatial heterogeneities are alleviated by depositing a capping layer onto the perovskite layer, highlighting the role of the inserted layer between the perovskite and electrode in real solar cells. This research reveals the heterogeneity of GBs and its influence on photovoltage that actually occurs in virtual solar cells, which is crucial for optimizing perovskite-based solar cells.

Enhanced planar perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 16% via reducing the oxygen vacancy defect state in titanium oxide electrode.

In this work, the influence of oxygen vacancy defect (OVD) in compact titanium oxide (c-TiO2) on the performance of planar perovskite solar cells (p-PSCs) is investigated, and the possible mechanisms are also proposed. To meet our objective, anatase c-TiO2 thin films with various OVD concentrations are prepared by changing the oxygen flux during the DC magnetron sputtering process and are characterized by the intensity of defect signals in the X-ray photoelectron spectra. We conclude that abundant OVDs can trigger an obviously increased majority carrier accumulation zone at the metal oxide/perovskite interface and enhanced capacitance, thereby greatly deteriorating photogenerated carrier collection efficiency. A detailed analysis of the study results also reveals that the presence of OVD in the bulk and surface of c-TiO2 can slow down electronic carrier transport and lower its electron quasi-Fermi level under illumination, leading to the detrimental charge recombination in p-PSCs. Furthermore, we report a remarkably enhanced p-PSC efficiency via preparing c-TiO2 using high oxygen flux and subsequent ultraviolet ozone treatment. As a consequence, repeatable power conversion efficiency (PCE) is propelled to as high as 16.62%, coupled with negligible hysteresis and increased stability. These results provide a significant implication for further perfecting efficient and stable p-PSCs for their record efficiency.